Article(id=1149743088689660193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0073-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1616, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702742400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-17, revisedDate=1710950400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049713537, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049713537, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049713537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049713537, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743088907764002, articleId=1149743088689660193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Mechanical analysis of buried pipeline collapse process based on unit life and death technology, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the nonlinear problem of dynamic loss of soil around the pipe during the collapse development process of the buried pipeline,first,a numerical analysis method was used to construct a nonlinear coupling model of pipe-soil that passes through the collapse zone. Then,the model was verified based on experimental measured data and specifications. Finally,a study on the damage mechanism of buried pipelines subjected to soil collapse was carried out,and the dynamic evolution process and mechanical characteristics of buried pipeline collapse were discussed. The results show that the axial stress is the control stress,the mid-span pipe bottom is the control point,the mid-span section is the dangerous section,and excessive tensile stress is the main reason for failure of buried pipelines. It is confirmed that "pipe-soil separation" phenomenon exists. When the collapse depth reaches 48 mm,"pipe and soil separate",as the collapse process progresses,the entire process of pipe-soil structure from the beginning of deformation to the tensile failure of buried pipeline can be divided into three stages: the top pressure stage,the transition stage and in the bottom tension stage,the collapse depth of 80 and 160 mm is the dividing point. When the collapse depth reaches 59 mm,the pipe top stress changes from valley to peak at mid-span position. When collapse depth reaches 80 mm,friction stress appears.

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为解决埋地管道塌陷发育过程中管周土动态流失的非线性问题,首先,采用数值分析方法构建穿越塌陷区的管-土非线性耦合模型,并应用单元生死技术模拟土体流失过程;其次,依托试验实测数据及规范验证模型,分析不同塌陷阶段埋地管道的应力变形特征;然后,研究埋地管道遭受土体塌陷作用下的破坏机制,确定埋地管道的控制应力及危险截面;最后,通过分析管土接触,探讨管土相互作用揭示埋地管道塌陷动态演化过程及力学特征。结果表明:轴向应力为控制应力,跨中管底为控制点,跨中截面为危险截面,过度的拉应力是埋地管道失效的主要原因;证实管土分离现象的存在,且在塌陷深度达到48 mm时管土分离;随着塌陷过程的进展,管-土结构从开始变形到埋地管道受拉破坏的全过程分为3个阶段,即顶部受压阶段、过渡阶段和底部受拉阶段,塌陷深度80与160 mm为分界点;塌陷深度达到59 mm时,管顶应力在跨中位置处实现谷值到峰值的转变;塌陷深度达到80 mm时,摩擦应力出现。

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滕振超 (1976—),男,河北故城人,博士,副教授,主要从事结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

刘晓燕

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滕振超 (1976—),男,河北故城人,博士,副教授,主要从事结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Pipe material parameters

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管道
材质
密度/
(kg/m3)
弹性模
量/MPa
屈服应
力/MPa
极限应
力/MPa
泊松
PE100 950 800 40 45 0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1168181938473939956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743088689660193, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管道材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道
材质
密度/
(kg/m3)
弹性模
量/MPa
屈服应
力/MPa
极限应
力/MPa
泊松
PE100 950 800 40 45 0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1168181938528465909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743088689660193, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil material parameters

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土壤
类别
密度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性
模量/
MPa
黏聚
力/
kPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
膨胀
角/
(°)
泊松
砂土 2 000 10 20 20 0 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1168181938578797558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743088689660193, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土质材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤
类别
密度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性
模量/
MPa
黏聚
力/
kPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
膨胀
角/
(°)
泊松
砂土 2 000 10 20 20 0 0.3
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基于单元生死技术的埋地管道塌陷过程力学分析
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滕振超 1, 2 , 周亚东 1 , 池林林 1 , 刘晓燕 1 , 李正巍 1 , 刘博 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(6): 73-81
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(6): 73-81
基于单元生死技术的埋地管道塌陷过程力学分析
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滕振超1, 2 , 周亚东1, 池林林1, 刘晓燕1, 李正巍1, 刘博1
作者信息
  • 1 东北石油大学 土木建筑工程学院,黑龙江 大庆 163318
  • 2 中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086
  • 滕振超 (1976—),男,河北故城人,博士,副教授,主要从事结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

    刘晓燕

Mechanical analysis of buried pipeline collapse process based on unit life and death technology
Zhenchao TENG1, 2 , Yadong ZHOU1, Linlin CHI1, Xiaoyan LIU1, Zhengwei LI1, Bo LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Northeast Petroleum University,Daqing Heilongjiang 163318,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,Harbin Heilongjiang 150086,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1616
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为解决埋地管道塌陷发育过程中管周土动态流失的非线性问题,首先,采用数值分析方法构建穿越塌陷区的管-土非线性耦合模型,并应用单元生死技术模拟土体流失过程;其次,依托试验实测数据及规范验证模型,分析不同塌陷阶段埋地管道的应力变形特征;然后,研究埋地管道遭受土体塌陷作用下的破坏机制,确定埋地管道的控制应力及危险截面;最后,通过分析管土接触,探讨管土相互作用揭示埋地管道塌陷动态演化过程及力学特征。结果表明:轴向应力为控制应力,跨中管底为控制点,跨中截面为危险截面,过度的拉应力是埋地管道失效的主要原因;证实管土分离现象的存在,且在塌陷深度达到48 mm时管土分离;随着塌陷过程的进展,管-土结构从开始变形到埋地管道受拉破坏的全过程分为3个阶段,即顶部受压阶段、过渡阶段和底部受拉阶段,塌陷深度80与160 mm为分界点;塌陷深度达到59 mm时,管顶应力在跨中位置处实现谷值到峰值的转变;塌陷深度达到80 mm时,摩擦应力出现。

单元生死技术  /  埋地管道  /  塌陷过程  /  管土分离  /  土体流失

In order to solve the nonlinear problem of dynamic loss of soil around the pipe during the collapse development process of the buried pipeline,first,a numerical analysis method was used to construct a nonlinear coupling model of pipe-soil that passes through the collapse zone. Then,the model was verified based on experimental measured data and specifications. Finally,a study on the damage mechanism of buried pipelines subjected to soil collapse was carried out,and the dynamic evolution process and mechanical characteristics of buried pipeline collapse were discussed. The results show that the axial stress is the control stress,the mid-span pipe bottom is the control point,the mid-span section is the dangerous section,and excessive tensile stress is the main reason for failure of buried pipelines. It is confirmed that "pipe-soil separation" phenomenon exists. When the collapse depth reaches 48 mm,"pipe and soil separate",as the collapse process progresses,the entire process of pipe-soil structure from the beginning of deformation to the tensile failure of buried pipeline can be divided into three stages: the top pressure stage,the transition stage and in the bottom tension stage,the collapse depth of 80 and 160 mm is the dividing point. When the collapse depth reaches 59 mm,the pipe top stress changes from valley to peak at mid-span position. When collapse depth reaches 80 mm,friction stress appears.

cell life and death  /  buried pipeline  /  soil collapse  /  pipe-soil separation  /  soil loss
滕振超, 周亚东, 池林林, 刘晓燕, 李正巍, 刘博. 基于单元生死技术的埋地管道塌陷过程力学分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 73 -81 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1616
Zhenchao TENG, Yadong ZHOU, Linlin CHI, Xiaoyan LIU, Zhengwei LI, Bo LIU. Mechanical analysis of buried pipeline collapse process based on unit life and death technology[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 73 -81 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1616
埋地管道所处的地质环境复杂多变,如岩溶塌陷区、冻土解冻沉降区及黄土湿陷区。近年来,由于土壤塌陷引发的埋地管道损坏事件屡见不鲜[1],管道损坏可能导致输送的液体或气体发生泄漏,进而引发火灾和爆炸。因此,深入探究埋地管道的塌陷动态演化过程,对降低未来再次发生类似事故的风险有重要意义。
近年来,诸多学者对管土塌陷开展了研究,如殷鹰等[2]研究了土体塌陷过程中聚乙烯管道的破坏历程,得出了应力变化特征,却未给出管道-土体(管土)分离时刻。TAE等[3]明确了损坏的下水道管道产生地面塌陷或空洞的原因,并深入探讨研究了塌陷产生机制,却未分析塌陷对埋地管道应力造成的影响。任建东等[4]采用数值模拟法研究了开采区埋地管道的应力状态,结果表明:管道顶部受力状态由受拉转为受压,底部由受压转为受拉,但该研究缺少对管土分离的进一步探讨。刘啸奔等[5]构建了地表载荷作用下含缺陷的管土作用模型,提出地表载荷作用下含缺陷埋地管道的安全评估方法。李乔楚等[6]基于单元生死技术构建了穿越岩溶区域的管-土非线性耦合模型。目前,学者们大多采用施加位移载荷技术模拟土体塌陷过程,假定塌陷区域沿线地表具有相同的沉陷量,无法真实模拟地表沿线位移由塌陷中心向两侧递减的分布规律。在塌陷过程中,管道下方土体并不是瞬时消失的,而是自下而上逐层流失,要真实模拟这一动态过程需要用到单元生死技术。随着塌陷的进行,通过逐层激活土体“死亡”单元来模拟土体流失。潘钦锋等[7]建立了管-土非协调变形控制方程,推导出管道挠曲解析解。伍颖等[8]基于生死单元技术建立X80输气管道上方覆土逐渐减少以致管道悬空长度不断增加的动态有限元模型。综上,多数学者的研究聚焦在管道应力、应变的影响因素以及管土相互作用的力学分析上,而鲜有学者考虑土体塌陷发育过程中土体流失的非线性过程,未深入探讨研究埋地管道的塌陷动态演化过程及特征分析。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于单元生死技术构建穿越塌陷区的埋地管道管-土非线性耦合模型,模拟塌陷过程中埋地管道失效过程,分析埋地管道的塌陷动态演化过程及特征,得出应力和位移的变化过程及管土分离时刻,以期准确反映埋地管道塌陷过程中的实际力学特征,为埋地管道的失效预测及安全监测提供理论参考。
物理模型尺寸参数及边界条件,参照杨朝娜等[9]的试验研究,管道长2.8 m,钢化玻璃试验箱尺寸2.4 m×0.4 m×0.5 m,管比试验箱两端各长20 cm,用卡槽来约束管道。管道下方为25 cm的砂土,上方铺设2层染色砂共厚4.5 cm。试验箱底部放置宽度为30 mm的抽条,并通过抽取一定数量的抽条来实现模拟塌陷。
参考ASCE-PD&C(2007)规范[10],假设管道底部与土壤保持时刻接触,土壤沉降变形曲线为正弦曲线,建立穿越塌陷区埋地管道的力学计算模型。管土不均匀沉降变形如图1所示。其中,l为管道长度,m;a为挠度幅值,m;Δ为管道总的沉降位移,m。
工程采用的弯曲计算理论:
E I d 2 y d x 2 = M
d 2 y d x 2 = M E I = 1 R
式中:E为弹性模量,MPa;I为截面惯性矩,m4;M为弯矩,kN·m;R为曲率半径,m。
正弦曲线:
y = a s i n π x l
跨中曲率:
d 2 y d x 2 = - a π 2 l 2 = 1 R
Δ = 2 a
L = 2 l
由式(4)—式(6)可得总的管道沉降位移:
Δ = - L 2 2 π 2 R
把式(1)代入式(7)可得弯矩与沉降位移的关系:
Δ = - L 2 M 2 π 2 E I
综上,数学模型概念简单、计算方便、便于工程应用,物理模型具有能模拟真实环境和实际受力状态的优点。采用其他学者的试验物理几何模型和试验数据,以此为基础建立数值模型,用于埋地管道在塌陷过程中的力学分析。
建立数值模型的目的是开展埋地管道遭受土体塌陷作用下的破坏机制的研究,揭示埋地管道的塌陷动态演化过程及特征,其他次要因素的影响可忽略。因此,假设[11]如下:①管道和土体均质各向同性。②管道与土体的相互作用是有限滑移接触。③管道不考虑经受其他地质灾害,仅塌陷。④土体流失考虑为规则性六面体且逐层流失。
室内试验室管材为聚乙烯管,SUILEIMAN等[12]研究了此种材质的管道力学性能,提出双曲线本构。见下式:
σ = ε h + f ε
式中: σ为偏应力,MPa; ε为应变;hf为参数。
为简化计算,增强非线性收敛,管材的本构采用三折线模型,如图2所示。管道的建模采用Shell63单元。材料的参数见表1
土体建模采用Solid45,本构关系采用D-P模型。材料参数见表2。接触面单元采用Conta174,目标单元采用Targe170,管土接触方式采用面面接触,接触算法采用增强的拉格朗日算法,摩擦因数取0.4。接触面的相互作用模式为标准接触。边界条件:土体立面施加垂直约束,底面施加固定约束,顶面自由,顶面施加砂袋载荷模拟上方土体重力。初始边界条件如图3所示。
平衡地应力采用ISWRITE命令生成初始应力文件,然后在边界条件不变的情况下继续采用ISFILE命令读入此初始应力文件便可消除初始位移[13]。土体模型平衡前后的位移与应力云图如图4所示。由图4可知:土体最大初始沉降位移由-1 mm变为+0.08 mm,该方法使沉降位移发生2个数量级的变化,说明该方法能很好地消除初始位移场,保留了初始应力场[14]
有限元模型的验证如图5所示。文中所建立的管土有限元模型计算所得沉降位移与2.1节物理模型试验记录的沉降位移对比,误差在10%以内。采用2.2节数学模型试验(式(8)),计算得到埋地管道沉降位移,与有限元模型结果对比,误差在5%内。该误差值说明模型结果具有可靠性。由图5可知:随塌陷宽度增加,沉降位移不断增加。塌陷宽度在0.09 ~0.27 m间,沉降位移快速增加,塌陷宽度在0.27 ~0.54 m间,沉降位移缓慢增加并趋于平稳。这是由于随着塌陷宽度增加,管土相互作用减弱。
塌陷宽度为0.09 m时土体和管道的应力位移云图如图6所示。
图6可知:管的最大位移与最大的Von-Mises应力位于跨中,且塌陷区与非塌陷区交界处附近的Von-Mises应力较大值得关注;管的最大剪力位于土体塌陷区两侧,这是由于土体形状的突变造成了应力集中;管的最大轴向应力位于跨中。通过对比埋地管道不同位置处的截面应力,得出危险截面为跨中截面。通过剪力与轴力,得出轴向应力为控制应力。通过观察同一截面不同位置的应力大小,得出管底为控制点。
塌陷模拟采用单元生死技术,逐层从土体单元底层向上杀死,从而模拟土体流失的这一非线性过程。该塌陷过程的模拟通过8个载荷步实现,每个载荷步的施加意味着一层土体单元的杀死即相应位置的土体流失,塌陷过程模拟如图7所示。
塌陷过程中管土接触状态如图8所示。由图8可知:随着埋地管道下方土体的流失,管土跨中底部接触状态经历了从管土黏合到管土滑移再到管土分离的3个过程。从塌陷区的边缘到跨中截面,管土接触面的相对滑移量逐渐减小,直至跨中截面处滑移距离为0。此种现象与室内试验的过程相符,试验过程中是从中间开始抽走抽条,导致塌陷区的中部土体直接向下塌陷,因此,管道和土壤之间没有发生相对滑移的现象。
图9为塌陷过程中管土接触云图。由图9可知:在塌陷区与非塌陷区交界处,管土接触面间具有摩擦力,最大值为62 kPa。另外,在管塌陷区与非塌陷区交界处附近,管和土之间亦有轻微的摩擦力;在塌陷区和非塌陷区交界附近,管道和土壤之间存在着接触面压力,这是由于它们相互挤压而产生的,尤其是在交界面处,接触面的压力最大。这一现象是由应力突变集中引起的,而在其他区域,接触面之间的压力较小。
土体塌陷过程中的变形特征如图10所示,由图10可知:随着埋地管道下方土体的流失,土体变形呈现以下特点。①先中间后向四周扩散,中间变形呈菱形状;②最大变形从顶部向下不断扩展,直到贯穿剩余土体;③贯穿前期是顶部变形大于底部变形,贯穿后不断发展,底部变形慢慢大于顶部变形;④土体最大变形由上部受压随着土体流失发展为下部受拉。
图11为塌陷过程中埋地管道的变形特征,由图11可知:随着埋地管道下方土体的流失,管道变形也跟土体变形呈现类似特点:①先中间后向四周扩散,中间变形呈菱形状;②最大变形从顶部向下不断扩展,直到贯穿管道;③贯穿前期是顶部变形大于底部变形,贯穿后不断发展,底部受拉变形慢慢大于顶部受压变形,同时,从中间向两端受拉区域不断扩展;④管道变形由上部受压呈椭圆形状,随着土体流失发展呈圆形状,管道两端顶部受压发展为中间塌陷区域的受拉。
图12为塌陷过程中埋地管道的应力特征,由图12可知:随着埋地管道下方土体的流失,埋地管道应力呈现特点:①塌陷前期顶部受压大于底部受拉,埋地管道截面呈新月形;②随着塌陷的发展,埋地管道顶部受压应力从两端向塌陷中心集中;③埋地管道最大应力从受压转变为受拉,埋地管道截面逐渐恢复圆形状。
不同塌陷阶段的埋地管道的沉降位移及Von-Mises应力结果如图13所示。
随着塌陷的进行,管-土结构从开始变形到埋地管道受拉破坏的全过程分为3个阶段:顶部受压阶段、过渡阶段和底部受拉阶段。管土变形前期为协同变形,后期为非协同变形,在塌陷深度达到48 mm时管土分离。这是由于管土刚度差异及管道上方填土的土拱效应。在这一阶段,开始时管土协同下沉,由于材料刚度性质不同,一段时间后,土不再协同下沉,管道与土体逐渐脱离,悬空长度不断增加,但此过程中土体未完全脱离管道,管道承受土体给予的所有载荷。
塌陷过程中埋地管道沿程位移及应力特征如图14所示,由图14可知:塌陷过程中的埋地管道沉降位移特征呈现为中间大、两头小,弯曲形状逐渐从U型转变为V型;塌陷过程中的埋地管道Von-Mises应力特征呈M型(注:Time表示载荷步,载荷步施加意味着相应位置的土体流失)。
不同塌陷阶段土体对埋地管道的力学支撑作用变化会造成埋地管道横截面受力形式不同,塌陷过程中埋地管道截面变形特征如图15所示(注:A点为管顶、B点为管底、C点和D点为管两侧点)。文献[15]研究表明:塌陷作用下埋地管道应力极大值出现在管道顶或者管底。为更好地分析埋地管道的破坏机制,需要进一步探讨分析埋地管道横截面顶部、底部及侧部的Von-Mises应力变化特征,如图16所示。
1) 跨中位置处在第8层土体流失前后(塌陷深度达到192 mm),管顶应力与管底应力大小发生转变。这是由于随着塌陷过程的进行,下方土体的流失,埋地管道底部支撑作用减弱,埋地管道的受力形式从顶部受压转换为底部受拉。因此,埋地管道横截面的破坏应力控制点位于管道底部位置。
2) C点与D点2条应力曲线全程重合,说明埋地管道两侧应力对称且大小一致。在第4层土体流失前(塌陷深度达到80 mm),管两侧峰值应力前未出现波峰应力。这是由于管土发生滑移产生了摩擦应力,且摩擦应力随着塌陷进程发展不断增加。管两侧谷值应力出现在跨中位置处,这是由于塌陷区的管土作用最弱。
3) 在第3层土体流失前(塌陷深度达到59 mm),管道截面各点谷值应力发生在跨中位置处,而随着土体流失的进一步发展,在第3层土体流失后,管顶应力率先在跨中位置处实现谷值到峰值的转变,随后,在第4层土体流失后,管底应力也在跨中位置处实现谷值到峰值的转变。这是由于前期管土协同变形,埋地管道下方土体流失,塌陷区土体支撑作用较弱,导致跨中位置处管道谷值应力的出现。而后来随着土体流失管土非协同变形,管道刚度大于土体刚度,管道变形小于土体变形,管道顶部会给上方土体一个向上的支撑作用,此时,管道的顶部应力开始上升,管道应力实现谷值到峰值的转变。
1) 采用单元生死技术控制塌陷单元力学作用模拟土体流失,能够准确地反映埋地管道塌陷这一过程的实际力学特征。
2) 轴向应力为控制应力,跨中管底为控制点,跨中截面为危险截面,过度的拉应力是埋地管道失效的主要原因。因此,在进行管线设计和计算时需要给予足够重视。工程实践中,应避免在塌陷区的中央位置设置接头,以免加重破坏的可能性,以确保工程的安全。
3) 管土协调变形与非协调变形的分界点是在塌陷深度达到48 mm时刻管土分离。管-土结构从开始变形到埋地管道受拉破坏的全过程可分为3个阶段:顶部受压阶段、过渡阶段和底部受拉阶段。为更好地与周围土体协调变形,建议首选具有弹性模量小而强度高的管材。
4) 塌陷深度达到80 mm时,摩擦应力出现。因此,建议优先选择管线受到较小土压力和纵向摩擦力的浅埋方式。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52076036)
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2020007)
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1616
  • 接收时间:2023-12-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-17
  • 修回日期:2024-03-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52076036)
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2020007)
作者信息
    1 东北石油大学 土木建筑工程学院,黑龙江 大庆 163318
    2 中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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