Article(id=1149743089805341075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0020-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1560, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703001600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-20, revisedDate=1710950400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049713803, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049713803, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049713803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049713803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743090061193620, articleId=1149743089805341075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on resilience index of civil aviation airports under meteorological disasters, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the performance of different airports' resilience under meteorological disasters and the causes of their differences,firstly,the definition of airport resilience based on airport functional level was put forward,which covered three sub characteristics: resistance,robustness and recovery. Then,by calculating the airport functional level under meteorological disasters through flight data,airport resilience index and sub characteristic indices were obtained to reflect the airport's resilience. Finally,taking the disaster of the snowstorm as an example,the distribution pattern of resilience index of affected airports in the United States and the reasons for the differences of resilience index among different airports were analyzed. Furthermore,the performance of the resilience index of the affected airports under the disaster of winter storms,floods,tropical storms and tornadoes was analyzed. The impact of disaster types on airport resilience index was also analyzed. The results indicate that the difference of airport resilience index is mainly caused by the resistance index. The key factors that cause the difference in airport resilience index under snowstorm disaster are throughput,aircraft fuselage maintenance plan level and engine maintenance level. The resilience index of the airport under winter storm,flood and snowstorm is basically the same. The lowest relative difference of the resilience index is 7.519% and 5.521%,while the average relative difference is 23.021% and 21.037%. The calculation method of airport resilience index proposed in this paper can accurately reflect the resilience properties of airports.

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为探究气象灾害下不同机场的韧性表现与引起韧性差异的原因,首先,提出基于机场功能水平的机场韧性定义,涵盖抵抗性、鲁棒性、恢复性3个子特性;然后,通过航班数据计算气象灾害下机场功能水平,得出机场韧性及子特性指数,从而反映机场的韧性水平;最后,以暴风雪灾害为例,分析美国受影响机场的韧性指数分布特征及不同机场韧性指数差异的原因,进一步分析冬季风暴、洪水、热带风暴、龙卷风灾害下受影响机场韧性指数特点以及灾害类型对机场韧性指数的影响。研究结果表明:机场韧性指数的差异主要由抵抗性指数引起;暴风雪灾害下引起机场韧性指数差异的关键因素为吞吐量、飞机机身维修计划等级、发动机维护水平;机场在冬季风暴、洪水与在暴风雪灾害下的韧性指数基本一致,韧性指数相对差值最低分别为7.519%、5.521%,平均相对差值为23.021%、21.037%,机场韧性指数计算方法可较准确地反映机场韧性属性。

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齐 麟 (1982—),男,山西太原人,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事机场工程方面的研究。E-mail:

黄 信 教授

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齐 麟 (1982—),男,山西太原人,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事机场工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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黄 信 教授

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黄 信 教授

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caption=Resilience indexes of affected airports under snowstorm in March 2019 in North American, figureFileSmall=fx5xdDdIXf6vDoD80J1FWg==, figureFileBig=5fJHu29ZZl+babnI8Od/zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181903426335573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2019年3月北美暴风雪下受影响机场的韧性指数特征, figureFileSmall=fx5xdDdIXf6vDoD80J1FWg==, figureFileBig=5fJHu29ZZl+babnI8Od/zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181903493444438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between airport throughput and resilience index, figureFileSmall=Lfk4ukGp/pVqxTHHPepgjQ==, figureFileBig=KtXpbGjbz0Mz0KGpggh+6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181903547970391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图3, caption=机场吞吐量和韧性指数的关系, 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figureFileBig=5VEXSylPQN8LJKoT7fPvQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181903824794459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图5, caption=机场海拔高度和鲁棒性指数的关系, figureFileSmall=oFSw8+cfGsE6htB3VwmU1g==, figureFileBig=5VEXSylPQN8LJKoT7fPvQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181903904486236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relationship between number of airport runways and recovery index, figureFileSmall=ZMQtSk5NcRimaLpCuO15VA==, figureFileBig=llGS/md3aUvrlJaH0n8YjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181903975789405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图6, caption=机场跑道数量和恢复性指数的关系, figureFileSmall=ZMQtSk5NcRimaLpCuO15VA==, figureFileBig=llGS/md3aUvrlJaH0n8YjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904038703966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Distribution of airport resilience under winter storm, figureFileSmall=opvB8QDQj1Msz+YfewzKnQ==, figureFileBig=8bgbO20xbVqrhbe9BcfITA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904126784351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图7, caption=冬季风暴下受影响机场的韧性指数分布, figureFileSmall=opvB8QDQj1Msz+YfewzKnQ==, figureFileBig=8bgbO20xbVqrhbe9BcfITA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904202281824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Distribution of airport resilience under flood, figureFileSmall=CKw01MGBDZTtSAXnHKvuHQ==, figureFileBig=TcIpbTpnY7LLKGiE6g2dhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904319722337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图8, caption=洪水下受影响机场的韧性指数分布, figureFileSmall=CKw01MGBDZTtSAXnHKvuHQ==, figureFileBig=TcIpbTpnY7LLKGiE6g2dhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904386831202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Distribution of airport resilience under tropical storm, figureFileSmall=DfPa85p9dWqehPZ8Tw83GA==, figureFileBig=xKOabkwi94GMgEtOOpOTxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904466522979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图9, caption=热带风暴下受影响机场的韧性指数分布, figureFileSmall=DfPa85p9dWqehPZ8Tw83GA==, figureFileBig=xKOabkwi94GMgEtOOpOTxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904533631844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Distribution of airport resilience under tornado, figureFileSmall=vUtx+x32RMvXg09B6U+LOw==, figureFileBig=w6b2CXKBfOfD7q4YoBqoJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904634295141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图10, caption=龙卷风下受影响机场的韧性指数分布, figureFileSmall=vUtx+x32RMvXg09B6U+LOw==, figureFileBig=w6b2CXKBfOfD7q4YoBqoJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904701404006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of resilience index of the same airport under snowstorm and winter storm, figureFileSmall=gtDFIdjjCS8rWinnxfUl3A==, figureFileBig=O0yovLLmemW8vHFzpuvjyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904768512871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图11, caption=相同机场在暴风雪和冬季风暴下的韧性指数对比, figureFileSmall=gtDFIdjjCS8rWinnxfUl3A==, figureFileBig=O0yovLLmemW8vHFzpuvjyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904856593256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of resilience indexes of the same airport under snowstorm and flood, figureFileSmall=BqgqIqj1G3IQ4kpWlu+C+Q==, figureFileBig=dTsg2ui76luiR33Q650o2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181904936285033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=图12, caption=同机场在暴风雪和洪水下的韧性指数对比, figureFileSmall=BqgqIqj1G3IQ4kpWlu+C+Q==, figureFileBig=dTsg2ui76luiR33Q650o2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181905020171114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of airport resilience and sub-characteristic indexes in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 DFW DTW ASE
地区 南部 中西部 西部
R 24.592 17.789 6.348
R1 24.566 17.748 6.015
R2 0.018 0.031 0.150
R3 0.008 0.011 0.183
机场 MGM SUX MTJ
地区 南部 中西部 西部
R 2.200 1.551 1.652
R1 0.962 0.419 0.489
R2 0.449 0.500 0.592
R3 0.789 0.632 0.570
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905095668587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同地区机场韧性及子特性指数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 DFW DTW ASE
地区 南部 中西部 西部
R 24.592 17.789 6.348
R1 24.566 17.748 6.015
R2 0.018 0.031 0.150
R3 0.008 0.011 0.183
机场 MGM SUX MTJ
地区 南部 中西部 西部
R 2.200 1.551 1.652
R1 0.962 0.419 0.489
R2 0.449 0.500 0.592
R3 0.789 0.632 0.570
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905200526188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors affecting airport resilience index selected in this paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
来源
因素类型 因素名称
环境子系统 机场设
施因素
机场经纬度、海拔高度、土基强度
技术子
系统
服役时间、吞吐量、占地面积、跑道数量、跑道长度、跑道宽度、道面类型、导航设施类型、无线电类型、无线电频率、道面等级(Pavement Classification Number,PCN)、最大允许胎压类型
管理子系统 机场措
施因素
飞机机身维修计划等级、发动机维护水平、机场救援和消防的投入
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905263440749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

文中选取的机场韧性指数影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
来源
因素类型 因素名称
环境子系统 机场设
施因素
机场经纬度、海拔高度、土基强度
技术子
系统
服役时间、吞吐量、占地面积、跑道数量、跑道长度、跑道宽度、道面类型、导航设施类型、无线电类型、无线电频率、道面等级(Pavement Classification Number,PCN)、最大允许胎压类型
管理子系统 机场措
施因素
飞机机身维修计划等级、发动机维护水平、机场救援和消防的投入
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905322161006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Standardized correlation coefficients between factors and airport resilience indexes during snowstorm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 韧性及子特性指数
R1 R2 R3 R
吞吐量 0.720*** -0.752*** 0.525***
机身维修计
划等级
0.332*** -1.317*** 0.414***
PCN 0.156**
海拔高度 0.204**
发动机维
护水平
0.895*** 1.016***
跑道数量 -0.258**
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905473155951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

暴风雪下影响因素与机场韧性及子特性指数的标准化相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 韧性及子特性指数
R1 R2 R3 R
吞吐量 0.720*** -0.752*** 0.525***
机身维修计
划等级
0.332*** -1.317*** 0.414***
PCN 0.156**
海拔高度 0.204**
发动机维
护水平
0.895*** 1.016***
跑道数量 -0.258**
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905536070512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Different airport measures and resilience index under snowstorm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 韧性指数 机身维修计划等级 发动机维护水平
DFW 24.592
DTW 17.789
ASE 6.348
MGM 2.2
SUX 1.551
MTJ 1.652
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905594790769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

暴风雪下不同机场措施与韧性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 韧性指数 机身维修计划等级 发动机维护水平
DFW 24.592
DTW 17.789
ASE 6.348
MGM 2.2
SUX 1.551
MTJ 1.652
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905670288242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Selected meteorological disasters in the United States for analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气象灾害 起止时间 受影响的州 受影响
机场数
2019年1月北美冬季风暴 1月16日—
1月21日
加利福尼亚州,科罗拉多州,北达科他州,南达科他州,密苏里州,明尼苏达州,印第安纳州,纽约州,佛蒙特州 55
2019年阿
肯色河洪
5月18日—
6月14日
俄克拉何马州,阿肯色州,堪萨斯州,密歇根州 16
热带风暴梅丽莎 10月11日—
10月14日
马萨诸塞州,特拉华州,马里兰州,新泽西州,弗吉尼亚州 12
2019年12
月美国南部龙卷风
12月16日—
12月17日
路易斯安那州,密西西比州,亚拉巴马州,田纳西州,佛罗里达州,佐治亚州 38
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905770951539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

下文分析选用的美国气象灾害

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气象灾害 起止时间 受影响的州 受影响
机场数
2019年1月北美冬季风暴 1月16日—
1月21日
加利福尼亚州,科罗拉多州,北达科他州,南达科他州,密苏里州,明尼苏达州,印第安纳州,纽约州,佛蒙特州 55
2019年阿
肯色河洪
5月18日—
6月14日
俄克拉何马州,阿肯色州,堪萨斯州,密歇根州 16
热带风暴梅丽莎 10月11日—
10月14日
马萨诸塞州,特拉华州,马里兰州,新泽西州,弗吉尼亚州 12
2019年12
月美国南部龙卷风
12月16日—
12月17日
路易斯安那州,密西西比州,亚拉巴马州,田纳西州,佛罗里达州,佐治亚州 38
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905867420532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Difference in resilience and sub characteristic indexes of airports under snowstorm and winter storm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 R相对差/% ΔR ΔR1 ΔR2 ΔR3
SBN 7.519 -0.193 -0.794 0.006 0.596
IND 8.799 -0.403 -0.648 0.170 0.075
EGE 14.651 -0.251 -0.286 -0.014 0.049
GJT 16.003 -0.364 -0.153 -0.051 -0.160
RAP 17.216 0.531 -0.986 -0.010 1.527
DRO 20.250 -0.510 -1.108 0.039 0.560
FSD 24.666 -0.687 -1.405 0.132 0.585
COS 39.744 -1.563 -2.233 0.183 0.487
FWA 40.292 -1.928 -2.402 -0.054 0.528
EVV 41.067 1.059 0.916 0.069 0.074
平均值 23.021 -0.431 -0.995 0.048 0.516
), ArticleFig(id=1168181905951306613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

暴风雪和冬季风暴下各机场的韧性及子特性指数差值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 R相对差/% ΔR ΔR1 ΔR2 ΔR3
SBN 7.519 -0.193 -0.794 0.006 0.596
IND 8.799 -0.403 -0.648 0.170 0.075
EGE 14.651 -0.251 -0.286 -0.014 0.049
GJT 16.003 -0.364 -0.153 -0.051 -0.160
RAP 17.216 0.531 -0.986 -0.010 1.527
DRO 20.250 -0.510 -1.108 0.039 0.560
FSD 24.666 -0.687 -1.405 0.132 0.585
COS 39.744 -1.563 -2.233 0.183 0.487
FWA 40.292 -1.928 -2.402 -0.054 0.528
EVV 41.067 1.059 0.916 0.069 0.074
平均值 23.021 -0.431 -0.995 0.048 0.516
), ArticleFig(id=1168181906030998390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Difference in resilience and sub characteristic indexes of airports under snowstorm and flood

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 R相对差/% ΔR ΔR1 ΔR2 ΔR3
DTW 5.521 0.982 0.990 -0.007 -0.001
FNT 13.690 -0.308 -0.023 -0.118 -0.166
LAN 13.789 -0.436 -0.443 0.027 -0.020
OKC 17.802 1.233 1.353 -0.070 -0.050
AZO 19.658 0.620 0.942 -0.202 -0.120
MHK 25.489 0.496 0.198 0.060 0.239
GRR 32.198 1.373 1.522 -0.080 -0.069
MBS 40.150 -1.616 -1.559 0.041 -0.098
平均值 21.037 0.293 0.372 -0.044 -0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1168181906093912951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743089805341075, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

暴风雪和洪水下各机场的韧性及子特性指数差值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 R相对差/% ΔR ΔR1 ΔR2 ΔR3
DTW 5.521 0.982 0.990 -0.007 -0.001
FNT 13.690 -0.308 -0.023 -0.118 -0.166
LAN 13.789 -0.436 -0.443 0.027 -0.020
OKC 17.802 1.233 1.353 -0.070 -0.050
AZO 19.658 0.620 0.942 -0.202 -0.120
MHK 25.489 0.496 0.198 0.060 0.239
GRR 32.198 1.373 1.522 -0.080 -0.069
MBS 40.150 -1.616 -1.559 0.041 -0.098
平均值 21.037 0.293 0.372 -0.044 -0.036
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气象灾害下民航机场韧性指数研究
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齐麟 , 怀永成 , 戴克娟 , 陈小林 , 黄信
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(6): 20-28
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(6): 20-28
气象灾害下民航机场韧性指数研究
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齐麟 , 怀永成, 戴克娟, 陈小林, 黄信
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 齐 麟 (1982—),男,山西太原人,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事机场工程方面的研究。E-mail:

    黄 信 教授

Study on resilience index of civil aviation airports under meteorological disasters
Lin QI , Yongcheng HUAI, Kejuan DAI, Xiaolin CHEN, Xin HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1560
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为探究气象灾害下不同机场的韧性表现与引起韧性差异的原因,首先,提出基于机场功能水平的机场韧性定义,涵盖抵抗性、鲁棒性、恢复性3个子特性;然后,通过航班数据计算气象灾害下机场功能水平,得出机场韧性及子特性指数,从而反映机场的韧性水平;最后,以暴风雪灾害为例,分析美国受影响机场的韧性指数分布特征及不同机场韧性指数差异的原因,进一步分析冬季风暴、洪水、热带风暴、龙卷风灾害下受影响机场韧性指数特点以及灾害类型对机场韧性指数的影响。研究结果表明:机场韧性指数的差异主要由抵抗性指数引起;暴风雪灾害下引起机场韧性指数差异的关键因素为吞吐量、飞机机身维修计划等级、发动机维护水平;机场在冬季风暴、洪水与在暴风雪灾害下的韧性指数基本一致,韧性指数相对差值最低分别为7.519%、5.521%,平均相对差值为23.021%、21.037%,机场韧性指数计算方法可较准确地反映机场韧性属性。

气象灾害  /  机场韧性指数  /  暴风雪  /  功能水平  /  影响因素

To study the performance of different airports' resilience under meteorological disasters and the causes of their differences,firstly,the definition of airport resilience based on airport functional level was put forward,which covered three sub characteristics: resistance,robustness and recovery. Then,by calculating the airport functional level under meteorological disasters through flight data,airport resilience index and sub characteristic indices were obtained to reflect the airport's resilience. Finally,taking the disaster of the snowstorm as an example,the distribution pattern of resilience index of affected airports in the United States and the reasons for the differences of resilience index among different airports were analyzed. Furthermore,the performance of the resilience index of the affected airports under the disaster of winter storms,floods,tropical storms and tornadoes was analyzed. The impact of disaster types on airport resilience index was also analyzed. The results indicate that the difference of airport resilience index is mainly caused by the resistance index. The key factors that cause the difference in airport resilience index under snowstorm disaster are throughput,aircraft fuselage maintenance plan level and engine maintenance level. The resilience index of the airport under winter storm,flood and snowstorm is basically the same. The lowest relative difference of the resilience index is 7.519% and 5.521%,while the average relative difference is 23.021% and 21.037%. The calculation method of airport resilience index proposed in this paper can accurately reflect the resilience properties of airports.

meteorological disasters  /  airport resilience index  /  snowstorm  /  functional level  /  influence factor
齐麟, 怀永成, 戴克娟, 陈小林, 黄信. 气象灾害下民航机场韧性指数研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1560
Lin QI, Yongcheng HUAI, Kejuan DAI, Xiaolin CHEN, Xin HUANG. Study on resilience index of civil aviation airports under meteorological disasters[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1560
机场在运行时会面临不利环境条件与突发事件等风险,使其运行能力下降或中断。既有机场风险防控研究聚焦于减弱扰动的影响,不能反映机场对扰动的适应及恢复能力。机场韧性体现为机场能够适应环境变化,具有较强的抵抗力和必要的冗余性,能承受突发事件并实现功能恢复的性能。机场韧性可用于评价突发事件与气象灾害全过程的机场运行能力,有针对性地提出应对措施,提高机场的运行能力。
目前,国内外学者在民航领域涉及韧性的相关研究主要集中在航空运输网络,构建以机场为节点、航线为边的复杂网络,并评价航空网络的性能。GUO Jiuxia等[1]研究了新冠疫情对机场网络复原力的影响;唐少虎等[2]设计了交通系统韧性评估指标体系并给出定性和定量相结合的系统韧性评估方法;李航等[3]对比分析了3种灾害对航空网络脆弱性的不同影响;许欣华[4]从网络结构、动力学特性和延误传播规律方面研究了航空网络的鲁棒性。目前关于机场韧性的研究还处于起步阶段。LEVENBERG等[5]通过数值计算研究了机场跑滑系统的恢复力,涵盖了机场部分设施;ZHOU Lei等[6]使用回归分析初步确定了机场恢复力的影响因素;COMES等[7]通过仿真分析了机场基础设施的抗灾能力,并未考虑韧性涉及的功能恢复过程;HUANG Chunnen等[8]采用问卷调查或专家打分法计算了机场的抗灾能力和韧性;郭九霞等[9]研究了疫情影响下我国机场网络的稳定性,提出一种新的网络抗毁性分析方法;MILAN等[10]以恢复力模型和机场运营等作为评估恢复力的有效指标,评估了一个机场受到给定的大规模破坏性事件的影响;WANG Xinglong等[11]基于首都机场某时间段航班运行数据提出了机场韧性评估方法;FATURECHI等[12]提出了机场道面韧性评估方法并建立了考虑机型、维修资源的跑滑系统功能恢复模型;WANG Yanjun等[13]建立了一个仿真模型,研究了机场在不完全停运的情况下航空运输系统的运行性能;JANI C '[14]提出了一种评估大规模破坏性事件下航空运输网络韧性和脆弱性的方法;BAO Danwen等[15]以机场应对突发事件的脆弱性和应急能力为指标,建立了大型机场韧性的测量框架;CLARK等[16]开发并展示了一种定量表征美国空域系统机场网络稳健性的方法。目前对机场韧性的内涵仍未明确,且国内外学者对机场韧性的研究仍缺乏系统性,需进一步开展研究。
鉴于此,笔者拟提出一种基于机场功能水平的机场韧性分析方法,基于航班数据计算气象灾害下机场每时刻的航班正点率,得到机场韧性指数表达式以反映机场韧性水平;以2019年3月北美暴风雪灾害为例计算受灾机场的韧性指数,分析机场韧性指数的特点和分布;对机场韧性及子特性指数与机场特征参数进行多元逐步线性回归分析,得出不同机场韧性水平差异的原因;进一步分析不同灾害下机场韧性指数的特点和灾害类型对机场韧性指数的影响,以期为机场在不同灾害下的灾前防控、灾后恢复及韧性水平提升提供理论依据和决策参考。
机场的功能水平是指机场各部门协调设施和工作人员的使用和运行,对机场在飞机航班各阶段的运行情况综合衡量的指标。灾害发生后,机场功能水平受其影响而下降,在一段时间内处于低性能的运行状态,经过机场的后勤保障、应急救援、运行指挥等部门采取措施后系统功能水平逐步恢复,灾害下机场功能水平的变化如图1所示。图1中,q为机场功能水平,t为时间。to时刻灾害发生,to~td阶段机场功能水平由qo降至qd;td~ts阶段机场功能水平不再下降,体现其鲁棒性;ts~tr阶段应急保障措施发挥作用,机场功能水平逐步恢复;tr时刻后机场功能水平恢复为qr。若qr>qo,则说明经过保障恢复措施,机场功能水平得以提升。
机场韧性是机场在自然灾害等扰动下所表现出来的由子特性抵抗性、鲁棒性、恢复性等构成的综合性能。定义抵抗性指数 R 1、鲁棒性指数 R 2、恢复性指数 R 3与机场韧性指数R计算式如下:
R 1 = t d - t o t r - t o · q o q o - q d
R 2 = q d q o
R 3 = t r - t o t r - t d · q r - q d q o
R = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
子特性指数越大,对应韧性的子特性水平越高,机场的韧性水平也越高。
以某时刻下机场正常运行的航班数与总航班数的比值表征机场系统功能水平。国际上将实际到达时间超过预计到达时间15 min及以上的航班视为延误航班,而对于机场,航班能否正常起飞和降落都是其功能水平的体现。因此,在机场延误航班统计时也考虑了到达延误的航班,通过以下步骤统计航班数。
步骤1:确定分析的时间序列。根据气象灾害的起止时间确定航班数据的选取范围,将机场出发航班的预计和实际出发时间及到达航班的预计和实际到达航班纳入时间序列:t={tItIItIIItIV},其中,tItII分别表示机场所有出发航班的预计和实际出发时间序列集合,tIIItIV分别表示机场所有到达航班的预计和实际到达时间序列集合,按时间先后顺序对时间序列进行排序,表示为t={t1t2,…,tk},其中,k为机场时间序列总数。
步骤2:航班分类。按国际通用的航班分类方法将机场在灾害发生时间内的所有航班划分为正常、延误、取消3类。
步骤3:计算机场在时间序列t={t1t2,…,tk}不同时刻下的功能水平。确定时间序列中每个时刻下正常航班和总航班数,按下式计算该时刻的功能水平:
q ( t ) = n o ( t ) n ( t ) = n o ( t ) n o ( t ) + n d ( t ) + n c ( t )
式中: q ( t )t时刻的机场功能水平; n ( t )t时刻的机场航班总数; n o ( t ) n d ( t ) n c ( t )分别为t时刻机场正常、延误、取消的进出港航班总数。
步骤4:计算所分析灾害下机场韧性指数及子特性指数。由步骤3绘制灾害发生过程中机场功能水平变化曲线,按图1区分机场正常运行阶段、功能水平下降阶段、功能水平较低的稳定运行阶段、恢复阶段,按式(1)—式(4)计算该灾害下的机场韧性指数和子特性指数。
基于2019年3月北美暴风雪灾害,以美国机场为例,对比分析受灾机场的韧性指数。机场航班数据来自美国交通运输部网站公布的2019年机场出发和到达航班数据[17],数据文件中包含航班的起降机场、计划和实际起降时间等信息,其中机场名称用国际航空运输协会规定的三字码表示。
暴风雪是美国的典型气象灾害,影响范围广且对机场影响程度较大,2019年3月8日—3月16日发生的北美暴风雪对美国南部、西部、中西部58个机场产生影响,各机场的韧性指数计算结果如图2所示,图中横坐标的字母表示各机场的国际航空运输协会机场代码。
图2看出,2019年3月,北美暴风雪下美国南部机场韧性指数最高,中西部次之,西部最差,南部大部分机场韧性指数处于较高水平,但波动情况较为明显,中西部和西部仅有小部分机场韧性指数较高,大部分机场韧性指数较低且波动程度较小,其中,南部机场中DFW机场韧性指数最高,为24.592,MGM机场最低,为2.002;中西部机场中DTW机场韧性指数最高,为17.789,SUX机场最低,为1.551;西部机场中ASE机场韧性指数最高,为6.348,MTJ机场最低为1.463,这6个机场韧性及子特性指数见表1。由表1可得,3个地区韧性指数R最低的机场抵抗性指数R1仅为R最高机场的1.71%~15.99%,而鲁棒性指数R2和恢复性指数R3R最高机场的2.99~32.89和3.11~98.63倍,由此可见:不同于耐久性、运行指数,机场韧性是考虑机场抵抗性、鲁棒性、恢复性的综合指标,能更全面地反映机场在灾害下的响应和表现,有更高的现实意义和应用前景;R最高的机场中,R1R中的占比较大,分别为99.89%、99.77%和94.76%,而R最低的机场中,各个子特性指数在R的占比较为接近,由此可见:机场韧性指数的差距主要由抵抗性指数的差距引起,着重提高机场抵抗性水平是提高机场韧性水平的有效方法。
机场韧性指数的影响因素众多,为深入研究不同机场韧性指数差异的原因,从机场的环境、技术、管理子系统中选取表2中19个对机场韧性指数影响较为显著的因素,数据来源于美国联邦航空管理局官方网站[18]。将2.1节计算得到的不同机场韧性及子特性指数以及对应机场的设施和措施因素数据进行多元逐步线性回归[19],逐次剔除对机场韧性及子特性指数影响不大的因素[20],将保留的因素作为机场韧性及子特性指数的显著影响因素,回归过程中保留的因素与机场韧性及子特性指数的标准化相关系数见表3。其中,韧性及韧性子特性指数与影响因素的标准化相关系数越高,说明二者相关程度越大,回归模型的调整后决定系数均大于0.6,说明拟合效果较好。
表3可得,2019年3月,北美暴风雪下机场韧性指数主要与机场吞吐量、飞机机身维修计划等级、发动机维护水平有关,标准化相关系数分别为:0.525、0.414、1.016,说明机场规模以及日常维护维修措施对暴风雪下机场韧性指数较为关键。抵抗性指数与场吞吐量、飞机机身维修计划等级、道面PCN等级有关,结合2.1节得出的抵抗性指数差异是韧性指数差异的主要原因,可知:提高机场飞机机身维修计划等级和配备PCN等级较高的跑道,可有效提高机场在暴风雪灾害下抵抗性水平,进而大幅提高机场在暴风雪灾害下的韧性水平。
此外,机场鲁棒性指数还与海拔高度有关,海拔高度可能对机场气象条件产生影响,从而改变机场鲁棒性水平;恢复性指数与跑道数量呈负相关,跑道数量越多说明机场规模越大,机场的运行情况越复杂,人员和设施的要求就越高,恢复性指数随之降低。上述6种因素对表1中6个机场韧性指数的影响分别见表4图3图6
表4可知:机身维修计划和发动机维护水平对机场韧性指数有显著影响,两者均为高等级的DFW机场的韧性指数是两者均为低等级的MTJ机场韧性指数的14.89倍,因此,提高机场的飞机机身维护等级和发动机维护水平是提升机场在暴风雪灾害下韧性水平的有效方法。
图3可知:机场韧性指数随机场吞吐量的增加而增加,机场规模越大,机场配备的维护和救援设施以及工作人员的数量就越多,所以对灾害的预防和应对能力更高,机场在暴风雪下的韧性指数就越高。由图4可知:提高道面等级是提高在暴风雪灾害下机场抵抗性的有效方法,PCN等级为100~120的机场抵抗性指数是PCN等级为30~60机场的3~5倍。
图5可知:机场海拔高度在(0,1 000)ft(1ft=0.304 8 m)时,随着海拔高度增加,机场鲁棒性指数大幅增加;海拔高度在(1 000,6 000)ft时,随海拔高度增加,机场鲁棒性指数小幅增加;当海拔高度在(6 000,8 000)ft时,随海拔高度增加,机场鲁棒性指数大幅降低。由此可知:对于高海拔的机场,需要额外使用技术水平更高的设施和管理手段,以减轻地理条件对机场运行的负面影响。由图6可知:当跑道数量较低时,机场恢复性指数根据机场设施水平和数量、管理措施而呈现不同水平,当机场跑道数量较多时,机场恢复性指数随跑道的增多而降低,跑道数量越多,机场的运行情况越复杂,人员和设施的要求就越高,因此恢复性指数会随之降低。
气象灾害是机场功能水平的主要扰动,对机场运行影响显著,为保证研究的全面性,除2019年3月北美暴风雪灾害外,文中选取表5所示的同年美国不同月份发生的4个不同类型的气象灾害分析,分别计算表5所示的4个灾害影响到的机场的韧性指数,结果如图7图10所示。
图7图10可得,受冬季风暴影响的机场共55个,其中,东北部机场韧性指数高于西部和中西部机场,西部大部分机场韧性指数接近,而中西部机场韧性指数波动较为明显;受洪水影响的机场共16个,中西部机场韧性指数远高于南部机场,南部机场韧性指数接近,而中西部机场韧性指数波动明显;受热带风暴影响的机场共12个,其中,东北部机场韧性指数高于南部机场,南部机场韧性指数接近,而东北部机场韧性指数波动程度较大;受龙卷风影响的机场共38个,南大西洋地区机场韧性指数最高,中东部机场次之,中西部机场最低,不同地区机场韧性指数波动均较为明显。
综合分析图7图10,对比5种灾害下机场韧性指数分布特点,可得热带风暴下机场韧性指数最高,洪水和龙卷风下的机场韧性指数次之,冬季风暴和暴风雪下的机场韧性指数最低;分析同一地区机场,东北部地区在热带风暴灾害下的最低韧性指数低于冬季风暴下的韧性指数,说明机场对所在地区的常见灾害有较充足的应对和处理手段;西部机场在冬季风暴灾害下的韧性指数高于在暴风雪下的水平;中西部机场在暴风雪和洪水下的韧性指数较高于冬季风暴和龙卷风下的水平;南部机场在暴风雪下的韧性指数高于热带风暴下的韧性指数,且高于洪水下的韧性指数。
为深入分析灾害类型对机场韧性指数的影响,对比相同机场在遭受不同灾害时的韧性指数,如图11所示,各受灾机场在2次灾害下的韧性及子特性指数差值见表6
图11表6可得,在遭受暴风雪和冬季风暴时相同机场的韧性指数基本一致,70%的受灾机场韧性指数相对差小于25%,最小相对差值为7.519%。其中,SBN机场韧性指数差值最小,仅为-0.193,且子特性指数R1R2R3也比较接近;FWA机场韧性指数差值最大,其中,R2R3较为接近,而R1相差较大,FWA机场在暴风雪灾害前配备了更高等级的飞机运行保障设施,从而在暴风雪灾害下的R1得以提高。
相同机场在遭受暴风雪和洪水灾害下的韧性指数对比如图12所示,各受灾机场在2次灾害下的韧性及子特性指数差值见表7
图12表7可得,在遭受暴风雪和洪水时相同机场韧性指数基本一致,75%的受灾机场2次灾害下的韧性指数相对差小于25.5%,最小相对差值为5.521%。其中,FNT机场韧性指数差值最小,仅为-0.308,且子特性指数R1R2R3也比较接近;MBS机场韧性指数差值最大,其中R2R3较为接近,而R1相差较大,MBS机场在洪水灾害前对跑道排水设施进行了升级,从而在洪水灾害下的R1得以提高。
经上述分析可得,大部分机场在不同类型灾害下的韧性指数基本一致,并且子特性指数R1R2R3也比较接近,仅有少部分机场在不同灾害下韧性指数存在差异,差异主要由抵抗性指数引起,与机场在不同灾害下技术设施和管理手段的调整有关,即机场韧性指数不易因灾害类型改变而产生差异,说明文中提出的机场韧性指数计算方法不局限于特定的灾害特性,可通过机场韧性指数和子特性指数客观反映机场韧性属性。
1) 北美暴风雪灾害下南部机场韧性指数最高,中西部次之,西部最差;3个地区韧性指数最高机场抵抗性指数在韧性指数的占比分别为99.89%、99.77%和94.76%,说明机场韧性指数的差距主要由抵抗性指数的差距引起,着重提高机场抵抗性水平是提高机场韧性水平的有效方法。
2) 机场韧性及子特性指数和19个机场韧性相关影响因素的多元逐步线性回归结果表明了不同机场韧性及子特性指数差异原因,并得出了机场吞吐量、道面PCN等级、海拔高度、跑道数量、飞机机身维修计划等级、发动机维护水平等因素与机场韧性及子特性指数的关系。
3) 热带风暴下机场韧性指数最高,洪水和龙卷风下的机场韧性指数次之,冬季风暴和暴风雪下的机场韧性指数最低;相同机场在冬季风暴、洪水与在暴风雪灾害下韧性指数相对差值最低分别为7.519%、5.521%,平均相对差值为23.021%、21.037%,即机场韧性指数不易因灾害类型改变而产生差异,机场韧性指数和子特性指数可以客观反映机场韧性属性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2600500)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1560
  • 接收时间:2023-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-20
  • 修回日期:2024-03-21
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2600500)
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    中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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