Article(id=1149743087603335449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0119-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1137, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702310400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-12, revisedDate=1710864000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049713278, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049713278, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049713278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049713278, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743087867576607, articleId=1149743087603335449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Dentification of leakage pressure drop rate signal of trunk gas pipeline based on SVM, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem that the pressure drop signals caused by compressor suction or upstream block valve cut-off conditions leaded to incorrect shut-off of the block valve,and the problem that the block valve failure due to insignificant pipeline pressure drop caused by small hole leakage,a simulation model was established. Taking a typical gas transmission trunk line as the research object,300 sets of pressure drop signals under three different working conditions,namely compressor suction,emergency cut-off of the block valve and pipeline leakage,were obtained. The pressure drop rate of the pressure drop signal was calculated by point-to-point detection method. Singular value decomposition(SVD) method was used to extract the characteristics of the pressure drop rate signal,and the min-max normalization method was used to normalize the characteristic values of the pressure drop rate signal. SVM method was used to identify the characteristic value signals of different pressure drop rates,and the corresponding working conditions were obtained. To solve the problem that the unreasonable setting of kernel function parameters and penalty factors in the SVM model affected the accuracy of algorithm recognition,TLBO algorithm was used to optimize the kernel function parameters and penalty factors,and a TLBO-SVM model for intelligent identification of gas pipeline leakage signals was established. The model was applied to classify and identify 300 groups of simulated pressure drop rate signals in three working conditions. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the model is 92.22% for three kinds of pressure drop rate signals under different working conditions. The identification accuracy is 96.67% for small hole leakage with a leakage diameter of 50-125 mm and a pressure drop rate range of 0.01-0.07 MPa/min. For the actual leakage pressure drop rate signal of a main pipeline,the accuracy of TLBO-SVM is 100%.

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为解决压缩机抽吸或截断阀截断形成的压降信号导致截断阀发生误关断,以及小孔泄漏因管道压降不显著导致截断阀不动作的问题,以某输气干线为对象建立仿真模型,获取压缩机抽吸、截断阀紧急截断及管道泄漏3类不同工况下的300组压降信号,根据对点检测法计算出压降信号的压降速率值;以奇异值分解(SVD)法和极差归一化方法提取压降速率信号特征,采用支持向量机(SVM)法识别不同压降速率特征值信号,获取所对应的工况类型;针对SVM模型中的核函数参数与惩罚因子设置不合理,影响算法识别准确性的问题,采用教与学优化算法(TLBO)优化核函数参数与惩罚因子,建立干线输气管道泄漏信号智能识别的TLBO-SVM模型;应用该模型,分类识别该管道在3类工况下的300组模拟压降速率信号。结果表明:该模型对3类不同工况下压降速率信号的识别准确率为92.22%;对泄漏口径为50~125 mm,压降速率范围为0.01~0.07 MPa/min的小孔泄漏,识别准确率为96.67%。针对某干线管道的实际泄漏压降速率信号,TLBO-SVM识别到的准确率为100%。

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吴 瑕 (1987—),女,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事油气储运安全工程、油气储运工程仿真等方面的研究。E-mail:

贾文龙 教授

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吴 瑕 (1987—),女,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事油气储运安全工程、油气储运工程仿真等方面的研究。E-mail:

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吴 瑕 (1987—),女,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事油气储运安全工程、油气储运工程仿真等方面的研究。E-mail:

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贾文龙 教授

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贾文龙 教授

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181814284792283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Verification results of trunk gas pipeline simulation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 方向 气量/
(104m3·d-1)
起点
压力/
MPa
终点
压力/
MPa
模拟终
点压力/
MPa
相对
误差/
%
1 正输 1 712 7.83 7.56 7.55 0.13
2 正输 2 089 7.40 6.72 6.65 1.04
3 反输 1 161 8.39 7.63 7.67 0.52
4 反输 1 118 7.93 7.19 7.24 0.70
5 反输 893 8.81 8.03 8.19 1.99
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814360289756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

输气干线仿真模型验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 方向 气量/
(104m3·d-1)
起点
压力/
MPa
终点
压力/
MPa
模拟终
点压力/
MPa
相对
误差/
%
1 正输 1 712 7.83 7.56 7.55 0.13
2 正输 2 089 7.40 6.72 6.65 1.04
3 反输 1 161 8.39 7.63 7.67 0.52
4 反输 1 118 7.93 7.19 7.24 0.70
5 反输 893 8.81 8.03 8.19 1.99
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814427398621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Boundary conditions for pressure drop rate signals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输量/
(104m3·d-1)
压力/
MPa
泄漏位
置/%
泄漏孔径/
mm
压缩比
800~2 100 7~9 10~80 50~125 1.5~3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814477730270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

压降速率信号模拟的工况参数范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输量/
(104m3·d-1)
压力/
MPa
泄漏位
置/%
泄漏孔径/
mm
压缩比
800~2 100 7~9 10~80 50~125 1.5~3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814549033439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

SVD of pressure drop rate signal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 泄漏信号 压缩机抽吸信号 截断阀截断信号
1 0.221 2 5.348 6 1.487 1
2 0.042 9 0.876 1 0.332 4
3 0.012 0 0.190 7 0.102 2
4 0.002 9 0.037 4 0.022 3
5 0.000 7 0.011 5 0.012 1
6 0.000 4 0.005 8 0.005 1
7 0.000 4 0.001 8 0.001 4
8 0.000 4 0.001 4 0.001 0
9 0.000 2 0.001 0 0.000 8
10 0.000 2 0.000 6 0.000 5
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814632919520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

压降速率信号的SVD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 泄漏信号 压缩机抽吸信号 截断阀截断信号
1 0.221 2 5.348 6 1.487 1
2 0.042 9 0.876 1 0.332 4
3 0.012 0 0.190 7 0.102 2
4 0.002 9 0.037 4 0.022 3
5 0.000 7 0.011 5 0.012 1
6 0.000 4 0.005 8 0.005 1
7 0.000 4 0.001 8 0.001 4
8 0.000 4 0.001 4 0.001 0
9 0.000 2 0.001 0 0.000 8
10 0.000 2 0.000 6 0.000 5
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814704222689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Normalized pressure drop rate characteristic signal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 泄漏信号 压缩机抽吸信号 截断阀截断信号
1 -0.93 0.95 -0.46
2 -0.91 0.98 -0.25
3 -0.88 0.98 0.06
4 -0.87 0.98 0.17
5 -0.96 -0.10 -0.06
6 -0.93 0.63 0.42
7 -0.87 -0.11 -0.32
8 -0.77 0.15 -0.26
9 -0.87 -0.17 -0.32
10 -0.86 -0.35 -0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1168181814775525858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743087603335449, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

归一化后的压降速率特征信号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 泄漏信号 压缩机抽吸信号 截断阀截断信号
1 -0.93 0.95 -0.46
2 -0.91 0.98 -0.25
3 -0.88 0.98 0.06
4 -0.87 0.98 0.17
5 -0.96 -0.10 -0.06
6 -0.93 0.63 0.42
7 -0.87 -0.11 -0.32
8 -0.77 0.15 -0.26
9 -0.87 -0.17 -0.32
10 -0.86 -0.35 -0.46
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基于SVM的干线输气管道泄漏压降速率信号识别
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吴瑕 1 , 陈红环 1 , 贾文龙 1 , 孙溢彬 2 , 任思波 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(6): 119-126
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(6): 119-126
基于SVM的干线输气管道泄漏压降速率信号识别
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吴瑕1 , 陈红环1, 贾文龙1, 孙溢彬2, 任思波3
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,四川 成都 610500
  • 2 中海石油有限公司海南分公司,海南 海口 570100
  • 3 四川蜀交能源开发有限公司,四川 成都 610023
  • 吴 瑕 (1987—),女,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事油气储运安全工程、油气储运工程仿真等方面的研究。E-mail:

    贾文龙 教授

Dentification of leakage pressure drop rate signal of trunk gas pipeline based on SVM
Xia WU1 , Honghuan CHEN1, Wenlong JIA1, Yibin SUN2, Sibo REN3
Affiliations
  • 1 Petroleum Engineering School,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu Sichuan 610500,China
  • 2 Hainan Branch of China National Offshore Oil Corporation Limited,Haikou Hainan 570100,China
  • 3 Sichuan Shujiao Energy Development Corporation,Chengdu Sichuan 610023,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1137
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为解决压缩机抽吸或截断阀截断形成的压降信号导致截断阀发生误关断,以及小孔泄漏因管道压降不显著导致截断阀不动作的问题,以某输气干线为对象建立仿真模型,获取压缩机抽吸、截断阀紧急截断及管道泄漏3类不同工况下的300组压降信号,根据对点检测法计算出压降信号的压降速率值;以奇异值分解(SVD)法和极差归一化方法提取压降速率信号特征,采用支持向量机(SVM)法识别不同压降速率特征值信号,获取所对应的工况类型;针对SVM模型中的核函数参数与惩罚因子设置不合理,影响算法识别准确性的问题,采用教与学优化算法(TLBO)优化核函数参数与惩罚因子,建立干线输气管道泄漏信号智能识别的TLBO-SVM模型;应用该模型,分类识别该管道在3类工况下的300组模拟压降速率信号。结果表明:该模型对3类不同工况下压降速率信号的识别准确率为92.22%;对泄漏口径为50~125 mm,压降速率范围为0.01~0.07 MPa/min的小孔泄漏,识别准确率为96.67%。针对某干线管道的实际泄漏压降速率信号,TLBO-SVM识别到的准确率为100%。

支持向量机(SVM)  /  干线输气管道  /  压降速率信号  /  泄漏压力信号  /  截断阀

In order to solve the problem that the pressure drop signals caused by compressor suction or upstream block valve cut-off conditions leaded to incorrect shut-off of the block valve,and the problem that the block valve failure due to insignificant pipeline pressure drop caused by small hole leakage,a simulation model was established. Taking a typical gas transmission trunk line as the research object,300 sets of pressure drop signals under three different working conditions,namely compressor suction,emergency cut-off of the block valve and pipeline leakage,were obtained. The pressure drop rate of the pressure drop signal was calculated by point-to-point detection method. Singular value decomposition(SVD) method was used to extract the characteristics of the pressure drop rate signal,and the min-max normalization method was used to normalize the characteristic values of the pressure drop rate signal. SVM method was used to identify the characteristic value signals of different pressure drop rates,and the corresponding working conditions were obtained. To solve the problem that the unreasonable setting of kernel function parameters and penalty factors in the SVM model affected the accuracy of algorithm recognition,TLBO algorithm was used to optimize the kernel function parameters and penalty factors,and a TLBO-SVM model for intelligent identification of gas pipeline leakage signals was established. The model was applied to classify and identify 300 groups of simulated pressure drop rate signals in three working conditions. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the model is 92.22% for three kinds of pressure drop rate signals under different working conditions. The identification accuracy is 96.67% for small hole leakage with a leakage diameter of 50-125 mm and a pressure drop rate range of 0.01-0.07 MPa/min. For the actual leakage pressure drop rate signal of a main pipeline,the accuracy of TLBO-SVM is 100%.

support vector machine (SVM)  /  trunk gas pipeline  /  pressure drop rate signal  /  pressure signal of leakage  /  block valve
吴瑕, 陈红环, 贾文龙, 孙溢彬, 任思波. 基于SVM的干线输气管道泄漏压降速率信号识别. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 119 -126 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1137
Xia WU, Honghuan CHEN, Wenlong JIA, Yibin SUN, Sibo REN. Dentification of leakage pressure drop rate signal of trunk gas pipeline based on SVM[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 119 -126 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1137
为保证管道运行安全,管道沿线一般会设置多个阀室。合理设置压降速率与持续时间,对各工况下截断阀能否正确工作起着决定性作用[1]。目前,国内大部分管道的截断阀截断参数都采用经验值,压降速率为0.15 MPa/min,持续时间为120 s[2]。但压降速率受运行压力、输量、泄漏孔径等诸多因素影响,若设置不当极有可能导致截断阀误关闭,或者在该关断时不关断。
为合理设置阀门关断条件,国内外研究学者开展了相关研究。崔兆雪等[3]发现泄漏位置、压力及管长对压降速率阈值影响较大。杨毅等[4]研究了大管径管道泄漏时的截断阀误关断问题,指出泄漏孔径小于300 mm时,截断阀几乎不关断。汤丁等[5]指出,相国寺储气库干线阀室截断的压降速率应设定为0.03 MPa/min,压降持续时间为90 s。廖钰朋等[6]发现,压缩机抽吸与泄漏工况下的压降速率信在一定范围内存在重复。上述成果进一步表明:①压降速率设置过大,小孔泄漏时,截断阀不能正确截断;②压降速率设置过小,截断阀会在压缩机抽吸等正常工况发生误关断。
针对上述问题,若能准确提取压降速率信号的特征值,并利用该特征值识别泄漏工况,有助于克服现有方法单纯依赖压降速率及持续时间的问题。为此,笔者拟基于某干线输气管道运行数据建立仿真模型,获取管道在压缩机抽吸、截断阀紧急截断及泄漏3类工况下的压降速率信号;利用奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)提取并归一化处理信号特征;建立支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,SVM)模型,分类识别3类工况下的压降速率信号,并通过教与学优化算法优化模型参数,以期提高识别准确率。
长输管道常用的截断阀为Shafer气液联动阀,其压降速率计算采用对点检测法[7],即每5 s检测一次管道压力,由连续检测的5次压力的平均值与60 s后的5次压力的平均值作差求得压降速率。计算公式如下:
P t = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 + P 4 + P 5 5
P t - 60 = P 6 + P 7 + P 8 + P 9 + P 10 5
P R = P t - P t - 60
式中:Ptt时刻的平均压力,MPa;P1P2P3P4P5分别为tt-5、t-10、t-15、t-20 s时的压力,MPa; P t - 60t-60 s时刻的平均压力,MPa;P6P7P8P9P10分别为t-60、t-65、t-70、t-75、t-80 s时的压力,MPa;PR t时刻的压降速率,MPa/min。
以我国西南部某干线输气管道为例,该管道全长约84.2 km,设计输量2 100×104 m3/d,设计压力10 MPa,管道规格为φ813 mm×14.2 mm,沿线共5座阀室,压缩机组安装在1号站场内。根据上述数据,采用天然气管道仿真软件建立该管道的仿真模型,并利用2018—2020年的典型运行工况参数校验模型。建立的干线输气管道仿真模型如图1所示,沿线高程及阀室分布如图2所示。验证结果见表1
表1表明:仿真模型的最大相对偏差为1.99%,最小相对偏差为0.13%,平均相对偏差为0.88%。相对误差较小表明模型的计算精度及可靠度较高,可用于动态仿真模拟。
利用该模型模拟输气干线管道压缩机抽吸、截断阀紧急截断及管道泄漏工况,得到3类工况下的压降信号。为获得多种工况下的压降信号,随机组合不同输量、工作压力、压缩机压缩比、泄漏孔径、泄漏位置及截断阀室等参数进行模拟[8]。其中,泄漏孔径为50~125 mm、泄漏位置为1号阀室与2号阀室间10%~80%处、压缩机压缩比为1.5~3.0,输量为800×104~2 100×104m3/d,出口压力为7~9 MPa。
在3类工况下,不同边界条件模拟得到的阀室压降速率变化规律相似。以1号阀室为例,分析不同工况下的阀室压降速率信号变化情况。图3图5为模拟得到的阀室压力变化曲线以及根据对点检测法计算得到的阀室压降速率变化曲线。
不同工况下的阀室压降速率变化曲线表明:泄漏工况下的压降速率值与压缩机抽吸、阀门截断工况的压降速率值在一定范围内存在重复,这是导致截断阀不能正确动作的直接原因。但不同工况下的阀室压降速率曲线趋势存在差异。因此,通过提取不同工况下压降速率曲线特征值来分类识别导致压力下降的工况,可指导截断阀正确关断。
对压降速率信号进行特征提取的本质就是对其进行数据降维,即剔除冗余信息,保留关键数据。SVD是机器学习领域中常用的数据降维算法之一[9],其简化表达式如下:
A = τ = 1 r σ τ u τ v T τ
式中:A为一个γ×η的矩阵;r为矩阵特征值的数量;στ为奇异值,是矩阵ATA特征值λτ的平方根,即στ = λ τ;uτAAT的特征向量;vτATA的特征向量。
由于获得的压降速率之间数量级差异较大,可能导致模型训练时间增长,计算收敛速度减慢,因此,还需归一化处理所有的压降速率特征信号。极差标准化是最常见的归一化方法,其表达式如下[10]:
s = ( s m a x - s m i n ) ( σ m a x - σ m i n ) × ( σ - σ m i n ) + s m i n
式中:s为归一化后的压降速率信号特征值,范围为[-1,1];smax为归一化上限,取1;smin为归一化下限,取-1;σmax为压降速率信号特征值最大值;σmin为压降速率信号特征值最小值;σ为压降速率信号特征值。
SVM的目标是找到一个既能正确分离训练样本,又能最大化分类间隔的最优分离超平面[11]。对于非线性分类问题,引入核函数,将其映射到高维空间,达到线性分离[12]。非线性分类问题的分离超平面表达式如下:
f x = s g n i = 1 n β i y i K m i z + b
式中:n为数据类型量;βi为拉格朗日乘子,介于0与惩罚因子C之间,0≤βiCC>0;K(miz)为核函数,其中,mi (i=1,2,…,n)为训练样本矩阵,z为待分类的测试样本矩阵;y为数据标签;b为偏差。
采用的核函数为径向基核函数[13],表达式如下:
K m i z = e x p - m i - z 2 / 2 ε 2
式中ε为宽度参数。核函数参数g的表达式为g = 1/2ε2
利用建立的干线输气管道仿真模型,模拟泄漏、压缩机抽吸、截断阀紧急截断3种工况。每种工况各模拟100组不同阀室的压降速率信号,共300组数据。模拟的参数范围见表2。由于模拟时间较长,获得的每组压降速率信号中的数据量较大,若全部用于信号识别,既不利于模型收敛,也将消耗较长的计算时间。因此,为快速识别工况类型,需要降维处理数据。因模拟的工况都是在第3 min开始变化,故截取各工况3~8 min的压降速率信号作为原始信号。采用线性插值法,每隔7.5 s截取一个数据,共截取41个数据,所截取的压降速率信号如图6 所示。
使用SVD对一组任意信号 P R ( n ) = { P R 1 P R 2 P R n } ( n = 1,2 N )进行特征提取,一般将其构造为每一条副对角线上的元素都相等的汉克尔矩阵H。具体过程如下:
1) 根据压降速率信号,构建汉克尔矩阵H:
H = P R 1 P R 2 P R η P R 2 P R 3 P R η + 1 P R γ P R γ + 1 P R N
式中:PR 1PR 2,…, P R N为各时刻对应的压降速率;η为矩阵列数,η=N-γ+1;γ为矩阵行数,取10;N为一组压降速率信号中的数据量,取41。
2) 对H求解奇异值,每条压降速率信号都可求解出10个奇异值,根据求出的奇异值可以构建出每条压降速率信号的特征向量,表达式如下:
X θ = λ 1 λ 2 λ 10 θ = 1,2 300
式中:Xθ为第θ组压降速率信号的特征向量;θ为压降速率的组数。
用SVD降维处理300组压降速率信号后,部分结果见表3,可以看到,从一组压降信号里提取10个特征值,用以表征每个工况下压降速率信号。
表3看到,通过SVD得到的压降速率特征值信号数量级差异较大,直接使用会导致SVM模型训练时间增长,因此,需要归一化处理压降速率的特征值向量信号。利用式(5)将压降速率特征向量信号限制在[-1,1]内,以表3中压降速率特征值信号为例,经过归一化处理后的压降速率特征信号见表4
归一化处理压降速率信号后,需要划分测试集与训练集。按照YUE Bin等[14]提出的将训练集与测试集按3∶1划分的方法,将获取的300组压降速率特征值信号划分为2份。其中,210组数据(70组泄漏信号、70组压缩机抽吸信号、70组截断阀紧急截断信号)作为训练集使用,剩余90组数据(30组泄漏信号、30组压缩机抽吸信号、30组截断阀紧急截断信号)作为测试集使用。
将划分的训练集输入SVM模型中训练,再用测试集验证训练好后的模型信号识别效果。在建立SVM模型的过程中,将泄漏工况标签设置为1,压缩机抽吸工况标签设置为2,截断阀紧急截断工况标签设置为3。在初始分类中,将惩罚因子C和核函数参数g设定为常用数值2和1。分类结果如图7所示。
图7看到,在用于测试的90组压降速率特征值信号中,SVM模型正确识别了其中的71组信号,错误识别了19组信号,识别准确率约为78.89%。在泄漏工况中,识别正确的信号为25组,错误的信号为5组,该5组信号被误判断为截断阀紧急截断信号,模型识别准确率为83.33%。在压缩机抽吸工况中,识别正确的信号为23组,错误的信号为7组,其中,2组被误判断为泄漏压力信号,另外5组被误判断为截断阀紧急截断信号,模型识别准确率为76.67%。在截断阀紧急截断工况中,识别正确的信号为23组,识别错误的信号为7组,该7组全被错误判断为泄漏压力信号,模型识别准确率为77%。
SVM模型的信号识别性能主要由核函数参数g与惩罚因子C决定,人为设置gC值可能导致:①C值设置过低,模型容错度过高;C值设置过高,模型泛化能力弱。②g值设置过高,模型发生过拟合;g值设置过低,模型发生欠拟合。上述2个问题都容易导致模型信号识别准确率降低。因此,需要通过优化算法对SVM模型内的参数寻优,找到gC的最佳值,以提高模型信号识别准确率。
选择教与学优化算法(Teaching Learning Based Optimization,TLBO)优化SVM模型中的Cg[15]。根据TLBO算法原理编程对gC进行参数寻优,得到最佳gC值及分类结果如图8所示。
图8看出,用TLBO算法优化SVM模型内的参数后,得到最佳gC值分别为g=0.609 5、C=35.385 8。优化后的SVM模型正确识别了83组信号,错误识别了7组信号,模型信号识别准确率约为92.22%。在管道泄漏工况中,识别正确的信号为29组,识别错误的信号为1组,该组信号被误判断为截断阀紧急截断信号,优化后的模型识别准确率为96.67%。在压缩机抽吸工况中,识别正确的信号为30组,优化后的模型识别准确率为100%。在截断阀紧急截断工况中,识别正确的信号为24组,识别错误的信号为6组,其中5组被误判断为压缩机抽吸信号,另外1组被错误判断为泄漏压力信号,优化后的模型识别准确率为80%。
与未优化的SVM模型信号识别结果对比可知:优化后的模型对3种工况下的压降速率信号识别准确率都有提升。模型的整体信号识别准确率从78.89%变为了92.22%,提高了13.33%。
我国南部某干线输气管道全长205.15 km,管径406.4 mm,壁厚8 mm,输气能力72×104m3/d,沿线截断阀采用Shafer气液联动执行机构,阀门的压降率报警设定值为0.1 MPa/min,关断值为0.15 MPa/min。2022年12月15日,因第三方破坏,1号阀门和输气站阀门之间的管道发生泄漏。1号阀在泄漏后用时29 min才检测到压力从3.77 MPa降至3.67 MPa;而输气站的阀门在泄漏后用时21min才检测到压力从3.724 MPa降至3.624 MPa,两者监测到的压降率均未达到警告值0.1 MPa/min,导致阀门没有发出报警信号。
上述结果表明:传统的仅监测压降速率的方法无法有效地识别管道泄漏。因此,采用优化后的SVM模型识别分类监测到的2组泄漏压降速率信号。现场数据采集与监控(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition,SCADA)系统检测到的压降速率信号如图9所示,分类结果如图10所示。
相较于图6中模拟得到的压降速率信号,图9中,现场SCADA系统检测到的压降速率信号存在明显的噪声干扰。因此,在后续工作中,还需要考虑采用变分模态分解算法或中位值平均滤波算法等其他算法去噪处理信号,以持续保证模型的识别准确率。
用TLBO-SVM模型识别上述2个压降速率信号,结果显示,2个压降速率信号都被正确识别为管道泄漏压力信号,识别准确率为100%。表明:TLBO-SVM模型在实际应用中适用性较好。
1) 对某干线输气管道实例验证的结果表明:TLBO-SVM模型可识别泄漏口径为50~125 mm,压降速率范围为0.085~0.07 MPa/min的小孔泄漏,识别准确率为96.67%。对压降速率范围为0.05~0.25 MPa/min的压缩机抽吸信号,识别准确率为100%;可识别压降速率范围为0.02~0.1 MPa/min的截断阀紧急截断工况,识别准确率为80%。对某干线管道实际泄漏压降速率信号的识别准确率为100%。
2) 较之于传统的通过改变压降速率和持续时间来减少截断阀误关断的方法,提出一种通过识别各工况压降速率曲线特征来控制截断阀关断的智能识别方法,为相关研究提供了新思路。在实际应用中,还应考虑管道压降速率信号的噪声干扰,通过数值滤波等方法去除噪声,以更准确地识别泄漏信号。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52074238)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52274065)
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目资助(24NSFSC0717)
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目资助(2022NSFC0235)
  • 四川省自然科学青年基金资助(2022NSFSC1018)
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1137
  • 接收时间:2023-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-12
  • 修回日期:2024-03-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52074238)
国家自然科学基金资助(52274065)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目资助(24NSFSC0717)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目资助(2022NSFC0235)
四川省自然科学青年基金资助(2022NSFSC1018)
作者信息
    1 西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,四川 成都 610500
    2 中海石油有限公司海南分公司,海南 海口 570100
    3 四川蜀交能源开发有限公司,四川 成都 610023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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