Article(id=1151591706719252723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0111-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697212800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-14, revisedDate=1705507200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490458420, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490458420, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490458420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490458420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=111, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591707209986294, articleId=1151591706719252723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Development on physical model test study on soil nailing supporting slope, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve slope stability under the combined action of engineering disturbance and natural factors,and clarify the process and characteristics of slope soil nailing under different loading conditions,the optimal support mode and layout technology suitable for the actual working conditions were selected to ensure the intrinsic safety of the slope structure system. Firstly,the physical model test process and results of soil nailing support under three types of static,vibration,and centrifugal forces were systematically elaborated. Secondly,the characteristics and applicability of typical slope support technologies and new slope support methods were compared as well as analyzed. Finally,through physical model tests under complex environmental effects,the deformation and failure mechanisms of three special slopes,namely submarine slope,typhoon rainstorm slope and high-speed and long-distance landslide were explored. The results show that soil nailing has good applicability in all kinds of slope support,but the reliability and safety factor of slope support under complex and special environments still need to be improved. Therefore,in practice,it is necessary to integrate new materials and processes to conduct research on composite support structures. At the same time,it is necessary to strengthen the selection of similar materials,innovative observation methods,and special environmental simulation research in physical model experiments,aiming to improve the high degree of restoration of monitoring data and achieve the full process safety guarantee of slope systems.

, correspAuthors=Ye WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gang CHENG, Haoyu ZHANG, Ye WANG, Gangqiang LI, Qinliang YOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151591757214478787, articleId=1151591706719252723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=土钉支护边坡物理模型试验研究进展, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高工程扰动与自然因素联合作用下边坡稳定性,厘清不同加载条件下边坡土钉支护方式的作用过程及其特点,选取适用于实际工况的最优支护模式及布设工艺,保障边坡结构系统的本质安全。首先,在静力、振动和离心3类受力作用下系统阐述土钉支护物理模型试验过程与结果;其次,对比分析典型边坡支护技术与新型边坡支护方式的特点及适用性;最后,通过复杂环境效应下的物理模型试验,探究海底边坡、台风暴雨边坡及高速远程滑坡3类特殊边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明:土钉在各类边坡支护中均具有良好的适用性,但对于复杂特殊环境下边坡支护的可靠度与安全系数仍有待提高。实际中需融合新材料新工艺开展组合支护结构研究;同时,加强物理模型试验中的相似材料选取、观测手段创新、特殊环境模拟研究,提高监测数据的高还原度,实现边坡系统的全过程安全保障。

, correspAuthors=王晔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王 晔(1986—),女,黑龙江黑河人,博士,讲师,主要从事振动力学与安全风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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程 刚 (1987—),男,安徽六安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事地质与岩土工程智能监测技术、物联网远程数据采集与地质灾害评价等方面的研究。E-mail:

王晔 讲师

李刚强 副教授

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Comparison of factors in physical model testing of slopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验因素 试验设备 作用方式 特点 不足
加载
装置
油压千
斤顶
用于边坡静力物理模型加荷,测试边坡模型及支护结构的抗压能力 结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、举升力大、惯性小 制造精度要求较高、故障不易被检查排除
振动台 用于各类岩土边坡地震动力响应模拟特性研究,为边坡动力模型试验研究提供加载装置 可有效模拟不同级别的振动及地震波,高度还原地震作用全过程 不同性能振动台对振动的模拟效果差异性较大,设备成本较高
土工离
心机
通过高速转动模拟边坡上覆岩土体自重力,使模型产生与原边坡体相同的自重应力 解决模型试验中难以模拟自重应力场的难题,获取更加精准的试验数据 离心机性能要求高、设备昂贵,受限于离心机大小,模型尺寸十分有限
试验
传感
渗流类 结合力学、光学、电学技术,监测加荷、降雨、振动及离心等因素作用下,边坡物理模型的应力、含水率、温度及变形等多物理参量的实时变化状况,以获取静力、振动、离心作用下边坡变形失稳的影响效应 ①边坡静力模型试验中,试验条件与模拟影响因素可控性优,传感器测量结果稳定可靠。
②边坡振动台模型试验获取震前、震中、震后各阶段边坡演化特征,为边坡抗震支护提供重要参考。
③离心边坡模型试验使模型具有高还原度的自重力,试验结果更能真实反映边坡变形失稳过程
①静力模型试验难以模拟现实环境中边坡动态变化过程。
②振动过程中传感器易损坏,因此,对传感器抗扰动性要求较高。
③高速旋转下的传感器设计与安装工艺复杂,因此,对传感器鲁棒性要求高
变形类
位移类
), ArticleFig(id=1172491109184979189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边坡物理模型试验因素对比

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试验因素 试验设备 作用方式 特点 不足
加载
装置
油压千
斤顶
用于边坡静力物理模型加荷,测试边坡模型及支护结构的抗压能力 结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、举升力大、惯性小 制造精度要求较高、故障不易被检查排除
振动台 用于各类岩土边坡地震动力响应模拟特性研究,为边坡动力模型试验研究提供加载装置 可有效模拟不同级别的振动及地震波,高度还原地震作用全过程 不同性能振动台对振动的模拟效果差异性较大,设备成本较高
土工离
心机
通过高速转动模拟边坡上覆岩土体自重力,使模型产生与原边坡体相同的自重应力 解决模型试验中难以模拟自重应力场的难题,获取更加精准的试验数据 离心机性能要求高、设备昂贵,受限于离心机大小,模型尺寸十分有限
试验
传感
渗流类 结合力学、光学、电学技术,监测加荷、降雨、振动及离心等因素作用下,边坡物理模型的应力、含水率、温度及变形等多物理参量的实时变化状况,以获取静力、振动、离心作用下边坡变形失稳的影响效应 ①边坡静力模型试验中,试验条件与模拟影响因素可控性优,传感器测量结果稳定可靠。
②边坡振动台模型试验获取震前、震中、震后各阶段边坡演化特征,为边坡抗震支护提供重要参考。
③离心边坡模型试验使模型具有高还原度的自重力,试验结果更能真实反映边坡变形失稳过程
①静力模型试验难以模拟现实环境中边坡动态变化过程。
②振动过程中传感器易损坏,因此,对传感器抗扰动性要求较高。
③高速旋转下的传感器设计与安装工艺复杂,因此,对传感器鲁棒性要求高
变形类
位移类
), ArticleFig(id=1172491109273059574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Static model test of soil nailing slope

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作者 边坡 土钉 比例 试验方法
土质 坡高/mm 坡角/(°) 材料 长度/mm 倾角/(°)
KITAMURA 砂土 750 70 铝板 450 -20,0,20 竖向加荷
AYAZI等 级配良好的砂土 400 60 土工复合材料 320 20,25,30,35,40 1:30
文高原等 洛阳Q2黄土 2 500 90 锚管 1 030~3 100 0 1:5.8 降雨作用
李国庆等 黄沙、黏土粉末 500 60 铁丝 70,100 30,50,70 1:10 竖向加荷
周清等 砂质粉土 900 铝合金 1 000 开挖降雨
), ArticleFig(id=1172491109352751351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土钉支护边坡静力模型试验研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者 边坡 土钉 比例 试验方法
土质 坡高/mm 坡角/(°) 材料 长度/mm 倾角/(°)
KITAMURA 砂土 750 70 铝板 450 -20,0,20 竖向加荷
AYAZI等 级配良好的砂土 400 60 土工复合材料 320 20,25,30,35,40 1:30
文高原等 洛阳Q2黄土 2 500 90 锚管 1 030~3 100 0 1:5.8 降雨作用
李国庆等 黄沙、黏土粉末 500 60 铁丝 70,100 30,50,70 1:10 竖向加荷
周清等 砂质粉土 900 铝合金 1 000 开挖降雨
), ArticleFig(id=1172491109436637432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Vibration model test of soil nailing slope

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作者 边坡 土钉 比例 加速度g
土质 坡高/mm 坡角/(°) 材料 长度/mm 倾角/(°)
GIRI等 级配差的中砂 180 30,35,40 铝管 150 0,20,90 0.1
张明聚等 细砂 670 84 亚克力管 340~470 0,15,30 1:12 0.1~1.8
唐文彪等 花岗岩残积土 1 800 硬聚氯乙烯管 600, 700 0.1~0.6
李英俊等 硅砂 700 80,90 亚克力管 400, 500 0,30 1:8.57 1
), ArticleFig(id=1172491109512134905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土钉支护边坡振动台模型试验研究

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作者 边坡 土钉 比例 加速度g
土质 坡高/mm 坡角/(°) 材料 长度/mm 倾角/(°)
GIRI等 级配差的中砂 180 30,35,40 铝管 150 0,20,90 0.1
张明聚等 细砂 670 84 亚克力管 340~470 0,15,30 1:12 0.1~1.8
唐文彪等 花岗岩残积土 1 800 硬聚氯乙烯管 600, 700 0.1~0.6
李英俊等 硅砂 700 80,90 亚克力管 400, 500 0,30 1:8.57 1
), ArticleFig(id=1172491109587632378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Centrifugal model test of soil nailing slope

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作者 边坡 土钉 试验方法
土质 坡高/mm 坡角/(°) 材料 长度/mm 倾角/(°)
DAVIES等 细砂 300 70 钢条,有机玻璃条 300 0,20 重力加荷
MORGAN 砂土 300 50,70 有机玻璃条 390 15 渗流
NG等 花岗岩残积土 500 65 铝管 400 20 渗流
DEEPA等 高岭土加砂 240 63.4 铝管 120~200 15 渗流
VUCETIC,
TUFENKJIAN等
石英砂 152 90 塑料和钢丝 50~152 0 地震力
), ArticleFig(id=1172491111508623611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土钉支护边坡离心模型试验研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者 边坡 土钉 试验方法
土质 坡高/mm 坡角/(°) 材料 长度/mm 倾角/(°)
DAVIES等 细砂 300 70 钢条,有机玻璃条 300 0,20 重力加荷
MORGAN 砂土 300 50,70 有机玻璃条 390 15 渗流
NG等 花岗岩残积土 500 65 铝管 400 20 渗流
DEEPA等 高岭土加砂 240 63.4 铝管 120~200 15 渗流
VUCETIC,
TUFENKJIAN等
石英砂 152 90 塑料和钢丝 50~152 0 地震力
), ArticleFig(id=1172491111575732476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of slope support modes

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支护模式 支护方式 优点 缺点
典型模式 锚杆支护 通过埋设于边坡内部的锚杆,增强其与周围土体的抗剪强度,从而提高边坡土体自身承载能力 结构简单、施工便捷、适用性强 承载力有限、对地下空间利用率产生影响
抗滑桩
支护
将桩置于边坡稳定地层中,利用桩与边坡土体的锚固作用,将推力传递至稳定地层中,从而提高边坡抗滑能力 抗滑能力优、安全性高、支护位置灵活 结构笨重、抗弯剪能力不足、成本高
组合支护 针对单一支护结构难以满足结构复杂边坡的支护要求,实际中采用锚+抗滑桩、锚+框架梁+抗滑桩、锚+框架梁+挡土墙等组合支护方式,形成合力,据此提升支护结构抗滑能力 抗滑剪能力强,解决了单一支护难以全面抵抗边坡关键位置滑移的问题 施工成本高、工期长
新型模式 FRP支护 使用FRP材料代替传统钢材等支护材料,利用其强度大的特性,增强其在边坡支护中的锚固作用 抗震性强、耐腐蚀、拉伸性能好、自重小 抗剪能力差、阻燃性差、自身受力状态难以被监测
植被支护 在边坡表面种植植被,利用其茎叶及发达根系的机械性能及水文特性阻拦降雨入渗、防止坡体水土流失,实现固土护坡 生态环境效应好、工程扰动性小 支护能力有限,在台风暴雨等条件下,边坡极易发生破坏
MICP
支护
将脲酶菌、反硝化菌等微生物注入边坡土体中,使其快速沉淀结晶,抑制土体液化,增强土体强度,进而有效加固边坡 无污染、成本低、可进行大范围远距离加固 对边坡土体性质及环境温湿度等要求较高
), ArticleFig(id=1172491111647035645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706719252723, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

边坡支护模式对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护模式 支护方式 优点 缺点
典型模式 锚杆支护 通过埋设于边坡内部的锚杆,增强其与周围土体的抗剪强度,从而提高边坡土体自身承载能力 结构简单、施工便捷、适用性强 承载力有限、对地下空间利用率产生影响
抗滑桩
支护
将桩置于边坡稳定地层中,利用桩与边坡土体的锚固作用,将推力传递至稳定地层中,从而提高边坡抗滑能力 抗滑能力优、安全性高、支护位置灵活 结构笨重、抗弯剪能力不足、成本高
组合支护 针对单一支护结构难以满足结构复杂边坡的支护要求,实际中采用锚+抗滑桩、锚+框架梁+抗滑桩、锚+框架梁+挡土墙等组合支护方式,形成合力,据此提升支护结构抗滑能力 抗滑剪能力强,解决了单一支护难以全面抵抗边坡关键位置滑移的问题 施工成本高、工期长
新型模式 FRP支护 使用FRP材料代替传统钢材等支护材料,利用其强度大的特性,增强其在边坡支护中的锚固作用 抗震性强、耐腐蚀、拉伸性能好、自重小 抗剪能力差、阻燃性差、自身受力状态难以被监测
植被支护 在边坡表面种植植被,利用其茎叶及发达根系的机械性能及水文特性阻拦降雨入渗、防止坡体水土流失,实现固土护坡 生态环境效应好、工程扰动性小 支护能力有限,在台风暴雨等条件下,边坡极易发生破坏
MICP
支护
将脲酶菌、反硝化菌等微生物注入边坡土体中,使其快速沉淀结晶,抑制土体液化,增强土体强度,进而有效加固边坡 无污染、成本低、可进行大范围远距离加固 对边坡土体性质及环境温湿度等要求较高
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土钉支护边坡物理模型试验研究进展
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程刚 1, 2 , 张昊宇 1 , 王晔 3, ** , 李刚强 4 , 游钦凉 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 111-121
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 111-121
土钉支护边坡物理模型试验研究进展
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程刚1, 2 , 张昊宇1, 王晔3, ** , 李刚强4, 游钦凉1
作者信息
  • 1 华北科技学院 计算机学院,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 2 中国矿业大学 矿区深部零碳负碳技术教育部工程研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 3 华北科技学院 研究生部,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 4 华北科技学院 矿山安全学院,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 程 刚 (1987—),男,安徽六安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事地质与岩土工程智能监测技术、物联网远程数据采集与地质灾害评价等方面的研究。E-mail:

    王晔 讲师

    李刚强 副教授

通讯作者:

王 晔(1986—),女,黑龙江黑河人,博士,讲师,主要从事振动力学与安全风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
Development on physical model test study on soil nailing supporting slope
Gang CHENG1, 2 , Haoyu ZHANG1, Ye WANG3, ** , Gangqiang LI4, Qinliang YOU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Computer Science,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Zero-carbon and Negative-carbon Technology in Depth of Mining Areas,Ministry of Education,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 3 Graduate Department,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
  • 4 School of Mine Safety,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1134
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为提高工程扰动与自然因素联合作用下边坡稳定性,厘清不同加载条件下边坡土钉支护方式的作用过程及其特点,选取适用于实际工况的最优支护模式及布设工艺,保障边坡结构系统的本质安全。首先,在静力、振动和离心3类受力作用下系统阐述土钉支护物理模型试验过程与结果;其次,对比分析典型边坡支护技术与新型边坡支护方式的特点及适用性;最后,通过复杂环境效应下的物理模型试验,探究海底边坡、台风暴雨边坡及高速远程滑坡3类特殊边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明:土钉在各类边坡支护中均具有良好的适用性,但对于复杂特殊环境下边坡支护的可靠度与安全系数仍有待提高。实际中需融合新材料新工艺开展组合支护结构研究;同时,加强物理模型试验中的相似材料选取、观测手段创新、特殊环境模拟研究,提高监测数据的高还原度,实现边坡系统的全过程安全保障。

土钉支护边坡  /  物理模型试验  /  边坡变形破坏  /  特殊环境  /  降雨作用

In order to improve slope stability under the combined action of engineering disturbance and natural factors,and clarify the process and characteristics of slope soil nailing under different loading conditions,the optimal support mode and layout technology suitable for the actual working conditions were selected to ensure the intrinsic safety of the slope structure system. Firstly,the physical model test process and results of soil nailing support under three types of static,vibration,and centrifugal forces were systematically elaborated. Secondly,the characteristics and applicability of typical slope support technologies and new slope support methods were compared as well as analyzed. Finally,through physical model tests under complex environmental effects,the deformation and failure mechanisms of three special slopes,namely submarine slope,typhoon rainstorm slope and high-speed and long-distance landslide were explored. The results show that soil nailing has good applicability in all kinds of slope support,but the reliability and safety factor of slope support under complex and special environments still need to be improved. Therefore,in practice,it is necessary to integrate new materials and processes to conduct research on composite support structures. At the same time,it is necessary to strengthen the selection of similar materials,innovative observation methods,and special environmental simulation research in physical model experiments,aiming to improve the high degree of restoration of monitoring data and achieve the full process safety guarantee of slope systems.

soil nailed slope  /  physical modeling test  /  slope deformation destruction  /  special environment  /  rainfall effect
程刚, 张昊宇, 王晔, 李刚强, 游钦凉. 土钉支护边坡物理模型试验研究进展. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 111 -121 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1134
Gang CHENG, Haoyu ZHANG, Ye WANG, Gangqiang LI, Qinliang YOU. Development on physical model test study on soil nailing supporting slope[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 111 -121 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1134
1890年,英国学者在Thames River隧道项目工程建设中首次提及土钉的概念,而现代土钉支护技术的实际工程施工应用却起步于20世纪70年代的法国[1-3],并逐步推广至边坡开挖支护。改革开放以来,随着我国三峡工程、川藏铁路等各类重大工程的相继兴建,引起了不同类型的边坡变形失稳,对工程安全建设与运行维护产生了严重威胁。为此,国内外学者探寻各类方法技术以提高边坡稳定性,其中,土钉支护因其锚固性能优、施工便捷、价格低廉等优点,被视为现代边坡支护工程中最典型的支护方式之一[4]。土钉支护边坡的布设包括钻孔、定位、置入、注浆、固定等流程,主要是利用土钉本体、混凝土面层、原位土体对边坡施加联合加固,可显著提高边坡系统的抗灾能力,当边坡发生变形时,土钉依靠其与边坡界面间的黏结力与摩擦力,对周围土体施加约束,阻止其变形破坏,从而实现边坡工程施工建设与运行的全过程安全[5-7]
现阶段,土钉支护被广泛应用于各类边坡工程建设中,然而针对其支护机制的研究仍有待完善,因此,亟需结合室内外试验、理论分析和数值模拟等方法强化机制研究。其中,数值模拟受限于其理论框架与参数选取标准的不确定性,难以完全取代试验研究的作用;同时,考虑到野外地质条件复杂多变和现场试验成本消耗高等因素,使得难以通过大量现场试验开展边坡支护机制的系统性研究;长期以来,物理模型试验因成本低、边界条件可控及材料参数规范等优势,被视为边坡变形破坏的主要研究方法,特别是针对不同加载方式和地质条件,分析各控制因素对边坡稳定性的影响程度,进而获得土钉变形与边坡失稳破坏间的定量关系。
鉴于此,笔者拟系统性总结不同加载条件下边坡土钉支护方式的作用机制及其优缺点,对比分析典型边坡支护技术与新型边坡支护方式的适用性,并探究3类特殊边坡变形破坏机制,以期为自然边坡防灾减灾控灾和人工开挖边坡工程的全过程安全提供科学保障。
长期的自然因素作用及工程扰动易使边坡进入失稳状态,因此,基于对边坡稳定性的分析结果,优化调整施工方案与支护布设工艺,从而提高边坡整体的安全性系数。国内外学者针对边坡土钉支护机制的研究多通过室内物理模型试验的方式,在保障试验条件可重复性的同时降低试验成本,物理模型试验主要包括静力模型试验、振动台模型试验和离心模型试验等[8],常用的试验设备及特点见表1
静力模型试验是研究土钉支护边坡稳定性能最典型的试验方法之一,该方法主要根据相似模型理论建立等比例缩小的边坡物理模型,并在重力场(1 g)状态下施加外荷载或改变渗流、降雨等条件,直观地获得土钉支护边坡的变形状态和破坏模式,进而分析土钉支护的加固机制,为土钉支护设计与边坡稳定性评估提供参考依据。国内外学者关于土钉支护边坡的静力模型试验参数设置见表2
KITAMURA等[9]研究了钢筋土钉加固边坡的破坏状态,采用分层填筑法搭建边坡模型,钢筋土钉加固边坡,以深入研究铝条加筋在土质边坡中的作用(图1)。试验结果表明:未加筋边坡受荷后具有近似线性的浅层滑裂面,随着加筋体倾角逐渐减小直至为0,边坡滑裂面逐渐呈圆弧形并向坡体后缘移动,在不改变其他因素情况下,加筋体采用斜向上布置方式的加固效应最为显著,同时,发现土钉的弯曲、剪切强度对加固效应无明显影响。
AYAZI等[10]利用油压千斤顶对砂土边坡物理模型施加荷载,计算并对比不同护面材料下土钉支护边坡的沉降位移情况(图2)。试验结果表明:土工复合材料等柔性材料护面边坡在水平及垂直方向上的变形承载力较无护面边坡提高50%,且在边坡非关键结构位置的支护效果明显优于刚性护面材料,土钉支护与柔性护面材料的联合应用有效提高边坡结构的稳定性,然而在高应力陡峭边坡支护中,需考虑到柔性护面材料在此工况下易弯折受损的特点,因而在此类边坡支护中应慎用。李国庆等[11]开展了土钉支护参数对边坡稳定性影响的模型试验研究,探究了土钉的角度、长短等变量对边坡稳定性的影响程度。研究表明:土钉的布设位置对边坡支护的效果影响较大,当其布设于边坡中部位置且倾角为50°时,此时边坡整体的安全性系数最高,且边坡的稳定性与土钉长度呈正相关关系。
大量的现场边坡灾害表明:降雨入渗是引起边坡变形破坏的关键控制因素[12],据相关统计,我国70%的滑坡灾害均由降雨触发,因此,朱鸿鹄等[13]认为,降雨作用下复杂地层滑坡是一个典型的时变多失效模式系统。参数和模型的不定性、失效模式之间的耦合性、动态风险的时变性是降雨诱发多失效模式滑坡定量风险分析中的3大特点,降雨诱发边坡的典型特性如图3所示。
边坡失稳大都发生在强降雨情况下,基于此,文高原等[14]通过筛孔式降雨模拟装置(图4)开展了持续降雨与强降雨条件下,复合土钉支护边坡受力变形特性试验研究。研究发现,渗水速率大小是降雨导致边坡失稳滑动的关键因素。周清等[15]开展了开挖及降雨作用下的边坡物理模型试验研究,对比了降雨前后边坡内部土钉轴力变化情况。研究发现,降雨降低了边坡土体承载力及黏聚力,对中下层土钉轴力的影响尤为显著,同时,加剧了相同开挖状态下边坡的破坏效应,为降雨边坡稳定性研究提供了重要参考。
静力模型试验具有试验操作简便、模拟影响因素可控、传感器测量结果稳定可靠等优点,可实现不同荷载、降雨量下边坡模型变形程度、含水率变化等状态信息的精准获取。受限于加载方式,本类试验难以模拟动荷载对边坡变形失稳的影响效应。
土钉支护边坡在地震荷载作用下的稳定性评估是支护方案设计中需考虑的关键问题之一,振动台能够真实模拟地震效果,因此,国内外学者相继开展了土钉支护边坡振动台模型试验,详细分析了土钉支护参数(土钉倾角、长度、间距等)对边坡抗震性能的影响,以及不同支护参数下边坡的动力响应特征,土钉支护边坡振动台模型试验研究见表3
GIRI等[16]开展了多组不同坡角下的振动台试验,系统地研究了土钉支护的抗震性能。试验中边坡模型形成浅层圆弧形滑动面,顶层土钉未产生明显轴力,且当土钉与滑动面垂直时轴力最小。张明聚等[17]针对土钉支护在地震作用下的动力特性及破坏机制开展了多组振动台试验,边坡动力特性及破坏模式试验装置如图5所示。试验发现,土钉支护受地震影响产生的变形在边坡坡腹处达到峰值,边坡坡面变形随土钉倾角增大而加剧,但仅在较强地震作用下,增加土钉长度才会对改善边坡的稳定性产生明显效应,据此提出振动作用下边坡稳定性分析理论与抗震设计方法。
唐文彪等[18]开展了不同强度振动荷载作用下的边坡振动台模型试验,在沿面板中线高度不同位置分别布置位移传感器,据此研究了土钉轴力、面板土压力和边坡面板水平位移的变化特征。试验结果表明:因模型面板位移与各监测位置的加速度呈正相关关系,最大位移出现在面板的中间位置(高度130 cm左右),如图6所示,同时,土钉支护在低幅振动作用下的响应程度较低,而当模型受到强振动作用(地震波加速度超过0.4 g)时土钉支护的动力反应愈发明显,此时坡面位移成为影响动力效应的关键参数,这进一步验证了土钉支护具有良好的抗震能力。李英俊等[19]通过相似模型试验,并借助改进算法优化振动作用下边坡位移计算方法,得出考虑地震响应过程土钉受力实时状态变化的位移计算改进方法,为边坡稳定性分析与抗震设计提供更为准确的参考。
地震作用通常会使边坡坡体发生大规模的变形破坏,振动台模型试验可获取震前、震中、震后边坡的变形演化特征,据此判定边坡的稳定性状态,为边坡支护加固方案提供重要依据,然而受动荷载影响,该类试验需综合考虑动荷载条件下各类应变、温度等传感器的测量精度及可靠性。
离心模型试验利用离心机所产生的离心力以模拟重力作用,解决物理模型试验中难以模拟自重应力场的难题,已开展一大批重要的试验研究,见表4。这些研究主要分为3类,分别为:①模拟土钉边坡的开挖施工过程或研究边坡在外荷载作用下的变形破坏;②模拟降雨、地下水位变动对边坡稳定性的影响;③通过施加振动荷载,研究土钉支护结构在地震作用下的稳定性[20]
DAVIES等[21]开展了一系列土钉边坡离心试验研究,测得的边坡水平位移随开挖及加荷变化与现场开挖实测结果相近,获得了各土钉轴力和弯矩值及其变化过程。MORGAN[22]开展了土钉支护边坡离心试验,如图7所示,系统性研究了有效应力变化对边坡稳定性的影响。试验表明:土钉支护的设计应综合考虑结构寿命期间可能发生的长期变化,如有效应力变化对土钉支护边坡稳定性的影响。
在渗流效应方面,ZHOU等[23]开展了离心模型试验,研究了水位上升对土钉支护的影响。DEEPA等[24]自制了渗流模拟装置(图8),通过离心试验研究了地下渗流对土钉支护边坡稳定性的影响。结合数字图像分析可知:对于边坡渗流场作用下的边坡变形,土钉支护可发挥良好的锚固作用。
在边坡土钉支护振动效应研究方面,VUCETIC等[25]开展了一系列离心模型试验,通过施加不同量级的水平地震力以研究边坡模型的抗震能力,这是最早从地震角度分析土钉边坡稳定性的研究之一。TUFENKJIAN等[26]研究了土钉支护边坡在地震荷载作用下的稳定性和破坏机制,试验中边坡产生一种双折线破坏面;此外发现土钉的设计长度对边坡稳定性有显著影响,从而验证了土钉支护边坡拥有比其他支护体系更强的抗震能力。
离心模型试验高度还原边坡在自重力影响下的变形失稳过程,试验中采集的数据更加真实地反映出实际边坡的变形演化过程。然而,受限于离心机大小,边坡模型尺寸相对有限,因而对传感器设计与安装工艺均提出较高要求,同时为确保监测数据的准确性,试验中同步考虑了传感器的鲁棒性,以消除离心作用下的测量误差。
滑坡通常是在内、外动力地质作用相互耦合下形成的自然灾害,它不但受制于区域地质环境的影响效应,还受控于降雨、地震等孕灾因素的作用。受限于滑坡地质成因与孕育环境,不同类型滑坡的孕灾因素也存在一定的差异:①库岸边坡受降雨及库水位的周期性变化影响较大,降雨及库水位升降所产生的动力效应会直接加速滑坡体变形失稳过程;②矿山边坡易受工程扰动的影响,工程活动是引发该类灾害的首要孕灾因素,尤其在边坡坡体大变形区域施工更易导致滑坡的发生;③黄土边坡的渗流能力强且抗震能力较差,因而该类边坡灾害发生的关键孕灾因素通常为降雨及地震作用。综上所述,在实际的滑坡防治中,需综合考虑不同类型滑坡孕灾因素及破坏模式,进而实施针对性的支护加固措施,以最大限度地保障边坡系统的稳定性。
基于大量静力、振动、离心作用下边坡土钉支护物理模型试验研究结果,总结出不同类别工况下的最优布设工艺。土钉支护在黏性及砂层土体边坡中的支护效果显著,但对于粉细砂层、砂砾卵石层和淤泥质土边坡的支护效果较差,尤其难以适用于不稳定的淤泥与饱和软弱土层中。因此,需强化边坡不同支护结构的研究,基于不同岩质及边坡外部环境易引发的破坏模式,实施相应的布设工艺与支护模式。根据边坡支护作用机制,将支护结构分为刚性、柔性及复合式支护结构。刚性支护一般具有较强刚度,可承受较为严重的边坡变形,抗滑桩支护为典型的刚性支护结构之一;柔性支护采用具有一定柔韧性与变形延性的支护材料,能密贴边坡土体,允许边坡有一定变形而不发生破坏,土钉、锚杆支护均为代表性柔性支护;复合式支护结构是柔性及刚性支护的组合支护方式,采取“内刚外柔”和“先柔后刚”的设计理念,先通过柔性材料释放边坡变形的大部分应力,再由刚性材料承受其剩余应力[27-30]。此外,随着新材料、新工艺的不断发展,各类新型支护方式已逐步运用于边坡支护中,如利用纤维增强复合物(Fiber Reinforced Polymer,FRP)等新型材料代替传统支护材料,采取植被护坡、微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation,MICP)[31-35]等新型边坡支护技术加固边坡结构,进一步提高边坡稳定性。基于大量学者的试验研究成果,将边坡支护模式总结为典型模式与新型模式2大类别,边坡支护模式对比见表5
海底边坡灾害荷载条件复杂,重力、风暴潮、海底火山及地震等均为引起其变形破坏的关键控制因素,受限于观测技术与监测环境,目前对其灾害机制的研究仍相对薄弱,因此,需要开展海底边坡物理模型试验研究,掌握其失稳破坏机制[36-37]
林鸿麟等[38]以盐度为3.5%的盐水模拟海水,开展了不同坡度下海底边坡离心模型试验研究,为解决水下边坡观测难度大的问题,融合孔压与土压力传感器开展水下边坡滑面变形破坏监测。研究发现,超静孔压为竖向有效应力的0.7~1.0倍,从而得出海底滑坡附近土体结构完全丧失的主要原因为超静孔压作用下的模型土体发生剪切破坏,与水融合液化,使土体产生高流动性。此外,坡度为25°的模型平均土压力为12.3 kPa,约为坡度20°模型的1.15倍(图9),因此,对于同一破坏模式下的海底边坡,坡体越陡峭,边坡受到的冲击荷载越大。
台风和暴雨均为引发边坡失稳的关键因素,台风对植被施加荷载,使其根茎不断拖拽边坡,且强台风往往伴随着暴雨,在风力荷载和暴雨渗流联合作用下会导致边坡系统结构更加脆弱,使得边坡灾害更具突发性,如尾矿坝及公路边坡等特殊边坡受台风暴雨影响尤为严重。然而目前物理模型试验难以真实模拟出上述恶劣环境,因此,缺少大量试验数据验证,针对此类环境下边坡支护的机制研究大都依靠数值模拟与灾后调查,因而需改进试验模拟条件与观测技术,加强对特殊环境下模型试验研究,以厘清此类特殊环境下边坡失稳破坏机制,进而研发出适用于强台风等恶劣环境下的新型支护材料及布设工艺。
刘靖阳等[39]开展了强降雨条件下尾矿坝物理模型试验。试验中尾矿库形变过程为:尾矿库坝体随降雨发生缓慢的变形,当坝体内侧水位线上升至某一高度且保持一定时间后,坝体出现较为明显的变形,并在坝体底部发生管涌现象,随着水位持续上涨并漫过坝顶,坝顶处出现小冲沟,此时顶部发生砂土聚集下滑现象,在坝脚处形成堆积区,不久出现大量含水砂土下泄现象,随之产生溃坝,此时产生明显滑面,上部溃坝区下滑至下部,引起尾矿库全部垮塌(图10)。试验表明:降雨现象对尾矿库形变产生直接扩大影响效应,实际中应结合上述溃坝垮塌过程,根据降雨量和降雨持续时间开展针对性强的边坡支护加固与坡体排水工程建设。
于鑫等[40]开展了台风作用下室内边坡物理模型试验(图11),研究了台风暴雨因素在滑坡演化过程中的影响效应。试验发现,台风会对坡表植被施加荷载,导致地表岩土体因摇曳而产生开裂,加剧了降雨入渗,使得边坡孔隙水压和含水率曲线产生突变的时间较无台风作用边坡大幅提前,从而增加了滑坡发生概率,研究发现,降雨初期雨水入渗以垂直方向为主,随着降雨加剧,坡脚处最先发生破坏失稳,并发展至整个坡体;同时,台风显著加剧了滑坡的发生。该试验揭示了乔灌木覆盖边坡的受灾演化过程,为尾矿坝及公路边坡等易受台风暴雨侵蚀的边坡监测预警研究提供了参考依据。
高速远程滑坡是一种特殊的滑坡地质灾害,具有体积大、破坏力强、运动形式复杂等特点。其主要运动形式为流态化运动,此过程中,混杂分布的大量岩块会逐步破碎,并以碎屑流的形式高速运动扩散,对运动途经区域房屋建筑造成严重破坏。由于灾害发生的突发性,往往很难在野外即时观测到其破坏过程,因此,实际中学者们多采取模型试验还原其灾害演化过程,以探寻坡体失稳破坏机制。
龙艳梅等[41]基于粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)法,开展了高速远程滑坡物理模型试验研究(图12),利用高速相机实时监测滑坡发生过程,进一步分析坡体滑动过程中碎屑流的流态化运动特征。结果表明:颗粒体积及粗颗粒含量与其整体滑动速度呈正相关,随着颗粒体积及粗颗粒含量减小,颗粒流的运动形式由“滑动”向“流动”转换,且越靠近颗粒流底部变化越显著,该研究从细观视角揭示了高速远程滑坡的运动破坏机制,为该类滑坡灾害的预防与治理提供重要参考。
为应对不同破坏模式共同作用的边坡灾害,未来可加强对各类新材料与支护新工艺的交叉组合研究,如采用新型复合材料联合土钉、锚杆等传统支护方式,在绿色设计、施工、维护的基础上,开展支护资源的高效利用,实现边坡系统的可靠支护。此外,随着分布式光纤感测、电磁法等新技术在边坡监测领域的广泛应用,使得海量边坡监测数据的获取更加便捷,因此,如何依靠机器学习算法优秀的非线性处理能力及强鲁棒性等优势,开展海量监测数据的快速处理,进而实现边坡灾害的精准预测,是提升边坡灾害预测预警准确度、实现科学智能化防灾减灾控灾的关键一环。
1) 随着土钉支护边坡静力、振动、离心等物理模型试验的深入开展,为土钉支护作用过程的探究提供重要判据,当前针对其作用机制的研究已趋于完善。静力模型试验可实现不同条件下边坡状态信息的精准获取,但难以模拟动荷载对边坡变形失稳的影响效应;振动台模型试验可获取振动作用下边坡的变形演化特征,但需综合考虑动荷载条件下各类传感器的测量精度及可靠性;离心模型试验可高度还原边坡在自重力下的变形过程,但对传感器设计、安装工艺和鲁棒性要求较高。大量室内外试验表明:土钉在各类边坡支护中具有良好的适用性,工程实践中参考模型试验研究结果,结合现场工况实施最优布设方案,最大程度发挥土钉支护优势,确保工程全周期本质安全。
2) 各类边坡破坏模式亦有不同,如土质边坡的破坏模式多为圆弧滑动,岩质边坡的破坏模式多为沿不利结构面的组合滑动,然而实际中边坡多为岩土混合型,其破坏模式大都为组合破坏。此外,工程施工与自然因素联合作用下的边坡环境复杂多变,尤其是海底边坡、台风暴雨边坡及高速远程滑坡等特殊边坡,目前针对该类边坡的深入研究相对较少,基于等比例物理模型试验并结合数值模拟验证是研究上述特殊边坡作用机制的主要方法,但受限于当前模型试验材料选取、路径实施、过程还原等因素,尚难以全面掌握特殊边坡的变形破坏失稳过程,须加强相似材料选取、观测手段创新、特殊环境模拟等研究,以提高监测数据的高还原度。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(42377200)
  • 矿区深部零碳负碳技术教育部工程研究中心开放课题(2023-0014)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项项目(3142019011)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助(D2022508002)
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1134
  • 接收时间:2023-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-14
  • 修回日期:2024-01-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(42377200)
矿区深部零碳负碳技术教育部工程研究中心开放课题(2023-0014)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项项目(3142019011)
河北省自然科学基金资助(D2022508002)
作者信息
    1 华北科技学院 计算机学院,河北 廊坊 065201
    2 中国矿业大学 矿区深部零碳负碳技术教育部工程研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116
    3 华北科技学院 研究生部,河北 廊坊 065201
    4 华北科技学院 矿山安全学院,河北 廊坊 065201

通讯作者:

王 晔(1986—),女,黑龙江黑河人,博士,讲师,主要从事振动力学与安全风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1134
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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