Article(id=1149754260134474037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)S1-0065-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=1717344000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752052377017, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752052377017, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752052377017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752052377017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149754257689194795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='S1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752052376434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756362003807, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830145076311009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830145076311010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149754260730065215, articleId=1149754260134474037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on pilot boarding and disembarking device based on offshore automatic stabilization platform, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to fundamentally reduce the risk caused by climbing the pilot's ladder,a pilot boarding and disembarking device based on the offshore automatic stabilization platform was proposed. The device was composed of an attitude/motion measurement system,stability compensation control system,hydraulically driven automatic stabilization platform,and auxiliary pilot channel. Through the real-time and efficient parallel six-degree-of-freedom stability compensation algorithm of the automatic stabilization platform,the parametric design of the parallel mechanism based on the hull with the equipment and sea conditions,and the complex algorithm of system safety and reliability design,the stability of the device in the boarding and disembarking process was realized. The results show that the device can realize the essential safety of pilot boarding and disembarking,and the pilot can directly board and disembark the ship without using the pilot's ladder,reducing the risk of boarding and disembarking under heavy storm weather and fundamentally eliminating the safety hidden danger caused by improper placement of the ladder.

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为从根本上降低攀爬引航软梯带来的风险,提出一种基于海上自动稳定平台的引航员登离船装置,由姿态/运动测量系统、稳定补偿控制系统、液压驱动自动稳定平台及附属引航员通道组成,并通过自动稳定平台实时高效的并联六自由度稳定补偿算法、基于装备所在船体及海况的并联机构参数化设计以及系统安全可靠性设计等复杂算法,实现该装置在登离过程中的稳定。结果表明:该装置能够实现引航员登离船本质安全,引航员可实现不通过引航员软梯直接登离船,降低大风浪天气下的登离船风险,同时从源头上消除因软梯安放不当而引发的安全隐患。

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孙宝昌 (1972—),男,北京人,硕士,从事水运工程建设项目、港口及航运安全、环保和清洁生产等方面研究。E-mail:

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孙宝昌 (1972—),男,北京人,硕士,从事水运工程建设项目、港口及航运安全、环保和清洁生产等方面研究。E-mail:

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孙宝昌 (1972—),男,北京人,硕士,从事水运工程建设项目、港口及航运安全、环保和清洁生产等方面研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1149754260134474037, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于安全性的系统设计, figureFileSmall=WKqlGnZzN+FCHE81SRKghw==, figureFileBig=SWSEbtgWIPPCh6Lr+rGAiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751361153217347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Number and proportion of unqualified ship types

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船型 总调查
数量
合格数量 不合格
数量
不合格
占比/%
杂货船 601 462 139 23.13
油轮 691 610 81 11.72
滚装船 211 184 27 12.80
客船 146 117 29 19.86
集装箱船 1 285 1 095 190 14.79
液化气船 166 148 18 10.84
冷藏船 29 21 8 27.59
渔船 29 13 16 55.17
散货船 882 733 149 16.89
化学品船 351 284 67 19.09
汽车运输船 112 91 21 18.75
海工船 51 40 11 21.57
其他 212 172 40 18.87
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361224520516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各种船型不合格数量及占比情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船型 总调查
数量
合格数量 不合格
数量
不合格
占比/%
杂货船 601 462 139 23.13
油轮 691 610 81 11.72
滚装船 211 184 27 12.80
客船 146 117 29 19.86
集装箱船 1 285 1 095 190 14.79
液化气船 166 148 18 10.84
冷藏船 29 21 8 27.59
渔船 29 13 16 55.17
散货船 882 733 149 16.89
化学品船 351 284 67 19.09
汽车运输船 112 91 21 18.75
海工船 51 40 11 21.57
其他 212 172 40 18.87
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361371321157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Number and proportion of unqualified boarding and disembarking modes

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方式 总调查
数量
合格
数量
不合格
数量
不合格
占比/%
引航员软梯 3 275 2 733 530 16.18
组合梯 1 428 1 162 265 18.56
舷侧门与引航梯 498 445 51 10.24
舷梯 119 98 19 15.97
直升机 41 38 3 7.32
甲板至甲板 127 109 18 14.17
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361480373062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同登离船方式的不合格数量及占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方式 总调查
数量
合格
数量
不合格
数量
不合格
占比/%
引航员软梯 3 275 2 733 530 16.18
组合梯 1 428 1 162 265 18.56
舷侧门与引航梯 498 445 51 10.24
舷梯 119 98 19 15.97
直升机 41 38 3 7.32
甲板至甲板 127 109 18 14.17
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361602007879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Number and proportion of disqualifications in each region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 总调查
数量
合格
数量
不合格
数量
不合格
占比/%
非洲 158 123 35 22.15
亚洲/中东 1 311 1 026 227 16.93
欧洲 1 663 1 155 277 19.66
大洋洲 189 67 76 32.80
北美 519 187 55 17.53
南美 1 546 1 341 100 8.09
总体 5 386 3 881 783 16.79
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361694282571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各地区的不合格数量及占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 总调查
数量
合格
数量
不合格
数量
不合格
占比/%
非洲 158 123 35 22.15
亚洲/中东 1 311 1 026 227 16.93
欧洲 1 663 1 155 277 19.66
大洋洲 189 67 76 32.80
北美 519 187 55 17.53
南美 1 546 1 341 100 8.09
总体 5 386 3 881 783 16.79
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361836888911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Number and proportion of various defects of pilot's ladder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引航员软梯缺陷 缺陷数量 缺陷占比/%
软梯踏板未紧贴船体 44 5.91
制作踏板的材料不合适 13 1.75
回收索未正确安装 308 41.4
踏板破损 8 1.08
踏板间距不均匀 12 1.61
软梯长度超过9 m 13 1.75
踏板脏/滑 17 2.28
制作边索的材料不合适 23 3.09
超出了船中一半船长 14 1.88
踏板涂过漆 4 0.54
踏板未正确安装 24 3.23
没有舷墙梯 2 0.27
踏板不是水平的 94 12.63
其他 168 22.58
), ArticleFig(id=1167751361924969297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

引航员软梯各类缺陷数量及占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引航员软梯缺陷 缺陷数量 缺陷占比/%
软梯踏板未紧贴船体 44 5.91
制作踏板的材料不合适 13 1.75
回收索未正确安装 308 41.4
踏板破损 8 1.08
踏板间距不均匀 12 1.61
软梯长度超过9 m 13 1.75
踏板脏/滑 17 2.28
制作边索的材料不合适 23 3.09
超出了船中一半船长 14 1.88
踏板涂过漆 4 0.54
踏板未正确安装 24 3.23
没有舷墙梯 2 0.27
踏板不是水平的 94 12.63
其他 168 22.58
), ArticleFig(id=1167751362034021206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Performance specifications of Octans measurement-class fiber optic compass motion sensor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
精度/(°) 0.1
稳定时间/min <5
分辨率/(°) 0.001
升沉/横摆/纵摆精度 5 cm或5%
纵摇/横摇/垂摇精度/(°) 0.01
防护等级 IP66&IP*7
材料
), ArticleFig(id=1167751362092741464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260134474037, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Octans测量级光纤罗经运动传感器性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
精度/(°) 0.1
稳定时间/min <5
分辨率/(°) 0.001
升沉/横摆/纵摆精度 5 cm或5%
纵摇/横摇/垂摇精度/(°) 0.01
防护等级 IP66&IP*7
材料
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基于海上自动稳定平台的引航员登离船装置研究
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孙宝昌
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(S1): 65-71
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(S1): 65-71
基于海上自动稳定平台的引航员登离船装置研究
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孙宝昌
作者信息
  • 国家能源投资集团有限责任公司 安全环保监察部,北京 100011
  • 孙宝昌 (1972—),男,北京人,硕士,从事水运工程建设项目、港口及航运安全、环保和清洁生产等方面研究。E-mail:

Research on pilot boarding and disembarking device based on offshore automatic stabilization platform
Baochang SUN
Affiliations
  • Safety and Environmental Protection Supervision Department,CHN Energy,Beijing 100011,China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0013
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为从根本上降低攀爬引航软梯带来的风险,提出一种基于海上自动稳定平台的引航员登离船装置,由姿态/运动测量系统、稳定补偿控制系统、液压驱动自动稳定平台及附属引航员通道组成,并通过自动稳定平台实时高效的并联六自由度稳定补偿算法、基于装备所在船体及海况的并联机构参数化设计以及系统安全可靠性设计等复杂算法,实现该装置在登离过程中的稳定。结果表明:该装置能够实现引航员登离船本质安全,引航员可实现不通过引航员软梯直接登离船,降低大风浪天气下的登离船风险,同时从源头上消除因软梯安放不当而引发的安全隐患。

自动稳定平台  /  引航员  /  登离船装置  /  登离船安全  /  惯性测量

In order to fundamentally reduce the risk caused by climbing the pilot's ladder,a pilot boarding and disembarking device based on the offshore automatic stabilization platform was proposed. The device was composed of an attitude/motion measurement system,stability compensation control system,hydraulically driven automatic stabilization platform,and auxiliary pilot channel. Through the real-time and efficient parallel six-degree-of-freedom stability compensation algorithm of the automatic stabilization platform,the parametric design of the parallel mechanism based on the hull with the equipment and sea conditions,and the complex algorithm of system safety and reliability design,the stability of the device in the boarding and disembarking process was realized. The results show that the device can realize the essential safety of pilot boarding and disembarking,and the pilot can directly board and disembark the ship without using the pilot's ladder,reducing the risk of boarding and disembarking under heavy storm weather and fundamentally eliminating the safety hidden danger caused by improper placement of the ladder.

automatic stabilization platform  /  pilot  /  boarding and disembarking device  /  boarding and disembarking safety  /  inertial measurement
孙宝昌. 基于海上自动稳定平台的引航员登离船装置研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (S1) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0013
Baochang SUN. Research on pilot boarding and disembarking device based on offshore automatic stabilization platform[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (S1) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0013
我国(不含港澳台地区)拥有约1.8万km海岸线和2.1万个生产性码头,超过90%的外贸进出口货物运输依赖于海运,港口竞争力和海运连接度在全球领先,连续6年稳居世界货物贸易第一大国地位,港航事业的发展成就举世瞩目[1]。由于登离设备及装置的设计、安放、维护、保养、登离时操作及接送船艇、海况、交通环境等因素,导致事故频发,给人员生命安全和港口航运正常运营带来严重影响[2]。因而迫切需要研发一种新型登离装置以弥补现有的装置不足。
目前,国内外对引航员登离船装置的研究多集中在基于国际规则规定的现有登离船装置设备的使用注意事项、检查机制和局部改进方面。《引航员登离船作业风险管控及隐患排查治理手册》[3]和THE PILOT LADDER MANUAL[4]都系统阐述了登离船装置的设备使用注意事项和检查机制;陈百泉等[5]提出基于现有引航员登离船装置的使用注意事项。李涛等[6]提出 适合于现有引航员登离轮装置使用前检查的安全监测方法及系统。李先瑞等[7]开展引航员登离船安全防护装置研究;倪文军等[8]提出引航员登离船自动攀爬跟随防护系统及方法;张越[9] 研制了引航员登离船安全防护系统;许斌等[10]提出的引航员登离船自动防护装置解决了引航员使用传统引航员登离船装置登离时的人员动作识别、跟随和应急保护的问题。彭延领[11]提出的自动上下的抓绳器和李银[12]对引航员登离船使用速差式防坠器的可行性探讨,都是针对引航员在软梯上坠落之后应急保护的措施。冒晓斌等[13]提出关于可穿戴式老人防摔马甲在引航员登离轮时应用的设想;徐胜寒[14]提出的引航艇接送引航员安全登离轮辅助装置和徐瑞林等[15]提出的引航艇接送引航员安全登离轮辅助装置都是针对引航员坠落后硬接地的应急保护措施。丁伟等[16]提出的用于引航员登离船舶的吊放装置和荣辉[17]提出的引航员登离轮攀爬防护装置都是针对传统引航员装置安放的保护。
综上,国内外专家的研究都是基于使用现有登离船装置设备开展,难以解决因引航员攀爬、风浪中船舶六自由度运动和设备安放疏忽造成的风险问题。笔者采用先进的自动稳定平台技术,通过实时姿态/运动测量系统和稳定补偿控制系统,对海况变化的即时响应和精准稳定补偿,实现引航员在不使用软梯的情况下直接登离船,旨在避免软梯或软梯和多种装置组合造成的登离船风险,保证在海况不良的风浪工况下的登离安全,降低人员操作不当造成的风险。
引航员登离船可采取引航员软梯、组合梯(舷梯和引航员软梯组合方式)、舷侧门与引航梯、舷梯、直升机、直接从甲板至甲板6种方式[18]
引航员登离船装置是指供引航员登离船所使用的设备,国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)在《国际海上人命安全公约》(International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea,SOLAS)第5章第23条中规定了2012年7月1日及之后安装的供引航员登离船使用的设备和装置的最低标准。与引航员登离船装置相关的文件还有IMO决议A.1045(27)—引航员登离船装置和IMO决议A.1108(29)—经修订的引航员登离船装置建议案。SOLAS规定引航员登离船装置应由制造商认证其符合SOLAS 公约第5章第23条或“本组织可接受的国际标准”,如国际标准化组织标准ISO 799:2019《船舶和海上技术——引水梯》。
1) 造成人身伤亡。2022年英国700多名引航员使用引航员登离船装置,登离船舶96 000艘次,其中发生了400多起事故[19]。2018年6月,美国科珀斯克里斯蒂一名引航员在登船时因为引航梯突然断裂不幸身亡[20]。日本在1976年至2002年间,有600多名引航员,共发生了57起引航员人身伤害事故,导致6名引航员死亡[21]
2) 船舶损失。2022年8月,塞浦路斯籍A轮在离开弗里曼特尔港时,一名引航员在离船过程中,软梯边锁突然断裂,导致该引航员坠落到高差约7 m的引航船甲板上,伤势严重。事故发生后,澳大利亚海事安全局判定船公司及船长均违反法规,处以罚款36 000澳币等[22]
3) 船舶滞留,影响港口正常生产。2023年7月,巴拿马籍V轮在宝山交接中心交接引航员时,引航软梯断裂,未造成人员伤亡,随即该轮抛锚接受调查。该轮被滞留延误了正常的靠泊作业计划,对港口生产造成了影响[23]
国际引航协会(International Maritime Pilots' Association,IMPA)连续多年开展引航员登离船安全调查,2023年发布的调查报告显示,过去一年中,全球各地、各种船型依然出现大量引航员软梯不合格现象。IMPA强调,SOLAS公约第5章第23条(引航员转移安排)规定、相关IMO大会决议及ISO 799系列标准是最低要求而非理想目标。引航员登离船过程是一项高风险的作业,引航员工作中安全问题已经成为引航工作中需要关注的重要问题[24]。2023年的调查共计收到5 386份调查资料,其中各种船型不合格数量及占比情况见表1。可以看出,各种船型引航员登离船装置不合格的比例较平均,船型影响的船舶操纵性能和船体形状对登离安全的影响无差异。
不同登离船方式的不合格数量及占比见表2。由表2可知:非船到船的直升机登离船方式的合格率要高于船到船的合格率,但直升机操作会有更多限制;舷侧门与软梯组合的舷梯方式登船不合格率较低,这与使用这种装置船舶的软梯与舷侧门的结合方式有关;组合梯登离方式不合格几率最高,这与软梯、舷梯的设备性质及安放操作相关。
各地区的不合格数量及占比见表3。可以看出,管控较严格的地区登离船装置合格率较高,说明除设备自身性质外,船上人员执行复杂安放过程的严谨程度是一个重要的安全影响因子。
引航员软梯各类缺陷数量及占比见表4。可以看出,引航员软梯存在缺陷的类型较多,这是由于引航员软梯设备性质和使用方式造成的,且操作人员在安放操作中难以对齐舷梯下平台,难以保持软梯2个边锁长度一致、使踏板平行,难以确定离海面的高度等,仅靠严格管理操作人员并不能大幅度降低登离船风险。
综上,引航员软梯的自身设备性质和人员实际操作是引航员登离船中的2个最重要的风险源。引航员登离船装置和实际安放的不合格率较高,登离安全风险较大,是造成引航员登离船事故频发的最主要原因。
自动稳定平台系统最初用于海上风力发电设备维修人员的安全运送[25]。引航员登离船过程中,需要将运送通道搭接至被引航船,对设备的控制和稳定性要求更高。由于被引航船舶船型和尺度各异,两船间的转运对接点是有限制的,解决问题的关键是运送通道在两船间稳定搭接。运送通道通过适当增大运送通道底端配重及驱动刚度,在不与被引航船舶发生接触情况下,保持运送通道位置,完成输送任务。同时,通过端部采用柔性接触的特殊结构设计,增加搭接部位灵活度,使运送通道在一定相对运动下保持相对稳定,采用海上自动稳定平台转运引航员是可行的。
使用引航员海上自动稳定平台登离船装置,可直接从引航船的自动稳定平台登离船装置,视高度差直接到被引船的舷梯下平台、舷侧门或者舷墙口,不用再攀爬引航软梯,这种方式将会彻底解决引航软梯断裂等风险,大幅度提高引航员登离船安全,为引航员登离被引航船提供高效安全的解决方案。引航员海上自动稳定平台登离船装置将有助于改善引航员工作环境,降低引航员作业风险,有效提高港口工作效率。
引航员海上自动稳定平台登离船装置由六自由度并联机构平台[26]、三自由度串联机构和平台安装船体组成。系统采用六自由度并联运动平台,结合惯性测量技术,实时补偿海浪造成的基础船体的运动,维持上平台相对地面静止。上平台安装三自由度串联机构装置,可实现伸缩、回转以及俯仰功能的人员运送通道。引航员海上自动稳定平台登离船装置建造时应考虑使用尺度适当的引航船承载,以保证必要的船舶稳性。
引航员海上自动稳定平台的三自由度串联机械结构,在操作员控制下可以实现回转、伸缩、俯仰3种动作,配合六自由度稳定平台功能,为引航员在引航船和被引船船体之间建立起安全便捷的运送通道,如图1所示。
自动稳定平台的基本功能由姿态/运动测量系统、补偿运动控制系统和自动稳定平台并联运动机构实现,如图2所示。运动传感系统实时采集船体随波浪摇荡运动信息,并将其送入控制系统。控制系统经补偿算法及平台控制算法输出阀控制指令,驱动液压缸运动。上平台在各液压缸协调作用下完成海洋船体摇荡运动补偿,维持或近似维持上平台相对惯性坐标系静止。
姿态/运动测量系统需要实时采集船体随海浪的六维摇荡运动,其精度与动态性能直接决定最终稳定补偿效果。考虑到海上特殊环境及精度要求,采用惯性测量技术较为适宜。惯性测量以其自主性、隐蔽性、抗干扰、导航信息实时连续等特点,一直得到重视,尤其在航空、航天和航海等军事领域得到了广泛的应用和发展。自动稳定平台系统中采用Octans测量级光纤罗经运动传感器,具有升沉预测自适应滤波功能,可提供多种海况船舶实时升沉数据,能够给出载体的六自由度运动位姿及正北方位。Octans测量级光纤罗经运动传感器性能指标见表5
补偿运动控制系统接收船体六维摇荡运动信息,通过控制算法运算转化为6个液压缸位置指令信息,驱动上平台完成稳定补偿功能,如图3所示。运动补偿控制系统实时完成运动学补偿解算和平台动力学控制;液压驱动快速性及准确性决定了上平台对船体摇荡补偿的精准度。同时,多通道实时解算对控制器提出较高性能要求。
经典的自动稳定平台机构[27]由上下2个平台和6个可伸缩的支腿及其连接铰链构成,下平台为基台,上平台为负载平台,如图4所示。自动稳定平台通过6个支腿的伸缩运动实现负载平台在工作空间范围内的六自由度运动,具有刚度和精度高、承载能力强、动态特性好等优点[12]
引航员登离船过程中,被引航船舶同样会随海浪产生摇荡运动。此外,由于被引航船舶类型和尺度各异,要求运送通道具有一定通用性,需要选定与典型的船舶登离船装置相适应,并具有广泛的适应性,以满足不同船只结构要求。保证运送通道在两船之间的稳定搭接。如图5所示,IMO要求干舷超过大于9 m的要安放组合梯,所以自动稳定平台的前端最大运动高度应为2~9 m。
并联六自由度运动系统是一个高度非线性、强耦合、变参数的多变量系统[28]。在运动过程中,当平台处于不同位姿或以不同的速度运动时,作用在各个分支上的负载将在几十倍的范围内作非线性变化,属于典型的变负载系统。由于负载系统的连接,各通道的输出及控制相互影响,导致负载耦合,影响系统的动静态特性,甚至引起系统的不稳定[29]。应用传统的控制系统设计方法,很难满足并联六自由度运动系统的控制要求。因此,解决强变负载干扰及交联耦合干扰的控制策略,是研制高精度六自由度运动系统的一项关键技术。基于模态分解控制是一类典型针对多通道耦合液压伺服控制策略,如图6所示。
船舶在海上航行,受海浪影响除正常航行运动外,会叠加六自由度摇荡运动。不同海况下的同一船体运动不尽相同,相同海况的不同船体运动也不尽相同,而自然条件下海浪发生具有一定随机性,因而船体运动更为复杂。一般情况下,某一海域的海浪状况可以用浪高以及海浪平均过零周期概率分布表加以描述。稳定平台要求补偿多数海况下的船体摇荡运动,并对该地区船体摇荡状况作出全面细致了解;同时根据所在船体惯性属性给出船体可能出现的最大摇荡范围及变化频率,从而指导并联机构设计与优化。因此,如何由海况得到船体摇荡运动时域特征,并由船体运动特征及驱动范围约束进行自动稳定平台机构优化设计,是实现船体运动补偿的关键技术之一。自动稳定平台机构的有效设计是保证平台实现稳定补偿功能的前提基础。
基于海上自动稳定平台的引航员登离船舶装备可以避免引航员因攀爬引航梯而带来的安全隐患;同时,该装备属于高度自动化的复杂机电液一体化设备,涉及测量技术、信号处理、控制理论、电液伺服控制、并联机构设计等多个领域,系统安全性和可靠性设计尤为重要。自动稳定平台的本质安全性原则应包括:保证系统任一非结构性环节发生故障条件下,仍然能够正常工作不少于60 s,并及时发出警报,保证人员安全撤离。在这一安全性原则基础上,分别由运动平台机构优化设计、关键非结构件的冗余设计、操作安全性设计和结构件可靠性验证4个方面展开系统安全性设计,具体实现方法如图7所示。
1) 引航员自动稳定平台登离船装置基于装备所在船体及海况的并联机构参数化设计,使得该装置能够灵活适应不同船型和海况,为不同港口提供定制化解决方案,实现引航员不通过引航员软梯直接登离船。
2) 引航员自动稳定平台登离船装置引入的并联六自由度稳定补偿算法,能提升系统的稳定性和响应速度,确保引航员在复杂海况下依然能够平稳登离,降低大风浪天气下因船舶六自由度运动造成的登离船风险。
3) 引航员自动稳定平台登离船装置可以直接到船舶舷墙入口、舷侧门,省去船员安放引航员软梯、舷梯、组合梯的过程,从源头上杜绝因安放不规范导致的安全隐患。
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2024年第34卷第S1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0013
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 修回日期:2024-06-03
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    国家能源投资集团有限责任公司 安全环保监察部,北京 100011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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