Article(id=1149743086311485807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0010-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702483200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-14, revisedDate=1710691200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049712969, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049712969, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049712969, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049712969, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743086932242806, articleId=1149743086311485807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Risk zoo (VI): metaphorical traceability,evolution process and research outlook of black swans, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to prevent the risk of uncertainty and extreme impact brought by the black swan,the origin,transmutation and prospect of the black swan were studied in depth under the perspective of metaphor theory. Firstly,the conceptual integration theory was adopted to analyze the cognitive construction mechanism of the black swan risk metaphor from the aspects of historical flow and development trend,summarize the overall development trend of the black swan,and on the basis of this,divide the black swan into three important transmutation stages of founding,exploring development,and innovating and perfecting,so as to put forward the research dilemma and future outlook of the black swan under the background of digital intelligence empowerment. The results show that the risk metaphor meaning of black swan is a risk event with rarity,episodic,unexpected and unpredictable,and extremely negative impact; the development of the black swan risk metaphor will enter the stage of theoretical differentiation of quantitative fluctuation and change,and the direction of the research should be from generalized application to precise application,from single risk to composite risk,and from silo research to group research.

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为防范黑天鹅带来的不确定性风险和极端影响,在隐喻理论视角下深入研究黑天鹅的溯源、嬗变与展望。首先,从历史源流与发展态势2方面,采用概念整合理论分析黑天鹅风险隐喻的认知构建机制,总结黑天鹅总体发展态势,在此基础上划分黑天鹅创建奠基、探索发展、创新完善3个重要嬗变阶段,提出数智赋能背景下黑天鹅的研究困境与未来展望。研究结果表明:黑天鹅的风险隐喻含义是具有稀有性、偶发性,出人意料且无法预测,并产生极端负面影响的风险事件;黑天鹅风险隐喻的发展将进入数量波动变化的理论分化阶段,研究方向应从泛化应用到精准应用、从单一风险到复合风险、从孤岛研究到群体研究。

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佟瑞鹏 (1977—),男,黑龙江穆棱人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全管理、职业心理健康、环境风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

梁梵洁 (1997—),女,湖南怀化人,博士研究生,主要从事安全管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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梁梵洁 (1997—),女,湖南怀化人,博士研究生,主要从事安全管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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风险动物园(VI):黑天鹅的隐喻溯源、嬗变历程与研究展望
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佟瑞鹏 , 梁梵洁 , 孟子尧 , 王益艳
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(6): 10-19
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(6): 10-19
风险动物园(VI):黑天鹅的隐喻溯源、嬗变历程与研究展望
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佟瑞鹏 , 梁梵洁 , 孟子尧, 王益艳
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • 佟瑞鹏 (1977—),男,黑龙江穆棱人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全管理、职业心理健康、环境风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

    梁梵洁 (1997—),女,湖南怀化人,博士研究生,主要从事安全管理方面的研究。E-mail:

Risk zoo (VI): metaphorical traceability,evolution process and research outlook of black swans
Ruipeng TONG , Fanjie LIANG , Ziyao MENG, Yiyan WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0091
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为防范黑天鹅带来的不确定性风险和极端影响,在隐喻理论视角下深入研究黑天鹅的溯源、嬗变与展望。首先,从历史源流与发展态势2方面,采用概念整合理论分析黑天鹅风险隐喻的认知构建机制,总结黑天鹅总体发展态势,在此基础上划分黑天鹅创建奠基、探索发展、创新完善3个重要嬗变阶段,提出数智赋能背景下黑天鹅的研究困境与未来展望。研究结果表明:黑天鹅的风险隐喻含义是具有稀有性、偶发性,出人意料且无法预测,并产生极端负面影响的风险事件;黑天鹅风险隐喻的发展将进入数量波动变化的理论分化阶段,研究方向应从泛化应用到精准应用、从单一风险到复合风险、从孤岛研究到群体研究。

风险动物园  /  黑天鹅  /  风险隐喻  /  嬗变历程  /  概念整合  /  不确定性

In order to prevent the risk of uncertainty and extreme impact brought by the black swan,the origin,transmutation and prospect of the black swan were studied in depth under the perspective of metaphor theory. Firstly,the conceptual integration theory was adopted to analyze the cognitive construction mechanism of the black swan risk metaphor from the aspects of historical flow and development trend,summarize the overall development trend of the black swan,and on the basis of this,divide the black swan into three important transmutation stages of founding,exploring development,and innovating and perfecting,so as to put forward the research dilemma and future outlook of the black swan under the background of digital intelligence empowerment. The results show that the risk metaphor meaning of black swan is a risk event with rarity,episodic,unexpected and unpredictable,and extremely negative impact; the development of the black swan risk metaphor will enter the stage of theoretical differentiation of quantitative fluctuation and change,and the direction of the research should be from generalized application to precise application,from single risk to composite risk,and from silo research to group research.

risk zoo  /  black swan  /  risk metaphors  /  evolution process  /  conceptual integration  /  uncertainty
佟瑞鹏, 梁梵洁, 孟子尧, 王益艳. 风险动物园(VI):黑天鹅的隐喻溯源、嬗变历程与研究展望. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0091
Ruipeng TONG, Fanjie LIANG, Ziyao MENG, Yiyan WANG. Risk zoo (VI): metaphorical traceability,evolution process and research outlook of black swans[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0091
隐喻的存在对人类的思维和意识发展至关重要[1]。隐喻理论视角下,黑天鹅的动物特征映射到风险本体,形成了经典的风险隐喻,也成为风险动物园的重要组成部分,有助于引发人们对重要问题的讨论和关注[2]。因此,系统研究黑天鹅的起源、发展与趋势,对风险认识和风险管理具有重要意义。
近年来,关于黑天鹅的风险隐喻研究主要存在于金融、政治、卫生等各个领域,如褚吉瑞[3]认为,转型期单位易受到内外部因素影响而出现黑天鹅风险,提出领导者应植入“反脆弱”思维等预防策略;黄轲[4]分析了金融危机、自然灾害和突发公共卫生3类黑天鹅事件对金融市场关联结构的影响及差异。部分学者提出黑天鹅的理论和应用研究,如BHANJA等[5]以黑天鹅为理论基础,建立印度混合股票趋势预测模型,预测股票市场的未来趋势;ZENG等[6]在科学发现与科学计量领域引入黑天鹅与白天鹅隐喻,通过天鹅指数判断已发表的论文是否具有突破性发现。然而,大部分学者通常将黑天鹅作为一个宽泛的概念来论述具体事件,黑天鹅风险隐喻基础研究仍相对零散,且尚未有人对黑天鹅风险隐喻的研究现状与发展趋势进行系统梳理与归纳总结。
鉴于此,笔者拟采用概念整合理论追溯风险动物园中黑天鹅的隐喻历史源流,分析黑天鹅的隐喻发展态势,梳理黑天鹅创建奠基、探索发展、创新完善嬗变3阶段,探究黑天鹅的研究困境与未来展望,以期为加深黑天鹅的风险隐喻认知、丰富风险动物园的图谱提供参考。
在西方传说中,当17世纪的欧洲人发现了除白天鹅之外的第一只澳大利亚黑天鹅后,黑天鹅的风险隐喻源流由此诞生。概念整合理论是一种动态建构心理空间的思维认知活动[7],为黑天鹅的风险隐喻溯源提供了一个全新的视角,有助于人们对抽象风险事件本质的认知。根据这一理论,可得到黑天鹅风险隐喻的4个心理空间:描述黑天鹅“稀有性、出人意料、黑色羽毛”等动物具象特征的输入空间Ⅰ;描述风险事件“偶发性、不可预测、极端负面影响”等本质特性的输入空间Ⅱ;映射2个输入空间“频率、后果、文化”等共同特征的类属空间;经过组合、完善和扩展等认知过程形成“黑天鹅”风险隐喻的整合空间。黑天鹅风险隐喻的概念整合网络如图1所示。
图1可知:在黑天鹅的概念整合网络中,输入空间Ⅰ与输入空间Ⅱ之间存在相互稳定的跨空间映射关系,由实线表示;2个输入空间与类属空间、整合空间的映射关系随环境及语境的不同而进行选择性的动态变化,由虚线表示。基于此,组合输入空间Ⅰ与输入空间Ⅱ的组成成分,选择性删除“黑色羽毛”等无关紧要的成分,再结合西方的文化内涵完善和扩展组成成分,并投射到整合空间形成黑天鹅的风险隐喻含义,即黑天鹅是具有稀有性、偶发性,出人意料且无法预测,并产生极端负面影响的风险事件。
根据“黑天鹅”主题词检索国内外文献,总结黑天鹅风险隐喻整体的发展态势。其中,外文文献以Web of Science为主,中文文献以中国知网中的北大核心与中文社会科学引文索引数据库为主。时间跨度为2007—2023年,检索得到中文文献424篇,外文文献730篇,其中,与黑天鹅风险隐喻有关的中文文献191篇,外文文献418篇。黑天鹅风险隐喻的历时特征如图2所示。
图2可以看出,黑天鹅风险隐喻文献数量总体呈现阶梯式拉升状态,在2017、2020年分别出现大幅度增长,外文文献更是在2022年达到顶峰;从风险隐喻频率来看,中外文献中的黑天鹅风险隐喻用法占比均在45%以上,黑天鹅与风险隐喻的关联性越发紧密;从作者发文被引频次看,2007年TALEB所著书籍《The black swan: the impact of the highly improbable》[8]被引14 334次,AVEN自2013年起陆续发表了黑天鹅相关文献15篇,共被引1 375次。通过检索国内外黑天鹅风险隐喻研究的相关文献,为划分嬗变历程提供了数据基础。
通过梳理纷繁复杂而又不断变化的黑天鹅风险隐喻嬗变历程,将黑天鹅风险隐喻的发展划分为创建奠基、探索发展、创新完善3个阶段,有助于审视黑天鹅风险隐喻存在的短板,为黑天鹅风险隐喻的未来发展提供经验鉴镜。
2007年,TALEB[8]首次系统性地定义了黑天鹅,并认为黑天鹅同时具备稀有性、冲击性、事后预测性3个特征,可视作创建奠基阶段的标志性事件。此后,黑天鹅风险隐喻研究开始步入正轨。
此阶段的黑天鹅风险隐喻研究主要包括黑天鹅的浅层解读、理论比较、理论衍生与方法研究4部分。由于外文图书传播困难、翻译语言存在障碍及中外文化差异较大等原因,黑天鹅风险隐喻研究在国内尚属冷门,国内学者对黑天鹅的研究大多停留在浅层解读,仅将黑天鹅风险隐喻与各行业的某些现象联系在一起,如2008年将刘翔因伤退赛致其个人品牌价值大打折扣称为黑天鹅事件[9],2009年提出警惕阳朔旅游可能遇到的黑天鹅[10],以及2011年分析跨国公司因黑天鹅效应所致的供应链危机[11]等。少数国内学者初步尝试比较黑天鹅与小概率事件的方法论[12]
国外学者则较为注重黑天鹅的理论比较研究,如分析黑天鹅与随机活动理论[13]、奈特不确定性理论[14]之间的联系与区别。与此同时,国外学者初步开展黑天鹅的理论衍生研究,如2007年TALEB[8]提出以灰天鹅隐喻与黑天鹅同样罕见但可预测的风险事件;2009年SORNETTE[15]提出龙王,隐喻比黑天鹅更为极端、但却可以预测的风险事件;2012年,PATÉ-CORNELL[16]探讨了黑天鹅与完美风暴之间的关系。此外,部分国外学者认为传统的风险评估与预测方法低估了黑天鹅的风险,开始尝试从定性的角度提出通过反脆弱性路径建立对抗黑天鹅系统[17]等,从定量的角度提出面向黑天鹅和灰天鹅的巨灾罕见事件风险评估方法[18]、基于结果的黑天鹅事件结构设计方法[19]等。自此,黑天鹅的理论内涵、外延和研究方法已初现雏形。
2013年,AVEN[20]从风险管理学的角度,创新性提出黑天鹅是相对于人的知识而言的、令人惊讶的极端事件,可视为黑天鹅嬗变至探索发展阶段的标志点。与传统视角相比,黑天鹅风险隐喻的新视角更注重知识维度和不可预见的性质。新阶段下的黑天鹅风险隐喻研究在继续开展理论与方法研究的同时,掀起了应用研究的浪潮。
由于政治、经济等领域黑天鹅的频发,2016年更是相继发生英国脱欧公投、特朗普当选美国总统等多起出人意料的事件,加之2017年人民日报评论员在头版刊发文章《有效防范金融风险》[21],强调要高度重视和防范黑天鹅等金融风险事件,黑天鹅正式进入中国经济词汇,引发国内媒体、学界和社会的广泛关注。在此情况下,黑天鹅的文献数量出现较大幅度增长,国内学者开始聚焦黑天鹅的基础理论,如佟瑞鹏等[22]定义黑天鹅事件由5个要素组成,并分为未知的未知事件、已知的未知事件、已知的已知事件3类,为我国黑天鹅理论研究奠定了基础。需要注意的是,尽管黑天鹅已进入国内学者视野,但多数学者仅将黑天鹅作为一个新兴术语,指代研究中易被忽视的重大风险,深层研究黑天鹅原理、发生机制等基础理论的文献仍相对较少。与此同时,我国黑天鹅的应用研究也在快速发展,主要集中于引文“天鹅”现象[23]、档案利用[24]等方面,但我国黑天鹅的方法研究突破较小,仅有少数学者提出采用宏观经济不确定性指数定量识别发生概率≤10%的黑天鹅事件[25]等。
国外学者对黑天鹅的理论研究可归纳为本体理论探析、数学模型刻画、意象演化对比3个视角。黑天鹅的本体理论是黑天鹅风险隐喻的基石,包括黑天鹅的概念定义、基本特征和基本分类。AVEN等[26]深入分析黑天鹅在风险、不确定性和概率方面的含义,并将黑天鹅划分为未知的未知、未知的已知、已知的已知3类;尝试从黑天鹅这一风险隐喻新视角进行风险理解、评估和管理的理论探索[27-28];FAULKNER等[29]探讨了未知、黑天鹅与不确定性的区别。黑天鹅的显著数学特征是不符合正态分布,部分国外学者采用柯西分布[30]、体现肥尾效应的幂律分布[31]或非高斯分布[32]等数学模型刻画黑天鹅;KLEINERT[33]还采用量子场论,将黑天鹅纳入到对粒子物理学的描述中。此外,在持续开展黑天鹅与龙王、灰天鹅等理论衍生研究的基础上,国外学者进一步提出黑天鹅与密涅瓦的猫头鹰[34]、金丝雀与鸵鸟[35]、白象[36]、灰犀牛[37]等新型动物意象的演化对比,其中,灰犀牛隐喻为大概率且影响巨大的潜在危机,与黑天鹅相互补足,提升了黑天鹅风险隐喻使用频率。
国外学者对黑天鹅的方法研究以定量分析为主,包括判定、评估、预测、管控4类方法。其中,黑天鹅判定方法较少,主要包括极值分析[38]、多元向量自回归方法[39]等。黑天鹅评估方法综合了定性与定量分析,包括事前析误[40]、贝叶斯推理[41]、场景分析[42]等方法。由于黑天鹅具有难以预测的特点,其预测方法是众多学者研究的难点和热点,目前主要有动态随机超分辨率算法[43]、指数平滑法[44]等方法。黑天鹅管控方法则是预防黑天鹅的重要手段,包括建立黑天鹅风险特征的风险管理框架[45]、基于沟通的2种去黑策略[46]等。国外学者对黑天鹅的应用研究则从最初的金融、政治逐步扩展至卫生、生态保护和环境治理、化工等领域,且多数具有消极和积极2面性。以卫生领域为例,流行病等事件可被归类为黑天鹅,如癌细胞无限增殖[47]、西非埃博拉疫情[48]等,但医疗技术的重大突破亦是人们所期待的正向黑天鹅。生态保护和环境治理领域亦然,黑天鹅在生态系统中展现出消极作用,如ANDERSON[49]指出,有近4%的生物种群中存在黑天鹅事件,主要表现为种群死亡和崩溃而非意外增长;在环境治理方面,黑天鹅则象征具有变革性的新兴技术突破,如期望黑天鹅技术的出现能够让地下水行业永久地清理具有复杂污染历史的异质含水层并达到饮用水标准[50]。此外,化工领域的黑天鹅通常指印度博帕尔毒气泄漏案等化工事故,如何在黑天鹅中幸存下来成为该领域的重要议题[51]
总体而言,国内黑天鹅风险隐喻的研究反映出我国开始充分认识并警惕黑天鹅,而国外则在黑天鹅风险隐喻理论、方法、应用研究方面探索发展到一定高度,两者的研究进展仍存在较大差距。
2020年,世卫组织宣布新冠疫情构成全球大流行,黑天鹅风险隐喻的研究跃迁进入创新完善阶段。在新冠疫情和百年变局的交织影响下,黑天鹅表现出高度复杂性加剧和深度不确定性骤增的态势,催生了一系列新的关于黑天鹅理解、评估和预测的理论探索,也使得黑天鹅管理和应对策略需要更新和补充。根据创新双螺旋理论,由理论进步和应用创新2个要素组成黑天鹅风险隐喻创新“双螺旋”,二者在螺旋上升、良性循环中共同推动黑天鹅的创新完善。其中,理论进步为应用创新提供了理论基础、科学指南和动力源泉;应用创新则根据社会新需求对现有理论提出新的发展要求、演化逻辑和嬗变方向。
黑天鹅风险隐喻的理论进步包含横向拓展、纵向深化2个方面,应用创新包含渐进创新和创造创新2个层级。在国内,黑天鹅的理论横向拓展以佟瑞鹏等[252-54]提出的风险动物园理论为代表,推动了风险隐喻理论的体系化和学理化,进而反向拓宽了我国黑天鹅理论广度。黑天鹅的理论纵向深化以尺度错位原则[55]、黑天鹅“判定-分析-应对”全流程研究路径1[56]及“出现-预测-规避”全流程研究路径2[57]为代表,推动了我国黑天鹅理论研究深化、内化、转化工作达到新高度。黑天鹅的应用渐进创新是指对已应用领域进行改进和迭代,如邢变变[58]、梁艳丽[59]等分别发表再论与也论档案利用与“黑天鹅事件”论文,深度探讨了黑天鹅能否应用于档案利用;张慧等[60]基于引文“天鹅”现象,继续探析优质论文中的“天鹅群”模式及“伴随睡美人”现象。黑天鹅的应用创造创新是指在新领域应用黑天鹅风险隐喻,如史昱[61]将黑天鹅应用于科研不端问题,围绕《肿瘤生物学》集中撤稿事件分析科研不端问题如何从灰犀牛演变成黑天鹅。
国外学者对黑天鹅的理论横向拓展以绿天鹅[62]、黑象[63]为代表,整体研究仍较为零散、不成体系。国外黑天鹅的理论纵向深化主要集中于哲学和数学2个视角,如HAKAN[64]从哲学角度提出黑天鹅可用来显示任何思想体系的脆弱性;DE MARZO等[65]定义并使用Blackness参数定量分析社会和自然事件是黑天鹅、灰天鹅还是白天鹅。由于国外黑天鹅应用较为广泛,多数黑天鹅的应用创新属于渐进创新,即将新冠疫情与金融、政治、卫生等已应用领域结合,如AHMAD等[66]提出新冠疫情期间美国、英国和欧洲股市出现了黑天鹅事件;WIND等[67]提出新冠疫情大流行是精神卫生保健的黑天鹅和电子医疗的转折点。少数黑天鹅的应用创造创新集中于农产品行业、畜牧业等新领域,此时黑天鹅通常指代新冠疫情,如BRUGAROLAS等[68]指出消费者因新冠疫情大流行改变购买行为;SIMIANER等[69]分析了新冠疫情对畜牧业的直接影响,并提出从中学习增强畜牧业恢复力等经验教训。
纵观目前国内外对黑天鹅的研究,大多处于理论进步和应用创新的良性循环中,但也应从黑天鹅嬗变历程中看到,即便黑天鹅的研究热度因新冠疫情等事件有所上升,然而随着时间推移和事件结束,黑天鹅的文献数量也逐渐回落,说明黑天鹅仍存在研究困境,需厘清黑天鹅未来的发展方向。
黑天鹅风险隐喻嬗变3阶段如图3所示。
当前,黑天鹅越来越受到国内外学者的关注,但黑天鹅风险隐喻的发展仅有17年时间,有关理论、方法和应用亟待丰富和完善。黑天鹅风险隐喻研究主要存在以下问题:
1) 黑天鹅陷入泛化滥用陷阱。近年来,多数学者在研究黑天鹅时,通常先直接定义某个事件为黑天鹅,再探讨各行各业应对黑天鹅的方法和对策,少有人深入挖掘一个事件为何称之为黑天鹅,导致黑天鹅的风险隐喻含义在公众的想象和学者的研究中逐渐泛化。此外,黑天鹅也易被各界滥用,作为等待事故发生后再采取风险管理措施或逃避责任的借口。
2) 黑天鹅基本问题仍未厘清。黑天鹅内涵包括6个基本问题,即科学定义、研究对象、研究目的、研究内容、研究方法、研究范围,是国内外学者共同探讨但仍未达成一致观点的理论问题。如黑天鹅目前仍无明确的严格定义,仅有几个共识提法。从“9·11”恐怖袭击事件到新冠疫情爆发,黑天鹅在国内外仍时有发生,而每当发生影响巨大且出人意料的事件时,人们通常会将其称之为黑天鹅,却难以从理论上明确解释为什么是黑天鹅,这与未从学术理念、思想认识的角度厘清黑天鹅的基本问题有关。
3) 黑天鹅研究范式尚未成型。黑天鹅的研究范式是黑天鹅所赖以运作的理论基础、方法论和实践规范,是对黑天鹅内容和方法的统一。然而,作为新兴术语,黑天鹅的理论架构仍不明晰,目前对黑天鹅的争论与反思也尚未达成一致,如几项研究及TALEB已指出新生病毒传播的可能性,但许多公共机构和期刊仍将新冠疫情视作黑天鹅进而开展研究。可见:黑天鹅现有研究之间缺乏自觉的隐喻认同,研究成果也发表于不同类型的期刊,黑天鹅风险隐喻研究的主阵地至今仍未形成,这意味着黑天鹅风险隐喻尚未形成研究范式。
作为国内外熟知的经典风险隐喻,黑天鹅能够引领风险隐喻理论快速发展,因此,需不断完善。根据科学理论发展的阶段特点,创新完善阶段之后会进入分化阶段,可能的发展方向有3种,即数量波动变化;数量下降到一定程度后趋于稳定;数量逐渐减少到0[70]。由于人类认知与知识的有限性,黑天鹅事件将不断发生,黑天鹅的发展可能会进入数量波动变化状态。在数智赋能的时代背景下,黑天鹅未来可能有以下发展方向:
1) 从泛化应用到精准应用。在风险管理中引入黑天鹅风险隐喻,是为了准确、简洁、高效地阐释某一类风险事件,揭示其本质与规律,从而形成一种较为完备的科学理论。然而,黑天鹅的过度延伸和泛化应用,导致黑天鹅从一个隐喻具有稀有性、冲击性与事后可预测性事件的元概念沦为人们逃避责任的宽泛概念,同时也导致学者们丧失对黑天鹅的独到见解和洞察力,研究内容日益偏离防范黑天鹅的现实需求。与之相反,精准应用黑天鹅是随着时代和科技的进步而逐渐发展的一种新要求,更加重视黑天鹅内涵与风险事件的精准匹配,有助于提供更有针对性的黑天鹅风险应对策略。因此,需明确黑天鹅的基本问题和科学理论,实现黑天鹅的精准判定、评估、预测与管控。
2) 从单一风险到复合风险。信息时代,大数据和人工智能等技术使得黑天鹅发生的概率、形式、特征等均发生了颠覆性的变化。黑天鹅发生频次由“未曾听闻”向“年度总结”演变,黑天鹅风险事件由“单一风险”向“复合风险”演变,通过时空关联关系形成了复合黑天鹅。在此背景下,黑天鹅风险隐喻研究需从传统单一视角向复合视角转变,通过不同时空尺度下复合黑天鹅多驱动因子或致灾因子耦合作用机制等相关研究,改进传统针对单变量黑天鹅的理论与应用研究,提出针对多变量复合黑天鹅的判定、评估、预测及管控方法,全方位革新复合黑天鹅风险隐喻研究。
3) 从孤岛研究到群体研究。随着数智科技的蓬勃发展,各理论发展速度加快、渗透性增强,孤立开展黑天鹅风险隐喻的研究已难以适应世界快速发展的趋势。理想的黑天鹅风险隐喻研究是从孤岛式研究走向群体化研究,在建立黑天鹅“判定-评估-预测-应对”研究范式的基础上,黑天鹅个性化的理论和实践可在与类似的非典型突发事件、小概率事件等研究范式的交流与借鉴中得到进一步验证与完善。此外,还可成立风险隐喻协会,重点探索下一个具有破坏性或变革性的黑天鹅,从而推动风险隐喻实现里程碑发展。
1) 基于概念整合视角分析风险动物园中黑天鹅风险隐喻的历史源流和发展态势,提出黑天鹅风险隐喻含义,即黑天鹅是具有稀有性、偶发性,出人意料且无法预测,并产生极端负面影响的风险事件。
2) 黑天鹅是经典的风险隐喻,将黑天鹅嬗变历程划分为创建奠基、探索发展、创新完善3阶段,有助于科学、系统地推动黑天鹅风险隐喻“判定-评估-预测-应对”研究范式的形成。
3) 提出数智赋能背景下的黑天鹅研究困境与未来展望,即黑天鹅存在陷入泛化滥用陷阱、基本问题仍未厘清、研究范式尚未成型等共性问题,未来黑天鹅风险隐喻将进入数量波动变化的理论分化阶段,研究方向应从泛化应用到精准应用、从单一风险到复合风险、从孤岛研究到群体的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52074302)
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助(8212015)
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0091
  • 接收时间:2023-12-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-14
  • 修回日期:2024-03-18
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国家自然科学基金资助(52074302)
北京市自然科学基金资助(8212015)
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    中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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