Article(id=1149743091613090109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0197-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0814, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702310400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-12, revisedDate=1710432000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049714233, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049714233, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049714233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049714233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=197, endPage=206, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743091961217342, articleId=1149743091613090109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Facility location of material reserve bases for large railway projects under uncertainty, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the reliability of the logistics facility network of railway construction projects in complex environments,scenario reduction techniques were used to generate a minimum subset of disruption scenarios and their disruption probabilities to describe the disruption scenarios of transport channels. The polyhedral uncertainty sets were used to describe the uncertainty of logistics demand. To minimize the combined costs of transport,construction,operation and penalty costs,a two-stage stochastic and robust optimisation technique was applied to construct an uncertainty optimisation model for the location of material reserves bases. The model was solved based on a C&CG algorithm. The validity of the model and the algorithm was verified by taking a C railway construction project in a complex environment as an example. The results show that the cost variation coefficient of the model-acquired solutions is 4.3% of the traditional model in the random disruption scenario,and the cost fluctuation of the model-acquired solutions can be up to 38% of that of the traditional model in the extreme demand fluctuation. The two-stage uncertainty optimisation model given in this paper can effectively reduce the cost variation of the logistics facility network resulting from the disruption of transport channels and demand fluctuations.

, correspAuthors=Hao SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin ZHANG, Wenguang YANG, Wenjie SUN, Hao SHEN, Zhichao HONG, Guoqi LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149743106687419207, articleId=1149743091613090109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=不确定条件下大型铁路建设工程的物资储备基地选址优化, columnId=1149733268855108116, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=应急技术与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升复杂环境下铁路建设工程物流设施网络的可靠性,首先,使用情景削减技术生成最小中断情景子集及其中断概率,以描述运输通道的中断情景;然后,采用多面体不确定集刻画物流需求的不确定性,以运输成本、建设成本、运营成本以及惩罚成本等综合成本最低为目标,应用两阶段的随机优化技术与鲁棒优化技术,构建物资储备基地选址不确定优化模型,并基于一种列与约束生成(C&CG)算法求解模型;最后,以复杂环境下的C铁路建设工程为例,验证模型和算法的有效性。结果表明:在随机中断情景中,模型获取方案的成本变异系数是传统模型的4.3%,在极端需求波动情况下,模型获取方案的成本波动幅度可达传统模型的38%,两阶段不确定优化模型能有效减少物流设施网络因运输通道中断及需求波动导致的成本变动。

, correspAuthors=申皓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**申 皓(1996—),男,山西长治人,博士研究生,研究方向为交通运输系统规划及工程物流。E-mail:
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张 锦 (1963—),男,四川广元人,博士,教授,主要从事物流系统规划、交通运输规划与管理方面的研究。E-mail:

李国旗 副教授

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companyId=1168181763609210931, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 西南交通大学综合交通大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,四川 成都 611756)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168181766469726316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Service network of engineering material reserve base, figureFileSmall=jLgKBltjuULPwPOy8GX1Dg==, figureFileBig=Qn5XvOhYATz6JUGi3GZPxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766528446573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=图1, caption=工程物资储备基地服务网络结构, figureFileSmall=jLgKBltjuULPwPOy8GX1Dg==, figureFileBig=Qn5XvOhYATz6JUGi3GZPxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766591361134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Performance of different models when demand changes, figureFileSmall=Hqgn4WM8bNgZGLadvFUOcg==, figureFileBig=5yqFak1NhnDkg88WLZnZRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766683635823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同模型在需求变动时的表现, figureFileSmall=Hqgn4WM8bNgZGLadvFUOcg==, figureFileBig=5yqFak1NhnDkg88WLZnZRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766742356080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Performance of different models in random disruption scenarios, figureFileSmall=sG2274JBlldZfPrwheVJoQ==, figureFileBig=yTPlxRHFOHBlaHQDD9RNsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766801076337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同模型在随机中断情景中的表现, figureFileSmall=sG2274JBlldZfPrwheVJoQ==, figureFileBig=yTPlxRHFOHBlaHQDD9RNsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766851407986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation of average cost with disruption scenarios for ξ of 0,0.1 and 0.2, figureFileSmall=bJjB0pe3JzWKcUXPk62uzQ==, figureFileBig=0meiYzOp0JHHHzxQEGVumg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766901739635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ξ取0、0.1、0.2时中断情景下平均成本随θ的变化, figureFileSmall=bJjB0pe3JzWKcUXPk62uzQ==, figureFileBig=0meiYzOp0JHHHzxQEGVumg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181766964654196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variation of average cost with disruption scenarios for ξ of 0.8,0.9 and 1, figureFileSmall=EefHSx3SJlxoNrxa6/tmaw==, figureFileBig=aW2jeQFJ07bWw1Zb5DMgPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181767010791541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ξ取0.8、0.9、1时中断情景下平均成本随θ的变化, figureFileSmall=EefHSx3SJlxoNrxa6/tmaw==, figureFileBig=aW2jeQFJ07bWw1Zb5DMgPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181767061123190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Description of parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 符号 含义
变量 x p t t阶段内经运输通道p运输至施工点的物资量
H t i 是否在t阶段内使用物资集散中心i,若使用为1,否则为0
W t j 是否在t阶段内使用物资储备点j,若使用为1,否则为0
δ t k 施工点kt阶段内未满足的需求量
参数 B p s 在中断情景s下,运输通道p是否中断,若中断则为0,否则为1
q s 情景s发生的概率
d t k t阶段内施工点k的需求量
capj 物资储备点j的容量
c p p路经的运输费用
f j j点修建物资储备基地的固定费用
c δ 施工点未满足需求量的惩罚成本
c j 物资储备基地j的单位时间运营成本
r t t阶段包含的单位时间数量
集合 i I 物流网络中可用的所有物资集散中心的集合
j J 物流网络中可用的所有的物资储备基地集合
k K 施工点的集合
s S 中断情景的集合
t T 施工阶段的集合
p P 运输路径的集合
P k 运输至k施工点的所有运输路径集合
P j 经过j物资储备基地的所有运输路径集合
P i i物资集散中心发出的所有运输路径集合
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767124037751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

符号说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 符号 含义
变量 x p t t阶段内经运输通道p运输至施工点的物资量
H t i 是否在t阶段内使用物资集散中心i,若使用为1,否则为0
W t j 是否在t阶段内使用物资储备点j,若使用为1,否则为0
δ t k 施工点kt阶段内未满足的需求量
参数 B p s 在中断情景s下,运输通道p是否中断,若中断则为0,否则为1
q s 情景s发生的概率
d t k t阶段内施工点k的需求量
capj 物资储备点j的容量
c p p路经的运输费用
f j j点修建物资储备基地的固定费用
c δ 施工点未满足需求量的惩罚成本
c j 物资储备基地j的单位时间运营成本
r t t阶段包含的单位时间数量
集合 i I 物流网络中可用的所有物资集散中心的集合
j J 物流网络中可用的所有的物资储备基地集合
k K 施工点的集合
s S 中断情景的集合
t T 施工阶段的集合
p P 运输路径的集合
P k 运输至k施工点的所有运输路径集合
P j 经过j物资储备基地的所有运输路径集合
P i i物资集散中心发出的所有运输路径集合
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767199535224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter distribution information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 随机分布 参数 随机分布
d ¯ t k U ( 0,100 ) capj U ( 200,100 )
d t k d ¯ t k / 2 f j U ( 1000,5000 )
c p U ( 20,30 ) c j U ( 500,1000 )
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767258255481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参数分布信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 随机分布 参数 随机分布
d ¯ t k U ( 0,100 ) capj U ( 200,100 )
d t k d ¯ t k / 2 f j U ( 1000,5000 )
c p U ( 20,30 ) c j U ( 500,1000 )
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767333752954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Probability of each disruption scenario and number of interrupted roads

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中断情景 1 2 3 4 5 6
发生概率 0.03 0.06 0.14 0.04 0.26 0.47
中断路径数量 47 98 27 27 58 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767421833339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各中断情景概率及中断路径数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中断情景 1 2 3 4 5 6
发生概率 0.03 0.06 0.14 0.04 0.26 0.47
中断路径数量 47 98 27 27 58 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767530885244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Candidate material reserve base construction cost,operating cost and maximum material capacity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物资储备基地备选点 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
最大容量/万t 2.5 0.8 2.5 1 1.1 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
建设成本/万元 572 870 850 617 604 605 599 575 550 525 500
运营成本/万元 17 17 15 12 10 10 8 6 5 3 2
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767585411197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

物资储备基地备选点建设成本、运营成本及最大物资容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物资储备基地备选点 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
最大容量/万t 2.5 0.8 2.5 1 1.1 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
建设成本/万元 572 870 850 617 604 605 599 575 550 525 500
运营成本/万元 17 17 15 12 10 10 8 6 5 3 2
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767669297278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Different model sitting schemes

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阶段 模型
P ( ) P ( ) P ( ) ( θ = 0.1 ) P ( ) ( θ = 0.3 ) P ( ) ( θ = 0.5 )
1 j3j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5j11 j2j4j5j11
2 j3j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
3 j3j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5 j 1 0j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
4 j3j9j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5 j 1 0j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
5 j3j9j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5 j 1 0j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
目标函数值/万元 1.58 × 10 4 1.75 × 10 4 1.93 × 10 4 2.14 × 10 4 2.33 × 10 4
), ArticleFig(id=1168181767778349183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743091613090109, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同模型选址方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 模型
P ( ) P ( ) P ( ) ( θ = 0.1 ) P ( ) ( θ = 0.3 ) P ( ) ( θ = 0.5 )
1 j3j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5j11 j2j4j5j11
2 j3j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
3 j3j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5 j 1 0j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
4 j3j9j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5 j 1 0j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
5 j3j9j11 j2j5j11 j2j5 j 1 0 j2j5 j 1 0j11 j2j4j5 j 1 0j11
目标函数值/万元 1.58 × 10 4 1.75 × 10 4 1.93 × 10 4 2.14 × 10 4 2.33 × 10 4
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不确定条件下大型铁路建设工程的物资储备基地选址优化
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张锦 1, 2, 3 , 杨文广 1 , 孙文杰 1, 2, 3 , 申皓 1, 2, 3, ** , 洪治潮 1, 2, 3 , 李国旗 1, 2, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(6): 197-206
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(6): 197-206
不确定条件下大型铁路建设工程的物资储备基地选址优化
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张锦1, 2, 3 , 杨文广1, 孙文杰1, 2, 3, 申皓1, 2, 3, ** , 洪治潮1, 2, 3, 李国旗1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学 交通运输与物流学院,四川 成都 611756
  • 2 西南交通大学 综合交通运输智能化国家地方联合工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
  • 3 西南交通大学综合交通大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
  • 张 锦 (1963—),男,四川广元人,博士,教授,主要从事物流系统规划、交通运输规划与管理方面的研究。E-mail:

    李国旗 副教授

通讯作者:

**申 皓(1996—),男,山西长治人,博士研究生,研究方向为交通运输系统规划及工程物流。E-mail:
Facility location of material reserve bases for large railway projects under uncertainty
Jin ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Wenguang YANG1, Wenjie SUN1, 2, 3, Hao SHEN1, 2, 3, ** , Zhichao HONG1, 2, 3, Guoqi LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation and Logistics,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu Sichuan 611756,China
  • 2 National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu Sichuan 611756,China
  • 3 National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu Sichuan 611756,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0814
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为提升复杂环境下铁路建设工程物流设施网络的可靠性,首先,使用情景削减技术生成最小中断情景子集及其中断概率,以描述运输通道的中断情景;然后,采用多面体不确定集刻画物流需求的不确定性,以运输成本、建设成本、运营成本以及惩罚成本等综合成本最低为目标,应用两阶段的随机优化技术与鲁棒优化技术,构建物资储备基地选址不确定优化模型,并基于一种列与约束生成(C&CG)算法求解模型;最后,以复杂环境下的C铁路建设工程为例,验证模型和算法的有效性。结果表明:在随机中断情景中,模型获取方案的成本变异系数是传统模型的4.3%,在极端需求波动情况下,模型获取方案的成本波动幅度可达传统模型的38%,两阶段不确定优化模型能有效减少物流设施网络因运输通道中断及需求波动导致的成本变动。

铁路建设工程  /  物资储备基地  /  选址优化  /  工程物流  /  情景削减  /  鲁棒优化  /  列与约束生成(C&CG)算法

In order to improve the reliability of the logistics facility network of railway construction projects in complex environments,scenario reduction techniques were used to generate a minimum subset of disruption scenarios and their disruption probabilities to describe the disruption scenarios of transport channels. The polyhedral uncertainty sets were used to describe the uncertainty of logistics demand. To minimize the combined costs of transport,construction,operation and penalty costs,a two-stage stochastic and robust optimisation technique was applied to construct an uncertainty optimisation model for the location of material reserves bases. The model was solved based on a C&CG algorithm. The validity of the model and the algorithm was verified by taking a C railway construction project in a complex environment as an example. The results show that the cost variation coefficient of the model-acquired solutions is 4.3% of the traditional model in the random disruption scenario,and the cost fluctuation of the model-acquired solutions can be up to 38% of that of the traditional model in the extreme demand fluctuation. The two-stage uncertainty optimisation model given in this paper can effectively reduce the cost variation of the logistics facility network resulting from the disruption of transport channels and demand fluctuations.

railway projects  /  material reserve bases  /  facility location  /  engineering logistics  /  scenario reduction  /  robust optimization  /  column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm
张锦, 杨文广, 孙文杰, 申皓, 洪治潮, 李国旗. 不确定条件下大型铁路建设工程的物资储备基地选址优化. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 197 -206 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0814
Jin ZHANG, Wenguang YANG, Wenjie SUN, Hao SHEN, Zhichao HONG, Guoqi LI. Facility location of material reserve bases for large railway projects under uncertainty[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 197 -206 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0814
随着西部大开发战略和建设交通强国战略决策的推进,我国铁路建设正逐步由中东部地区向西部地区拓展。截至2022年,我国西部地区铁路运营里程约为5.92万km,预计到2025年将达到7.15万km以上。而西部铁路建设工程的物流网络存在着极大的不确定性,一方面,西部部分地区地质条件艰险,山体滑坡、泥石流、崩塌等地质灾害频发,运输通道中断事件时常发生,同时,复杂的地质环境也导致铁路建设过程中的物资需求具有强烈的波动性;另一方面,由于运输通道单一,旅游、节日庆典等社会活动也会造成运输通道的阻塞,严重制约工程建设物资供应的稳定性。上述不确定特征易导致铁路工程建设工期延误、成本大幅增加等严重后果。因此,对于复杂环境下的铁路建设工程,从不确定优化的角度提高工程物流基础设施网络的可靠性,保证工程建设的安全顺利开展十分必要。
设施选址问题一直以来都是学术研究以及政府和企业关注的重点,相关模型在应急[1]、化工[2]等领域有着广泛的应用。最早的选址问题研究如何在p个设施中选取1个设施,即所谓p-中值模型,随后选址问题模型在p-中值模型的基础上进行了大量的扩展,如无容量约束选址模型,容量约束选址模型等,随着对现实场景刻画的深入,考虑不确定条件的选址问题逐渐受到学者们的关注。近年来对此类问题的研究可分为2类:①考虑内在不确定因素,如价格、需求、运输时间等的波动;②考虑外在不确定因素,如人为或自然灾害导致的设施损毁、道路中断等[3]。在考虑内在不确定因素方面,高雷阜等[4]将需求的不确定描述为椭球集合,建立最小加权距离鲁棒优化选址模型;ERISKIN等[5]在研究避难所选址问题时,结合地震参数中不确定性的影响以及城市脆弱性暴露水平,构建多个地动情景,并考虑需求的不确定性,利用鲁棒优化方法,确保方案在各情景下的可行性,同时提升方案应对需求变化的鲁棒性;张锦等[6]综合考虑了需求和运输时间不确定性,构建了基于多场景的两阶段模糊非线性模型,解决了复杂环境下工程建设项目应急物流选址-路径问题。在考虑外在不确定因素方面,BADYAL等[7]考虑设施可能发生的不同程度损毁,建立了两阶段随机优化模型,并基于L-shaped法进行求解,研究了多式联运码头选址问题;FOROUGHI等[8]在研究救援中心选址问题时,考虑地震对设施造成损毁,建立双目标模型,分别最小化成本与最大化网络应对设施中断的弹性,并使用多种智能算法求解;周浩等[9]考虑了设施损毁,建立总成本最小的可靠性选址模型,并使用二次插值和黄金分割相结合的算法进行求解,解决了大型交通线路工程设施选址问题。然而在现实世界中,设施选址决策往往同时面对内在与外在的不确定性,学者开始关注考虑多类型不确定因素的选址问题,如于冬梅等[10]考虑需求的不确定性及设施可能损毁的情景,基于鲁棒优化方法构造了混合整数规划模型,并使用蝙蝠算法求解;BADEJO等[11]考虑了物流设施可能的中断以及需求的不确定性,构建两阶段随机优化模型优化了供应链网络。
综上所述,既有文献主要单独关注内部或外部不确定因素下的城市物流设施、应急物流设施的选址问题,文献[10-11]虽同时考虑了物流网络内、外部的不确定性,但对于外部不确定性,这些文章更关注设施的损毁。与一般工程物流相比,复杂环境下工程物流的路网稀疏、中断频发等特征明显,运输通道的不确定性更强烈,且中断导致的后果更严重。鉴于此,笔者拟在以两阶段鲁棒优化技术处理物流需求不确定性的同时,考虑每条运输通道可能的中断风险,并以情景削减技术获取中断情景,以两阶段随机优化技术处理运输通道的中断风险,以期为我国复杂环境下的铁路建设工程物流保障工作提供科学的决策方法。
与一般工程建设项目相比,复杂环境下的铁路建设工程的特点主要体现在以下几点:①物资供应网络极易受地质、气候以及社会活动等因素的影响,使得物流运输通道存在较强的中断风险;②项目超长的空间跨度以及复杂的地质环境,使得物流需求难以准确预测,存在极高的波动性;③超长的施工周期使得物流设施网络规划需考虑设施建设时序问题,进一步增加了问题的复杂性。针对以上特点,工程物资储备基地服务网络结构如图1所示。物资供应商将物资运输至物资集散中心,并在物资集散中心中转至物资储备基地,物资储备基地根据各施工点的需求情况,将物资运送至各施工点。工程在多个阶段内完成,各个施工点在各阶段的开工情况以及对物资的需求量皆存在差异。设施网络中每条运输通道存在一定的中断概率,并且各施工点的物资需求也在一定范围内波动。针对这种不确定性建立优化模型,以选择物资储备基地的位置及建设阶段,优化工程物流设施网络在所有阶段的综合成本,同时提升其可靠性,以应对通道中断和物资需求波动的影响。
1) 施工点的物资仅由物资储备基地供应,不存在施工点之间的同级转运。
2) 物资集散中心不存在容量约束,物资从集散中心中转不需要花费额外费用。
3) 物资储备基地在某一阶段建成后,后续所有阶段皆可使用。
4) 气象、地质灾害以及社会活动具有一定的周期性,因此,假设物流设施网络运输通道中断概率可根据历史中断数据估算,且每条路径是否中断为独立随机事件。
根据上述问题描述以及模型假设,构建不确定选址优化模型,模型涉及的变量、参数及集合定义见表1
传统的优化模型一般用 x i j表示一级节点 i到二级节点 j的物资运输变量, x j k表示二级节点 j到需求点 k的物资运输变量。在这种定义方式下,变量的数量会随着各层节点数量的增加呈指数型增长,增加了模型的求解难度。而复杂环境下的铁路建设工程运输网络通常极为稀疏,大多数节点之间并不具有可达性或节点之间的运输需要耗费巨大成本,因此,设计运输参数 p p P,每一条路径 p以物资集散中心为起点,经过物资储备基地并以施工点为终点,在此定义方式下,可大幅减少变量数量,降低模型求解难度。 p i p j p k皆为 P的子集,分别表示以 i为起点、经过 j点、以 k为终点的路径集合,且满足:
P = i I P i = j J P j = k K P k
假设所有参数已知且确定不变,在上述对路径参数的定义下,建立如下确定性模型。
下式包含对应物资的运输成本、物资供应不足的惩罚成本、物资储备基地的建设成本以及开放物资储备基地的运营成本4个部分。
P ( ) : m i n p P t T x p t · c p · r t + t T k K δ t k · c δ · r t + j J t T f j · i n t ( W t j - W ( t - 1 ) j ) + 1 2 + j J t T c j · W t j · r t
下式表示当物资储备基地在某一阶段修建后,随后的工期将保持开放。
W ( t - 1 ) j W t j j J t T
W 0 j = 0 j J
下式表示物资只能由开放的物资集散中心和物资储备基地发出,且经由物资储备基地的物资总量不能超出其容量限制。
p P i x p t N · H t i i I t T
p P j x p t c a p j · W t j j J t T
下式表示运往施工点 k的物资量与施工点 k未满足的物资量总和不小于其需求量。
p P k x p t + δ t k d t k k K t T
下式定义了非负变量和0-1变量。
x p t 0 p P t T
δ t k 0 p P t T
W t j H t i { 0,1 } t T i I j J
1) 考虑中断风险的随机优化模型。物资供应网络发生中断会造成十分严重的后果,因此,在物资供应网络设计之初考虑可能发生的中断情景,提升其可靠性是十分必要的。模型使用两阶段随机优化技术刻画不同中断情景 s对设施网络的影响。在实际场景中,当物资运输网络出现中断,设施的选址方案已无法改变,但运输方案可根据中断情况调整,因此,将第2阶段变量即流量变量 x p t δ t k添加下标 s x p s t δ s t k,以 x p s t为例,其含义为在 t阶段时,中断情景 s下路径 p所运输的物资数量。根据以上描述,将确定性模型 P ( )调整,获得模型 P ( )
P ( )的目标函数的第1部分表示在各中断情景下,运输成本与缺货惩罚成本的期望值之和,其中, s S q s = 1
P ( ) : m i n s S q s p P t T x p s t · c p · r t +       t T k K δ s t k · c δ · r t + j J t T f j · i n t ( W t j - W ( t - 1 ) j ) + 1 2 + j J t T c j · W t j · r t
s.t.
约束式(3)、式(4)
x p s t N · B p s s S t T p P
p P i x p s t N · H t i s S i I t T
p P j x p s t c a p j · W t j s S j J t T
p P k x p s t + δ s t k d t k k K s S t T
x p s t 0 p P s S t T
δ s t k 0 p P s S t T
式(12)表示在 t阶段,中断情景 s p路径无法运输物资。
2) 情景削减。模型假设物流设施网络中的每条路径 p p P发生中断为独立随机事件,其概率为 q p,各路径中断与否的所有组合构成了物流设施网络可能出现的中断情景,则易知共有 2 | P |种中断情景。随着路径数量的增加,情景数量呈指数级增长,而超大规模的情景数量会导致模型求解异常困难。
为克服这一问题,学者开始研究情景削减的方法。NOVAK等[12]提出一种混合整数规划模型进行情景削减,削减后的情景子集可获得与全情景下相近的最优解,随后这一方法在随机优化问题上得到大量的应用,如SADGHIANI等[13]使用该方法解决了考虑中断风险的零售供应链网络设计和运营问题。文中借鉴该方法,削减中断情景数量。
两阶段鲁棒优化最早由BEN-TAL等[14]提出,也称为可调整鲁棒优化,其克服了单阶段鲁棒优化过于保守的问题。核心思想是将问题分为2个阶段,对应的变量分别为第1阶段变量(又称here-and-now变量)和第2阶段变量(又称wait-and-see变量)。在第1阶段,考虑不确定因素的影响获得第1阶段变量的初始解;在第2阶段,根据第1阶段变量的求解结果重新优化第2阶段变量,并更新不确定参数范围。
1) 不确定集构建。采用多面体不确定集刻画需求的波动性, d ˙ t k d ¯ t k - d t k d ¯ t k + d t k d ¯ t k > 0 d t k > 0,其中, d ¯ t k d ˙ t k的期望值, d t k d ˙ t k的最大偏移量。因只有当不确定需求正向波动时,才会使物流设施网络产生额外的成本,所以不确定需求波动范围在 d ¯ t k d ¯ t k + d t k之间,定义不确定集合 U如下:
U = d ˙ t k d ˙ t k = d ¯ t k + z t k · d t k k K t T
Z = z t k k K z t k Γ t 0 z t k 1 k K t T
式中Γt为不确定预算水平,表示决策者对 t阶段内各施工点需求正向波动的风险态度,Γt的取值在(0,|K|),取值越高,说明决策者认为 t阶段内各施工点需求增加的风险越高。
2) 考虑中断风险与需求波动特征的不确定优化模型。基于所建立的需求不确定集,将模型 P ( )调整为考虑中断风险与需求波动特征的不确定优化模型P(Ⅳ)。
P (Ⅳ) : m i n W t j H t i j J t T f j · i n t ( W t j - W ( t - 1 ) j ) + 1 2 + j J t T c j · W t j · r t + Q ( W t j H t i )
s.t.
约束式(3)、式(4)、式(10)。其中, Q ( W t j H t i )是第2阶段问题的最优值,定义如下:
Q ( W t j H t i ) = m a x z t k Z m i n x p s t δ s t k s S q s p P t T x p s t · c p · r t + t T k K δ s t k · c δ · r t
s.t.
约束式(12)—式(17)
p P k x p s t + δ s t k d ¯ t k + z t k · d t k k K t T s S
式(22)表示即便需求出现正向波动,运输至施工点的物资量以及缺货量的总和依然要不小于施工点的需求量。
模型 P ( )属于两阶段鲁棒优化问题,此类问题大多为NP-hard问题,求解上极为困难[14],较为经典的求解算法为Benders算法[15],此类算法的特点是求解过程简单,但收敛速度慢,在处理大规模问题上需花费更多的时间。针对大规模问题,一些学者设计了元启发式算法[16],但此类算法并不能保证解的精确性。近年来列生成算法[17]凭借其高效、准确的特点逐渐受到学者们的关注,其中,由 ZENG Bo等[18]提出列与约束生成(Column and Constraint Generation,C&CG)算法在两阶段鲁棒优化模型的求解上被广泛应用[19],其能够实现对模型快速、准确的求解,算法核心思想为将模型划分为主子模型并迭代求解。其中,主模型获得最佳的第1阶段变量解及问题的下界,子模型在第1阶段解的基础上重新优化第2阶段变量,揭示最差情景并获取问题上界。每次迭代后,计算上下界的差值,若差值满足最优条件,输出最优解,否则将最差情景及对应的第2阶段变量和相关约束添加至主模型中,继续迭代。
按照C&CG算法思路,求解模型 P ( )。首先将模型 P ( )划分为主子模型,主模型为:
P ( ) m : m i n W t j H t i j J t T f j · i n t ( W t j - W ( t - 1 ) j ) + 1 2 + j J t T c j · W t j · r t + η
s.t.
约束式(3)、式(4),式(10)

η s S q s p P t T x p s t l · c p · r t + t T k K δ s t k l · c δ · r t

l { 0,1 n }

x p s t l N · B p s s S t T p P

l { 0,1 n }

p P i x p s t l N · H t i s S i I t T

l { 0,1 n }

p P j x p s t l c a p j · W t j s S j J t T

l { 0,1 n }

p P k x p s t l + δ s t k l d ¯ t k + z t k l · d t k

k K t T s S l { 0,1 n }

x p s t l 0 p P s S

t T l { 0,1 n }

δ s t k l 0 p P s S t T

l { 0,1 n }

主模型每次考虑的需求不确定情景集为原问题需求不确定情景集的子集,因此,主模型可以看作是原模型的松弛。主模型中第2阶段变量 x p s t l δ s t k l添加了新的上标 l l同时反映2层含义,一是表示第 l次迭代,二是主模型中新增需求不确定情景 l
子模型为求解 Q ( W t j * H t i * )问题, W t j * H t i *为计算主模型得到的最优第1阶段变量。由于子模型是一个双层模型,而其下层模型为凸优化问题。因此,引入新的变量 λ p s t 1 λ i s t 2 λ j s t 3 λ k s t 4,分别作为约束式(12)—式(14)、式(22)的对偶变量,引入辅助变量 w k s t,使用大M法线性化决策变量的乘积。利用对偶理论将双层模型转换成如下的单层模型:
P ( ) s m a x - N · p P s S t T λ p s t 1 · B p s - N · i I s S t T λ i s t 2 · H t i * - j J s S t T λ j s t 3 · c a p j · W t j * + k K s S t T λ k s t 4 · d ¯ t k + k K s S t T w k s t · d t k
s.t.

q s · c p · r t + λ p s t 1 + λ i s t 2 + λ j s t 3 - λ k s t 4 0 p P

i I j J k K s S t T

q s · c δ · r t - λ k s t 4 0 k K s S t T
w k s t λ k s t 4 k K s S t T
w k s t + ( 1 - z t k ) · N λ k s t 4 k K s S t T
w k s t λ k s t 4 · N k K s S t T
1) 设置上界为UB,下界为LB,n=0,令 Z l = 0 l = n
2) 求解 P ( ) m,令UB为 P ( ) m的最优函数值opt( P ( ) m),获取最优解( H t i * W t j * η *)。
3) 将 H t i * W t j *代入 P ( ) s并求解,令下界为UB- η *+opt( P ( ) s),令 n = n + 1,并获取最差需求情景 Z l l = n
4) 若(UB-LB)/UB<ε,停止迭代,输出最优解;否则,向 P ( ) m添加新的变量 x p s t l δ s t k l,同时更新约束式(32)—式(36)并添加至 P ( ) m,返回第2步。
为评估C&CG算法的性能及算法的有效性,生成随机算例,引入两阶段鲁棒优化经典求解算法Benders算法与C&CG算法对比,与C&CG算法相似,Benders算法在求解两阶段鲁棒优化模型同样采用主子模型迭代的方式,但每次迭代并不生成新的变量,且只向主模型中添加Benders割,即:
η - N · p P s S t T λ p s t 1 · B p s - N · i I s S t T λ i s t 2 · H t i * - j J s S t T λ j s t 3 · c a p j · W t j * + k K s S t T λ k s t 4 · d ¯ t k + k K s S t T w k s t 4 · d t k i I j J k K s S t T
算例详情如下,假设某工程包含10个施工点、8个备选物资储备基地、2个物资集散中心,工程分3个阶段完成,每个阶段持续的单位时间皆为12;通往施工点的路径34条,设置8种中断情景,中断路径数量分别为0、7、7、6、4、10、10、6,对应的概率为0.92、0.01、0.01、0.01、0.01、0.02、0.01、0.01。需求、成本等参数按照均匀分布随机生成,具体分布信息见表2
使用python语言通过Gurobi 9.1.2求解,所有算例及实例均在 Inter Core i5-8250U CPU @1.60 GHz 1.80 GHz,4.0 GB 内存计算机上运行计算。分别使用Benders算法以及C&CG算法对上述算例求解。Benders算法共迭代65次,耗时18.7s收敛至最优解,而C&CG算法仅迭代2次,耗时1.6s收敛至最优解,两者均收敛至同一最优解。无论从迭代次数还是迭代时间上,C&CG算法性能都显著优于Benders算法。
以某复杂环境下C铁路建设工程为例,验证模型的有效性和指导实际工作。该工程所处西部复杂山区,随着工程的开展,现有的物流设施网络供应能力逐渐不足,为保证施工的顺利进行,拟建若干个物资储备基地,以保障各施工点物资安全、稳定的供应。案例涉及189条路径。将每条路径中物资集散中心至物资储备基地的路段称为主干线,共有20条主干线,通过主干线历史中断数据,估算其中断概率,将这些中断概率输入至情景削减模型中,生成6种中断情景。由于篇幅限制,未列出每种情景中具体中断的路径,在表3列出每种情景的发生概率以及中断路径的数量。该工程包括20个施工点,按照建设计划分为5个阶段,每个阶段大约持续2年。从11个备选物资储备基地中选择若干个在合适的阶段建成并投入使用。备选物资储备基地的存储容量和成本见表4
针对模型 P ( )的不确定预算水平设置问题,设Γ1=Γ2=Γ3=Γ4=Γ5=θ·|K|,其中, | K |为施工点数量,参数 θ的取值为[0,1],通过调整 θ值可同时调整所有阶段的不确定预算水平大小。当 θ为0时,模型不考虑需求的正向波动,此时模型相当于只考虑中断风险的随机优化模型 P ( )。其余情况,模型将同时考虑供需的不确定性,且 θ的取值越接近1代表决策者对各阶段需求正向波动情况越悲观,所获取的方案也将越保守。
模型 P ( ) P ( )以及模型 P ( )在不同θ值下的选址方案见表5。从表5可以看出,①随着工程的推进,物资需求量上升,各模型获取的选址数量也逐步增加。②相较于确定性模型 P ( ),仅考虑中断风险的模型 P ( )以及同时考虑中断风险以及需求波动的模型 P ( )的选址数量更多,在一定程度上也导致成本的上升。③对于模型 P ( ),随着 θ值的升高,各阶段不确定预算水平增加,选址数量呈上升趋势,成本也逐渐增加。
1) 需求波动下模型性能分析。为验证模型应对需求波动的有效性,设 d ˙ t k = d ¯ t k + ξ · d t k ξ的取值为(0,1), ξ越接近1表示实际需求正向波动程度越严重。对比不同模型获取方案在供给端不存在中断风险时成本随 ξ取值增加的变化。不同模型在需求变动时的表现如图2所示。由于模型 P ( )、模型 P ( )在决策时未考虑各施工点需求可能的增加情况,因此,所获取方案的成本对需求的变化较为敏感,在 ξ由0~1的过程中分别升高6.6、5.4倍。而对于模型 P ( ) ( θ = 0.1 ),其在决策时已经考虑了需求可能存在的增加情况,在 ξ由0.1至0.6的过程中成本仅升高1.15倍,当 ξ>0.6时,成本开始出现较大的上升幅度,在 ξ由0.6增加至1的过程升高2.2倍,但依然远小于其他2种方案的成本。
2) 中断风险下模型性能分析。为进一步分析不同模型在不确定环境下的性能,按照各路径的中断概率,随机生成包含50个中断情景的中断情景集。对比不同模型所获取的方案在需求不发生波动时成本在中断情景集中的变化情况,结果如图3所示。由于模型 P ( )在进行选址决策时,仅以成本最优为目标,未考虑运输通道中断风险对物流设施网络的影响,导致其所获取的方案在中断情景集中出现较大的波动,变异系数可以用来衡量数据的离散情况,模型 P ( )所获取的方案成本在此中断情景集中的变异系数达到0.47。而模型 P ( )、模型 P ( ) ( θ = 0.1 )在决策时以可能发生的中断情景的期望成本最低为目标,所获取方案的成本在此中断情景集中保持较强的稳定性,成本的变异系数仅为0.02。
3) 需求波动与中断风险下模型性能分析。上述试验结果表明:相较于模型 P ( ),模型 P ( )可有效提升物流设施网络在中断环境下的稳定性,但不能抵御需求波动的影响,而模型 P ( )可同时提升物流设施网络在运输通道中断和物流需求波动环境下的稳定性。图4图5展示了当需求发生波动时,模型 P ( )取不同不确定预算水平所获取方案在中断情景集中平均成本的变化情况。
图4可知:当需求不发生波动或波动极小(ξ≤0.1)时,此时增加的需求不足以对物流设施网络造成大的影响,而不确定预算水平的升高会以一定的成本为代价来提高决策的鲁棒性,因此,平均成本随着 θ的升高而呈上升趋势。当 ξ达到0.2时,θ=0的平均成本明显高于 θ=1,但当 θ继续升高时,平均成本随之增加。
图5可知:当需求发生较大的波动时,平均成本会随着 θ的增加而迅速降低,但降低趋势在 θ=0.3时逐渐缓和。在最极端的需求波动情况下( ξ = 1), θ=0.5时的平均成本仅比 θ=0.3时的低3.7%,而同样情况下 θ=0.3时平均成本比 θ=0.2时低44%。
试验结果表明:对于模型 P ( )的可调参数:不确定预算水平Γt,其值的增加会提升决策结果对于需求变动的鲁棒性,但这种鲁棒性需要以一定的成本作为代价,且增加不确定预算水平对于提高鲁棒性的效果存在边际递减效应。
1) 对于复杂环境下铁路建设工程物流设施选址优化问题,考虑供需端的不确定优化模型可显著提高物流设施网络的可靠性。在应用不确定优化模型时,决策者需要对需求的波动情况作出一定的判断,并结合合理的数据试验,通过调整模型的可调参数——不确定预算水平,平衡经济性与鲁棒性,选择最合适的决策方案。
2) 在研究过程中只考虑需求正向波动对物流设施网络的影响,未考虑因工期滞后导致库存积压而带来的物流成本上升。今后可将这一点纳入研究范畴,以更加贴合复杂环境下铁路建设工程物流的实际情况。
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助(2022NSFSC0417)
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0814
  • 接收时间:2023-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-12
  • 修回日期:2024-03-15
基金
四川省自然科学基金资助(2022NSFSC0417)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学 交通运输与物流学院,四川 成都 611756
    2 西南交通大学 综合交通运输智能化国家地方联合工程实验室,四川 成都 611756
    3 西南交通大学综合交通大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,四川 成都 611756

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**申 皓(1996—),男,山西长治人,博士研究生,研究方向为交通运输系统规划及工程物流。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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