Article(id=1151591706777498122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0036-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490458434, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490458434, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490458434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490458434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591707125625355, articleId=1151591706777498122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Prediction of pipeline failure probability with multiple failure modes and variable correlation, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of competing multiple failure modes and dependent variables of corroded pipelines,and low efficiency of predicting the probability of small failures,a time-varying failure probability prediction method for corrosive pipelines based on SS method is proposed. Based on the limit state function of leakage and burst failure,considering the competition between leakage and burst failure,a prediction model for the pipeline competitive failure probability was constructed. In order to solve the above model,the Nataf transformation method was used to describe the correlation between the depth and length of the defects in the simulated samples,and a method to solve the failure probability of corroded pipelines was proposed by considering the competitiveness of failure modes and the correlation of variables. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used to verify the above method. Finally,the above method was applied to investigate the effect of the weak correlation (correlation coefficient 0-0.3) between defect depth and length on the probability of failure within 15 years of pipeline service. The results show that when the failure probability is greater than 10-6,the calculation results of this method are basically consistent with those of MCS,and the calculation efficiency is higher than that of MCS,and the minimal probability events with the probability level of 10-12 can be predicted. Within 15 years of pipeline service,the greater the correlation coefficient of defect variables is,the greater the probability of pipeline burst failure is,and the earlier it reaches the threshold year of burst failure probability. As the correlation coefficient increases,the smaller the probability of leakage failure is,and the later it reaches the threshold year of leakage failure probability. At the later stage of the prediction,the effect of the correlation coefficient increase on the probability of the two kinds of failures is weakened.

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针对腐蚀管道多失效模式相互竞争、变量非独立的特点以及小失效概率预测效率低的问题,提出一种基于子集模拟法(SS)的腐蚀管道时变失效概率预测方法。基于泄漏与爆裂失效的极限状态函数,考虑泄漏与爆裂失效的竞争关系,构建管道竞争失效概率预测模型;使用Nataf转换方法描述模拟样本中缺陷深度与长度的相关性,提出考虑失效模式竞争性、变量相关性的腐蚀管道失效概率求解方法,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)验证该方法;应用上述方法,探究缺陷深度和长度的弱相关性(相关系数0~0.3)对管道服役15年内失效概率的影响。结果表明:失效概率大于10-6时,使用该方法的计算结果与MCS计算结果基本相同,计算效率高于MCS,且可预测概率水平为10-12的极小概率事件;管道服役15年内,缺陷变量相关系数越大,管道爆裂失效概率越大,越早到达爆裂失效概率阈值年限;而随着相关系数的增大,泄漏失效概率越小,越晚达到泄漏失效概率阈值年限;在预测后期,相关系数增大对2种失效概率的影响均减弱。

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李长俊 (1963—),男,湖北京山人,硕士,教授,主要从事油气储运系统完整性管理等研究。E-mail:

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李长俊 (1963—),男,湖北京山人,硕士,教授,主要从事油气储运系统完整性管理等研究。E-mail:

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Structural Safety, 2007, 29(3):183-193., articleTitle=Application of subset simulation methods to reliability benchmark problems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172490838497178070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, awardId=51974269, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(51974269), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172490833619202474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490833627591083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, companyId=1172490833619202474, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Petroleum and Gas Engineering,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu Sichuan 610500,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490833631785388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, companyId=1172490833619202474, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,四川 成都 610500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172490837494739400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Failure probability of pipeline leakage based on SS and MCS prediction, figureFileSmall=926xoelvFxyonre9q3oDUg==, figureFileBig=2PoiiXoyrn6a2Z0UVkkJgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837557653961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于SS与MCS预测的管道泄漏失效概率, figureFileSmall=926xoelvFxyonre9q3oDUg==, figureFileBig=2PoiiXoyrn6a2Z0UVkkJgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837620568522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Pipeline burst failure probability based on SS and MCS prediction, figureFileSmall=VDkfHktDWH0QMbvX4FBHDg==, figureFileBig=sBBsMCpSsUvpb/ohwWzvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837679288779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于SS与MCS预测的管道爆裂失效概率, figureFileSmall=VDkfHktDWH0QMbvX4FBHDg==, figureFileBig=sBBsMCpSsUvpb/ohwWzvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837729620428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation coefficient between defect length and depth parameters, figureFileSmall=GiBpAeqbtdMdU6D9kA/YdQ==, figureFileBig=/W34POlKWWHe6+OrPyg4zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837796729293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=CN, label=图3, caption=缺陷长度与深度参数相关系数, figureFileSmall=GiBpAeqbtdMdU6D9kA/YdQ==, figureFileBig=/W34POlKWWHe6+OrPyg4zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837851255246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of low correlation coefficients on pipe failure probability under leakage failure mode, figureFileSmall=BqQNgWHsYRbvvTghKRcHGg==, figureFileBig=ZMMcmDYmjX3e865tlRJqkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490837914169807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=CN, label=图4, caption=泄漏失效模式下低相关系数对管道失效概率的影响, figureFileSmall=BqQNgWHsYRbvvTghKRcHGg==, figureFileBig=ZMMcmDYmjX3e865tlRJqkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490838002250192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of low correlation coefficients on pipe failure probability under burst failure mode, figureFileSmall=9VTCm2AmqQAQrFQRQZFoHw==, figureFileBig=ZDcJhVdv8+DQfnuQ4lYCdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490838065164753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=CN, label=图5, caption=爆裂失效模式下低相关系数对管道失效概率的影响, figureFileSmall=9VTCm2AmqQAQrFQRQZFoHw==, figureFileBig=ZDcJhVdv8+DQfnuQ4lYCdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490838115496402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical characteristics of pipeline variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量及单位 分布形式 均值 标准差
管道直径/mm 正态分布 630 5.4
管壁厚度/mm 正态分布 8 0.4
操作压力/MPa 耿布尔分布 8 0.49
屈服强度/MPa 正态分布 345.00 10.40
腐蚀深度/mm 对数正态分布 0.24 0.175
腐蚀长度/mm 对数正态分布 15.99 8.67
腐蚀深度增长速率/
(mm·a-1)
伽马分布 0.40 0.13
腐蚀长度增长速率/
(mm·a-1)
对数分布 2.74 1.53
), ArticleFig(id=1172490838186799571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管道变量统计特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量及单位 分布形式 均值 标准差
管道直径/mm 正态分布 630 5.4
管壁厚度/mm 正态分布 8 0.4
操作压力/MPa 耿布尔分布 8 0.49
屈服强度/MPa 正态分布 345.00 10.40
腐蚀深度/mm 对数正态分布 0.24 0.175
腐蚀长度/mm 对数正态分布 15.99 8.67
腐蚀深度增长速率/
(mm·a-1)
伽马分布 0.40 0.13
腐蚀长度增长速率/
(mm·a-1)
对数分布 2.74 1.53
), ArticleFig(id=1172490838258102740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706777498122, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation coefficient between pipe corrosion length and corrosion depth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道编号 1 2 3 4
相关系数 0.22 0.29 0.14 0.29
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管道腐蚀长度和腐蚀深度的相关系数

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管道编号 1 2 3 4
相关系数 0.22 0.29 0.14 0.29
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多失效模式与变量相关的管道失效概率预测
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李长俊 , 曾江浩 , 杨帆
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 36-43
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 36-43
多失效模式与变量相关的管道失效概率预测
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李长俊, 曾江浩, 杨帆
作者信息
  • 西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,四川 成都 610500
  • 李长俊 (1963—),男,湖北京山人,硕士,教授,主要从事油气储运系统完整性管理等研究。E-mail:

Prediction of pipeline failure probability with multiple failure modes and variable correlation
Changjun LI, Jianghao ZENG, Fan YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Petroleum and Gas Engineering,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu Sichuan 610500,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1216
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针对腐蚀管道多失效模式相互竞争、变量非独立的特点以及小失效概率预测效率低的问题,提出一种基于子集模拟法(SS)的腐蚀管道时变失效概率预测方法。基于泄漏与爆裂失效的极限状态函数,考虑泄漏与爆裂失效的竞争关系,构建管道竞争失效概率预测模型;使用Nataf转换方法描述模拟样本中缺陷深度与长度的相关性,提出考虑失效模式竞争性、变量相关性的腐蚀管道失效概率求解方法,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)验证该方法;应用上述方法,探究缺陷深度和长度的弱相关性(相关系数0~0.3)对管道服役15年内失效概率的影响。结果表明:失效概率大于10-6时,使用该方法的计算结果与MCS计算结果基本相同,计算效率高于MCS,且可预测概率水平为10-12的极小概率事件;管道服役15年内,缺陷变量相关系数越大,管道爆裂失效概率越大,越早到达爆裂失效概率阈值年限;而随着相关系数的增大,泄漏失效概率越小,越晚达到泄漏失效概率阈值年限;在预测后期,相关系数增大对2种失效概率的影响均减弱。

失效模式  /  变量相关  /  失效概率  /  腐蚀管道  /  子集模拟(SS)  /  Nataf转换

Aiming at the problem of competing multiple failure modes and dependent variables of corroded pipelines,and low efficiency of predicting the probability of small failures,a time-varying failure probability prediction method for corrosive pipelines based on SS method is proposed. Based on the limit state function of leakage and burst failure,considering the competition between leakage and burst failure,a prediction model for the pipeline competitive failure probability was constructed. In order to solve the above model,the Nataf transformation method was used to describe the correlation between the depth and length of the defects in the simulated samples,and a method to solve the failure probability of corroded pipelines was proposed by considering the competitiveness of failure modes and the correlation of variables. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used to verify the above method. Finally,the above method was applied to investigate the effect of the weak correlation (correlation coefficient 0-0.3) between defect depth and length on the probability of failure within 15 years of pipeline service. The results show that when the failure probability is greater than 10-6,the calculation results of this method are basically consistent with those of MCS,and the calculation efficiency is higher than that of MCS,and the minimal probability events with the probability level of 10-12 can be predicted. Within 15 years of pipeline service,the greater the correlation coefficient of defect variables is,the greater the probability of pipeline burst failure is,and the earlier it reaches the threshold year of burst failure probability. As the correlation coefficient increases,the smaller the probability of leakage failure is,and the later it reaches the threshold year of leakage failure probability. At the later stage of the prediction,the effect of the correlation coefficient increase on the probability of the two kinds of failures is weakened.

failure mode  /  variable related  /  failure probability  /  corrosive pipelines  /  subset simulation (SS)  /  Nataf transformation
李长俊, 曾江浩, 杨帆. 多失效模式与变量相关的管道失效概率预测. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 36 -43 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1216
Changjun LI, Jianghao ZENG, Fan YANG. Prediction of pipeline failure probability with multiple failure modes and variable correlation[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 36 -43 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1216
腐蚀是威胁油气管道服役安全的主要因素之一[1-2],由其引发的管道泄漏、爆裂等事故,常导致人员伤亡和经济损失。通过管道可靠性分析量化管道服役期间的失效可能性,对于合理制定管道维护策略、降低管道失效风险具有重要意义。
目前,国内外对腐蚀管道的可靠性开展了大量研究,但腐蚀失效模式的竞争性、小失效概率评估等问题仍未得到很好解决。腐蚀导致的管道失效与腐蚀缺陷几何尺寸、腐蚀速率、管道运行条件以及材料特性等因素密切相关[3]。当缺陷处剩余强度不足以支撑缺陷处压力时将导致爆裂失效;缺陷处腐蚀深度大于管道壁厚安全阈值时将发生泄漏失效[4]。不同失效模式的极限状态定义不同,受极限状态函数输入变量的影响,腐蚀管道由安全状态转换到失效状态的时间也不同[5]。结合管道维护实际,管道一旦发生爆裂失效,通常会在较短时间内修复,这将极大地消除泄漏失效发生的可能[6]。同理,管道泄漏失效及其修复也会影响爆裂失效的可能性。因此,泄漏和爆裂应被视作相互竞争的失效模式。若忽略失效模式间的竞争性,将导致失效概率评估值偏大[7]。其次,部分管道可靠性计算的输入变量间具有相关性,这对管道可靠性计算结果也会产生重要影响[8]。部分学者在管道可靠性分析时,对初始缺陷深度与长度采用较高的相关性假设[8-10],如管道初始缺陷长度和深度之间存在相关系数ρ=0.1~0.3的弱相关关系[10]。此外,管道在服役过程中存在泄漏和爆裂失效概率相当低的时期,如LI Changjun等[11]的研究表明:失效概率水平达到10-15。传统蒙特卡罗模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation,MCS)在求解10-6~1范围内的失效概率时可保持较高的计算精度和效率,但对于更低概率的事件,其模拟的样本量将显著增大,难以获得服役早期的小概率评估结果。子集模拟(Subset Simulation,SS)通过将小概率事件表示为多个较大概率的中间事件的乘积,仅需少量中间样本量就可获得相对低的失效概率,在小概率问题预测方面极具应用前景[13-14]。目前文献尚未报道弱相关性对管道可靠性计算的影响,并且如何在SS的框架内考虑不同腐蚀失效模式的竞争关系和条件样本的相关性也未得到解决。
鉴于此,笔者拟构建泄漏与爆裂2种竞争失效模式下的腐蚀管道失效概率预测模型,结合Nataf变换提出多竞争失效模式考虑变量相关性的SS求解方法;通过现场案例,采用MCS方法验证上述方法;结合案例探讨腐蚀长度与深度变量弱相关对腐蚀管道失效概率的影响,以期明确弱相关系数对腐蚀管道失效概率的影响特征。
管道腐蚀会造成多种管道失效模式,如泄漏、爆裂等。由于缺陷长度、深度、管道操作压力等输入变量随时间变化,管道失效概率具有时变性,故假设时间t时,管道缺陷的泄漏失效极限状态函数gl(t)和爆裂失效极限状态函数gb(t)分别为[912]
g   l ( t ) = 0.8 w - d ( t )
g b ( t ) = p b ( t ) - P p
式中:w为管壁厚度,mm;d(t)为时间t时管道腐蚀深度,mm;pb(t)为时间t时管道爆裂失效压力,MPa;Pp为管道操作压力,MPa。当缺陷最大深度达到壁厚的80%,认为管道处于泄漏失效[15]
根据标准ASME G31B[11],爆裂失效压力 p b ( t )为:
p b ( t ) = 2 × ( σ s + 68.95 ) w D ×     1 - 0.85 [ d ( t ) / w ] 1 - 0.85 { d ( t ) / [ w M ( t ) ] }
式中: σ s为屈服强度,MPa;D为管道直径,mm;M(t)为时间t时的Folias系数,当 L ( t ) 2 D w 50时,其表达式为:
M ( t ) = 1 + 0.627   5 L ( t ) 2 D w - 0.003   375 L ( t ) 4 D 2 w 2
式中L(t)为时间t时管道缺陷长度,mm。
L ( t ) 2 D w 50时,M(t)的表达式为:
M ( t ) = 0.032 L ( t ) 2 D w + 3.3
腐蚀深度增长过程为一系列不可逆损伤的积累,每一次损伤在时间上随机到达,且损伤量大小随机。使用Gamma退化模型描述该过程,在文献[16-18]中已有报道。Gamma退化模型在不相交的时间间隔上具有独立增量且可无限整分,适用于腐蚀增长的特点。假设时间t、腐蚀深度d(t)通过下式计算:
d ( t ) = d 0 + X g ( t )
式中:d0为初始时刻的腐蚀深度,mm;Xg(t)为腐蚀深度增长量,mm。
时间t时腐蚀深度增量 X g ( t )遵循Gamma分布:
f X g ( t ) a t , b = b a t ( X g ( t ) ) a t - 1 e x p ( - b X g ( t ) ) Γ ( a t )
式中ab为模型参数,计算如下:
a = 1 C O V v t 2     b = 1 C O V v t 2 μ
式中:COVvt为腐蚀深度增长速率的变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,COV);μ为腐蚀深度增长速率均值,mm/a。
为简化模型,假设腐蚀长度增长模型为线性模型[19]t时间的腐蚀长度 L ( t )采用下式计算:
L ( t ) = L 0 + v L t
式中:L0为初始时刻的腐蚀长度,mm;vL为腐蚀长度增长速率,mm/a。此外,腐蚀深度与长度的增长模型分别假设为Gamma退化模型与线性模型,在文献[5-620]与行业实践中均得到应用。
为使模型更加贴近现实工况,管道内部操作压力Pp随管道服役年限的变化采用泊松离散过程模拟[21]。将管道内部压力按年为单位划分为独立同分布的随机变量,假设在时间t产生的脉冲数Z的概率密度函数服从泊松分布,压力数值根据服役管道数据统计获得,并服从Gumbel分布:
f Z = z λ = ( λ t ) z e x p ( - λ t ) z !
式中 λ为产生率,次/a,取 λ=1。
考虑2种相互竞争的失效模式,管道单个缺陷发生泄漏失效的累积概率和发生爆裂失效的累积概率可分别表示为:
P l (t) = p r o b 0 m i n { t l } ς m i n { t l } m i n { t b }
P b (t) = p r o b 0 m i n { t b } ς m i n { t b } m i n { t l }
式中: ς为管道预测寿命,a;tl为泄漏失效发生时间,a;tb为爆裂失效发生时间,a。求解Pl(t)和Pb(t),可以使用首次偏移失效概率计算方法。因此,式(11)与式(12)可使用增量式,写为[5]
P l ( t i ) = P l ( t i - 1 ) + Δ P l Δ t i )
P b ( t i ) = P b ( t i - 1 ) + Δ P b Δ t i )
式中:Pl(ti)为ti时刻管道泄漏失效累积概率, i = 1,2 , , ς ;Pl( t i - 1)为 t i - 1时刻管道泄漏失效的累积概率; Δ P l Δ t i ) t i - 1~ti时刻间管道泄漏失效的增量概率;在管道可靠性计算中,时间间隔 Δ t i通常设置为1年[21];类似逻辑也适用于式(14)。
式(13)与式(14)具有递归性质,管道失效概率从预测的初始年份,第0年开始计算。第0年,管道的初始失效概率Pl(ti)和Pb(t0)是以gl(t0)和gb(t0)为极限状态函数的时不变可靠性分析问题:
P l ( t 0 ) = p r o b { g l ( t 0 ) 0 } { g b ( t 0 ) 0 }
P b ( t 0 ) = p r o b { g b ( t 0 ) 0 } { g l ( t 0 ) 0 }
计算第 t i - 1~ti年间管道泄漏失效的增量概率 Δ P l Δ t i )时,要遵循式(11),确保泄漏失效发生且爆裂失效并未发生。通过上述条件,将 Δ P l Δ t i )定义为[5]:
Δ P l t i )= p r o b { g l ( t i - 1 ) 0 }   { g l ( t i ) 0 }   { g b ( t i - 1 ) 0 }
类似逻辑,将第 t i - 1~ti年间管道爆裂失效的增量概率 Δ P b Δ t i )定义为:
Δ P b ( Δ t i ) = p r o b { g l ( t i - 1 ) 0 }   { g b ( t i ) 0 }   { g b ( t i - 1 ) 0 }
SS的基本原理在文献[22]中有详细介绍,其思想是将小概率事件表达为一系列适当的中间失效概率事件的乘积。
针对目标失效域,通过设置一系列递减的阈值b1>b2>…>bmbm为第m个阈值。阈值bk为中间层失效事件 F k = x : g ( x ) b k ( k = 1,2 , , m )划定中间失效域范围,Fk为第k层中间失效事件的集合,bk为第k层的阈值,即 F 1 F 2 F m。依据中间事件的包含关系以及概率论中的乘法定律,得到失效概率表达式为:
P F = P ( F m ) = P ( F 1 ) k - 1 m ( F k + 1 / F k )
在SS过程中,输入极限状态函数的变量中存在部分非正态分布的相关变量,将这些样本量从原始空间映射至标准正态空间下对于SS求解更为高效。Nataf转换能够考虑变量分布类型对相关性的影响[23-24],因此,采用Nataf转换处理腐蚀缺陷长度与深度变量。
根据第1节失效模式竞争下的管道失效概率预测模型,将Nataf转换方法引入SS,提出考虑失效模式竞争性与参数相关性的失效概率求解方法。以竞争失效模式下计算爆裂失效概率的过程为例,详细阐述上述方法,具体计算步骤为:
1) 预测初始年份第0年时,模拟生成第1层N组独立标准正态样本 Z 1 t 0 z 1 1 ( t 0 ) , z 2 1 ( t 0 ) , , z [ N ] 1 ( t 0 ),其中,上标1表示第1层,t0表示第0年,每组样本包括D w σ sPp等9个输入变量。
2) 基于Nataf转换,求解转换后腐蚀长度与深度相关系数的转换值 Y d L,对由 Y d L构成的相关系数矩阵 ρ Y进行Cholesky分解,得到下三角矩阵LdL,对 Z 1 t 0中的腐蚀长度与深度样本ZdL进行线性变换Y=LZ,得到腐蚀长度与深度的相关标准变量样本ydL,通过等概率转换得到腐蚀长度与深度的相关非正态样本。其他变量的独立标准正态正态样本也通过等概率转换转换为独立非标准正态变量样本,上述等概率转换后的样本 x 1 t 0即为输入多失效模式极限状态方程的样本。
3) 将样本 x 1 t 0代入式(1)和式(2),得到第1层的中间事件。将爆裂失效样本按从小到大排列,第Np0个爆裂失效样本值设置为第1层阈值 b 1 b ( t 0 )(p0一般取0.1,N取1 000[25]),前Np0个样本即为落入中间失效域的失效点,根据式(16)推断,中间失效事件可定义为:
F 1 = g b x 1 ( t 0 ) b 1 b ( t 0 ) g l x 1 ( t 0 ) 0
4) 判断第k层是否存在Np0个小于0的失效样本,若不存在,采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)模拟抽取(1-p0)N个样本,重复步骤2),将其与第k层的Np0个样本组成第k+1层的样本xk+1(t0),将新样本xk+1(t0)代入式(1)和式(2),将第k+1层爆裂失效样本按从小到大排列,第 N p 0个响应值设置为第k+1层阈值 b b k + 1 ( t 0 ),MCMC模拟步骤已有文献[25]报道。
5) 重复步骤4),直到存在Np0个样本满足事件:
F k = g b x k ( t 0 ) 0 g l x k ( t 0 ) 0
6) 终止循环,统计第k层中小于0的样本数 N f 0,初始爆破失效概率为:
P b ( t 0 ) = p 0 ( k - 1 ) N f 0 N
7) 当预测年份大于0时,假设时间步长为1年,从腐蚀深度增长速率与腐蚀长度增长速率中抽取样本,得到当年腐蚀长度和深度增长量,累加至步骤1)的初始缺陷长度与深度样本,重复步骤2)获得新一年的输入多失效模式极限状态方程的样本 x 1 ( t i )
8)重复步骤3),第i年第1层的阈值为 b 1 b ( t i ),前Np0个样本即为落入中间失效域的失效点,中间失效事件记作:
F 1 = g b x k ( t i ) b 1 b ( t i ) g l x k ( t i ) 0 g b x ( t i - 1 ) 0
在第k+1层中存在Np0个满足事件:
F k = g b x k ( t i ) 0 g l x k ( t i ) 0 g b x ( t i - 1 ) 0
9) 统计第k层中小于0的样本数 N f i,第i年的爆破累计失效概率为:
Δ P b Δ t i )= p 0 ( k - 1 ) N f i N
10) 第i年的失效概率为:
P b ( t i ) = p 0 ( k 0 - 1 ) N f 0 N + i p 0 ( k i - 1 ) N f i N
重复步骤7)—10),直至设置的预测年限,结束计算。
泄漏失效概率采用类似方法计算。
以一段服役时间为5年的管道作为计算案例来验证上述计算方法,管道直径630mm,管道壁厚8mm,运行压力8MPa,屈服强度345MPa,腐蚀长度与深度的相关系数为0.22,具体变量统计值见表1。验证计算中,假设其他变量相互独立。
采用MCS失效概率计算结果验证SS计算结果准确性,失效概率计算中MCS的样本数为106,SS的初始样本数为1 000。图1图2分别为基于SS方法和MCS方法的案例管道泄漏、爆裂失效概率预测结果,从图1图2中可以看出,SS与MCS计算结果高度一致,证明提出的计算方法的准确性。
图1中,SS可计算到最低的失效概率为10-11,MCS仅能计算10-6左右,证明SS方法具备预测小失效概率事件的能力。此外,计算服役第8年的泄漏失效概率时,2种算法预测结果同为10-6级别,SS方法计算过程中使用5 200个样本远少于MCS样本数106,证明SS较MCS具有更高计算效率。
统计包括3.1节计算案例在内的4条运行环境与腐蚀状态不同的管道数据,管道腐蚀长度和腐蚀深度数据如图3所示。
通过下式计算4段管道腐蚀长度与深度的相关系数,结果见表2
r = n c = 1 n x c y c - c = 1 n x c c = 1 n y c n c = 1 n x c 2 - c = 1 n x c 2 n c = 1 n y c 2 - i = c n y c 2
式中:n为缺陷总数;xc为第c处缺陷长度,mm;yc为第c处缺陷深度,mm。
相关系数在0.1~0.3范围定义为弱相关[10]。由表2可知:4条管道缺陷的腐蚀长度和腐蚀深度的相关系数在0.14~0.29,证明现场缺陷的腐蚀长度和深度存在弱相关关系。
为探究考虑参数相关性对失效概率是否有影响以及缺陷腐蚀长度和腐蚀深度弱相关性对腐蚀管道失效概率的影响,结合案例管道变量统计特征值,假设腐蚀长度和深度相关系数ρdL=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,计算腐蚀管道多失效模式竞争的失效概率,计算时假设其他变量相互独立。
图4为15年内腐蚀长度和深度的相关性对管道泄漏失效概率的影响。SS方法可预测失效概率10-12级别的小概率事件。在同一服役时间,管道泄漏失效概率随相关系数增大而减小。不同服役时间,相关性差异引起的失效概率变化幅度也不相同,如在服役初期1~5年,2变量相互独立条件下泄漏失效概率与 ρ d L = 0.3的泄漏失效概率相差2个数量级(10-10和10-12);在第12年,2变量相互独立条件下的泄漏失效概率为0.014 2,较相关性系数为ρdL=0.3时的失效概率0.011 1增大28%。随服役时间增加,同年份下相关系数减小对泄漏失效概率增幅影响减小。
为明确相关性系数对管道失效的影响,参照文献[8]对不同风险地区管道失效概率可接受范围的设定标准,取10-4作为管道可接受失效概率的阈值。结合图4发现,腐蚀长度与腐蚀深度相互独立条件下,管道最先达到阈值;相关系数越小,管道越早达到阈值。
图5为15年内腐蚀长度和深度的相关性对管道爆裂失效概率的影响特征。同一服役时间,管道爆裂失效概率与相关系数呈正相关;不同服役时间,随年限增加两变量相关系数增大对爆裂失效概率增幅影响减小。第5年考虑 ρ d L = 0.3条件下的管道爆裂失效概率是参数独立条件下的4.2倍;第10年时; ρ d L = 0.3条件下的管道爆裂失效概率是参数独立条件下的1.1倍。
此外,爆裂失效模式下, ρ d L=0.2,0.3时,管道在第4年达到阈值;而 ρ d L=0, 0.1时,管道第5年到达阈值;管道达到极限失效概率阈值先后顺序分别为 ρ d L=0.3,0.2,0.1,0。因此,爆裂失效模式下,相关系数越大,管道越早到达阈值。分析说明:计算管道失效概率时,过大或过小估计腐蚀长度与腐蚀深度的相关系数,都会导致管道失效概率结果出现偏差,甚至影响管道失效标准判断不利于管道正确维修计划的制定
1) 在10-6~100概率水平内范围内,SS方法预测的管道失效概率与传统的MCS方法具有较高吻合度;SS可预测低至10-12数量级的失效概率,而MCS方法受样本数限制无法获得低于10-6的失效概率。
2) 腐蚀长度与深度之间的弱相关性对管道失效概率的影响不可忽略。在管道运行早期,相关系数变化对管道失效概率具有较大影响;但预测后期,相关系数增大对爆裂模式下管道失效概率的增幅影响减小,对泄漏模式下管道失效概率的降幅影响也减小。在同一年中,腐蚀管道爆裂失效概率与腐蚀长度、深度相关性呈正相关;腐蚀管道泄漏失效概率与其呈负相关。
3) 变量相关系数对管道到达可接受失效概率阈值的年限也会产生影响,在缺陷长度与深度相关系数在0~0.3范围内:爆裂模式下,变量相关系数越大,管道越早到达阈值;泄漏模式下,变量相关系数越小,管道越早到达阈值。在评估管道失效概率时合理表征缺陷尺寸变量的相关性,对合理制定管道维检修计划具有重要意义。
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1216
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(51974269)
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    西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,四川 成都 610500
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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