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Article(id=1149743085015449861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0082-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=1710691200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049712660, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049712660, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049712660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049712660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743085799784713, articleId=1149743085015449861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Influence study on inhibitory effect of porous materials on LPG explosion in vent pipe, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the influence of porous materials on the explosion propagation characteristics of LPG in vent pipes，experiments were conducted on a self-built gas explosion test platform. The inhibitory effect of silicon carbide materials with different thicknesses and porosities on the flame propagation characteristics and explosion overpressure in the vent pipe was investigated. The results show that porous materials can effectively prevent the propagation of LPG explosion flame. With the increase of porosity and thickness，the propagation distance，propagation speed and intensity of LPG flame are reduced，and the porosity has a greater effect on the fire resistance than the thickness. The installation of porous materials also reduces the maximum explosion overpressure. When LPG is not ignited behind the installation location，increasing the porosity and thickness of porous materials，the maximum explosion overpressure in front of the material (PT1，PT2) increases，and that behind the material (PT3) is close to the static film-breaking pressure. The firestopping effect of material porosity and thickness shows that increasing the porosity of the material for firestopping should be prioritized when the strength of the material is up to standard in engineering applications.

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为探究多孔材料对泄爆管道液化石油气(LPG)爆炸传播特性的影响特征，采用自主搭建的气体爆炸测试平台，分析不同厚度及孔隙度的碳化硅多孔材料对火焰传播特性和爆炸超压的影响。结果表明：安装多孔材料可有效阻止泄爆管道中LPG爆炸火焰的传播；随着多孔材料孔隙度和厚度的增加，LPG火焰的传播距离、传播速度和强度均减小，其中，材料孔隙度对阻火效果的影响更大；同时多孔材料可降低泄爆管道中LPG的最大爆炸超压，当材料安装位置后端气体未被引燃时，增加多孔材料的孔隙度和厚度，材料前端(PT1、PT2)的最大爆炸超压增大，材料后端(PT3)的最大爆炸超压接近于静态破膜压力。材料孔隙度和厚度的阻火效应表明：在工程应用中，当材料强度达标后，应优先考虑增加材料的孔隙度来进行阻火。

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关文玲 (1978—)，女，陕西渭南人，博士，副教授，主要从事工业过程安全方面的研究。E-mail：。

任常兴 副研究员

董呈杰 讲师

张网 副研究员

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关文玲 (1978—)，女，陕西渭南人，博士，副教授，主要从事工业过程安全方面的研究。E-mail：。

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关文玲 (1978—)，女，陕西渭南人，博士，副教授，主要从事工业过程安全方面的研究。E-mail：。

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任常兴 副研究员

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任常兴 副研究员

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董呈杰 讲师

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董呈杰 讲师

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张网 副研究员

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张网 副研究员

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Fuel, 2022, 310: DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122473., articleTitle=Explosion venting of hydrogen-air mixture in an obstructed rectangular tube, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181874502410280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=NFPA-2023, Standard on explosion protection by deflagration venting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NFPA-2023, Standard on explosion protection by deflagration venting[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181874565324841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=GONG Haofeng, GUAN Wenling, WANG Xiaoli, journalName=Combustion Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONG Haofeng, GUAN Wenling, WANG Xiaoli, et al. Experimental study of the suppression effect of N2/CO2 on the LPG explosion behavior in a half-open duct with large aspect ratios[J]. Combustion Science and Technology, 2022: DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2022.2158735., articleTitle=Experimental study of the suppression effect of N2/CO2 on the LPG explosion behavior in a half-open duct with large aspect ratios, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181874624045098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=188, issue=11/12, pageStart=2117, pageEnd=2127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=NIE Baisheng, YANG Longlong, WANG Jingwei, journalName=Combustion science and technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIE Baisheng, YANG Longlong, WANG Jingwei. Experiments and mechanisms of gas explosion suppression with foam ceramics[J]. Combustion science and technology, 2016, 188(11/12):2117-2127., articleTitle=Experiments and mechanisms of gas explosion suppression with foam ceramics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181874707931179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=LU Yawei, WANG Zhirong, CAO Xingyan, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Yawei, WANG Zhirong, CAO Xingyan, et al. Interaction mechanism of wire mesh inhibition and ducted venting on methane explosion[J]. Fuel, 2021, 304: DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121343., articleTitle=Interaction mechanism of wire mesh inhibition and ducted venting on methane explosion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181874770845740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=50, pageStart=25 763, pageEnd=25 770, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=32, authorNames=GUO Jin, WANG Xuebiao, ZHANG Kai, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Jin, WANG Xuebiao, ZHANG Kai, et al. Effects of nitrogen addition on vented hydrogen:air deflagration in a vertical duct[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(50):25 763-25 770., articleTitle=Effects of nitrogen addition on vented hydrogen:air deflagration in a vertical duct, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168181872136822795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, awardId=22JCZDJC00840, language=CN, fundingSource=2022年天津市应用基础研究多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00840), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168181867929936839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181867938325448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, companyId=1168181867929936839, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering，Tianjin University of Technology，Tianjin 300384，China), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Test system, figureFileSmall=y6RBvCYEeohkdvzbojLLUw==, figureFileBig=zxOatdmVhRSvLfpCPmSnFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181870350050293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=CN, label=图1, caption=测试系统, figureFileSmall=y6RBvCYEeohkdvzbojLLUw==, figureFileBig=zxOatdmVhRSvLfpCPmSnFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181870417159158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Silicon carbide foam ceramics, figureFileSmall=f0AGsYqqefDIbmZqXMmdRg==, figureFileBig=1WRU75EfkntadDRLtsL32g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181870480073719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=CN, label=图2, caption=碳化硅泡沫陶瓷, 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Position of photosensitive sensor in pipelinem

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
距点火端距离 0.25 0.65 1.05 1.45 1.85 2.25
), ArticleFig(id=1168181871486705668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光敏传感器在管道中的位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
距点火端距离 0.25 0.65 1.05 1.45 1.85 2.25
), ArticleFig(id=1168181871549620229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Position of pressure sensor in pipelinem

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器 PT1 PT2 PT3
距点火端距离 0.1 1.3 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1168181871608340486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

压力传感器在管道中的位置

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传感器 PT1 PT2 PT3
距点火端距离 0.1 1.3 2.5
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Silicon carbide foam ceramic parameters

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孔隙度/
PPI		 平均孔
径/mm		 最大孔
径/mm		 最小孔
径/mm		 上偏差 下偏差
10 2.54 3.18 2.12 0.64 -0.42
15 1.69 1.95 1.49 0.26 -0.2
20 1.27 1.41 1.15 0.14 -0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1168181871805472776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

碳化硅泡沫陶瓷参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔隙度/
PPI		 平均孔
径/mm		 最大孔
径/mm		 最小孔
径/mm		 上偏差 下偏差
10 2.54 3.18 2.12 0.64 -0.42
15 1.69 1.95 1.49 0.26 -0.2
20 1.27 1.41 1.15 0.14 -0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1168181871893553161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Quenching conditions under various working conditions

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厚度/mm 孔隙度/PPI
10 15 20
15 × Δ Δ
20 Δ Δ √
30 Δ Δ √
), ArticleFig(id=1168181871977439242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743085015449861, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各工况火焰淬熄情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mm 孔隙度/PPI
10 15 20
15 × Δ Δ
20 Δ Δ √
30 Δ Δ √
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多孔材料对泄爆管道LPG爆炸抑制效应的影响研究
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关文玲 1 , 矦逸飞 1, 2 , 任常兴 3 , 董呈杰 1 , 张网 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(6): 82-89
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(6): 82-89
多孔材料对泄爆管道LPG爆炸抑制效应的影响研究
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关文玲1 , 矦逸飞1, 2, 任常兴3, 董呈杰1, 张网3
作者信息
  • 1 天津理工大学 环境科学与安全工程学院，天津 300384
  • 2 天津长芦海晶集团有限公司，天津 300450
  • 3 应急管理部 天津消防研究所，天津 300381

    • 关文玲 (1978—)，女，陕西渭南人，博士，副教授，主要从事工业过程安全方面的研究。E-mail：。

    任常兴 副研究员

    董呈杰 讲师

    张网 副研究员

Influence study on inhibitory effect of porous materials on LPG explosion in vent pipe
Wenling GUAN1 , Yifei HOU1, 2, Changxing REN3, Chengjie DONG1, Wang ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering，Tianjin University of Technology，Tianjin 300384，China
  • 2 Tianjin Changlu Haijing Group Co.，Ltd.，Tianjin 300450，China
  • 3 Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM，Tianjin 300381，China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1139
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摘要
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为探究多孔材料对泄爆管道液化石油气(LPG)爆炸传播特性的影响特征，采用自主搭建的气体爆炸测试平台，分析不同厚度及孔隙度的碳化硅多孔材料对火焰传播特性和爆炸超压的影响。结果表明：安装多孔材料可有效阻止泄爆管道中LPG爆炸火焰的传播；随着多孔材料孔隙度和厚度的增加，LPG火焰的传播距离、传播速度和强度均减小，其中，材料孔隙度对阻火效果的影响更大；同时多孔材料可降低泄爆管道中LPG的最大爆炸超压，当材料安装位置后端气体未被引燃时，增加多孔材料的孔隙度和厚度，材料前端(PT1、PT2)的最大爆炸超压增大，材料后端(PT3)的最大爆炸超压接近于静态破膜压力。材料孔隙度和厚度的阻火效应表明：在工程应用中，当材料强度达标后，应优先考虑增加材料的孔隙度来进行阻火。

多孔材料  /  泄爆管道  /  液化石油气(LPG)  /  抑制效应  /  爆炸超压

In order to investigate the influence of porous materials on the explosion propagation characteristics of LPG in vent pipes，experiments were conducted on a self-built gas explosion test platform. The inhibitory effect of silicon carbide materials with different thicknesses and porosities on the flame propagation characteristics and explosion overpressure in the vent pipe was investigated. The results show that porous materials can effectively prevent the propagation of LPG explosion flame. With the increase of porosity and thickness，the propagation distance，propagation speed and intensity of LPG flame are reduced，and the porosity has a greater effect on the fire resistance than the thickness. The installation of porous materials also reduces the maximum explosion overpressure. When LPG is not ignited behind the installation location，increasing the porosity and thickness of porous materials，the maximum explosion overpressure in front of the material (PT1，PT2) increases，and that behind the material (PT3) is close to the static film-breaking pressure. The firestopping effect of material porosity and thickness shows that increasing the porosity of the material for firestopping should be prioritized when the strength of the material is up to standard in engineering applications.

porous materials  /  vent pipe  /  liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  /  inhibiting effect  /  explosion overpressure
关文玲, 矦逸飞, 任常兴, 董呈杰, 张网. 多孔材料对泄爆管道LPG爆炸抑制效应的影响研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1139
Wenling GUAN, Yifei HOU, Changxing REN, Chengjie DONG, Wang ZHANG. Influence study on inhibitory effect of porous materials on LPG explosion in vent pipe[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1139
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0 引言
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液化石油气(Liquefied Petroleum Gas，LPG)作为一种化石燃料，由于其热值高、无烟尘、无残渣，操作使用方便，在我国被广泛使用。然而，由于其易燃易爆的特性，泄漏后极易发生爆炸事故。LPG管道泄漏导致的爆炸事故时有发生，如大连坤马燃气有限公司“9·10”较大管道LPG泄漏爆炸事故造成9人死亡，4人受伤[1]。2021年，《中共中央国务院关于全面推进乡村振兴加快农业农村现代化的意见》指出，推进燃气下乡，支持建设安全可靠的乡村储气罐站和微管网供气系统。目前，青海、湖北、云南等地区的多个村庄已经使用了LPG智能微管网供气系统[2-3]，此外，LPG站和化工企业也存在LPG管道输送[4-5]，因此，以管道中LPG为研究对象，研究LPG抑爆特性，可为LPG火灾爆炸事故的预防与控制提供一定的理论依据，也可从技术角度控制气体爆炸事故的发生提供参考。
目前，主要的气体爆炸控制手段包括细水雾抑爆[6]、惰性粉体抑爆[7]、泄爆[8]、多孔材料抑爆[9]、惰性气体抑爆[10]等手段泄爆作为一种有效的防爆手段，引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。在泄爆领域，一些学者研究了泄爆口参数对泄爆的影响。TANG Zesi等[11]研究了泄爆口大小对内部超压和火焰行为的影响，发现当通风系数大于8.33时，随着系数的增大容器内部爆炸超压剧烈上升，外部火焰的最大长度先减小后略有增加；ALEXIOU等[12]研究了泄爆位置对爆炸超压的影响，发现端部泄放和管道中部泄放的爆炸超压较大。此外，还有一些学者研究了其他条件对泄爆的影响，如QIU Yanyu等[13]研究了点火位置对泄爆过程中内外压力特性的影响；SUN Song等[14]研究了初始湍流对甲烷-空气混合物泄爆爆炸特性的影响。上述研究表明：泄爆可有效降低爆炸时容器内部的压力，减小事故损失。但由于泄爆过程中会产生喷射火焰，在造成外部爆炸的同时也可能对外部环境造成损害。多孔材料作为一种抑爆方法，可有效阻止火焰的传播，近年来很多学者研究和分析了多孔材料的抑爆效果及机制。NIE Baisheng[15]、孙建华[16]、CHEN Peng[17]等研究发现，在密闭的管道中安装多孔材料，不仅可以阻止火焰的传播，还可以有效减小爆炸超压；CHEN Peng[17]、ZHUANG Chunji[18]、DUAN Yulong[19]等分析了密闭管道中多孔材料的孔隙度、厚度对甲烷抑爆效果的影响，结果表明：多孔材料的孔隙度越高、厚度越大，对甲烷的抑爆效果越好；邵继伟等[20]研究了密闭的球形容器-管道系统中组合型多孔材料的抑爆效果，发现不同多孔材料的组合可更好地抑制瓦斯爆炸；袁必和等[21]研究了多孔材料填充位置和填充长度对瓦斯爆炸最大爆炸压力的影响，发现填充位置在距离点火位置最近处，填充长度为2m时，其抑爆性能最好。
综上，目前关于泄爆的研究多集中于改变泄爆口本身参数或爆炸初始参数，研究结论可用于改善泄爆性能，但对泄爆导致的喷射火焰难以解决。多孔材料能有效阻止火焰传播，但关于多孔材料的研究多在密闭的容器中进行，泄爆与多孔材料联合使用效果的研究少见报道。在泄爆管道中，障碍物对泄爆有着明显的阻碍作用[22]，安装多孔材料也起到一定的障碍物作用。鉴于此，笔者在安装多孔材料的泄爆管中进行LPG-空气爆炸试验，研究多孔材料对火焰传播及爆炸压力的抑制效应，分析多孔材料厚度和孔隙度对爆炸参数的影响，以期为LPG无焰泄爆设计提供数据支撑。
1 LPG-空气爆炸试验系统与方案
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1.1 LPG-空气爆炸试验系统
测试系统包括爆炸管道、配气系统、点火系统、压力测试系统、光敏测试系统、多孔材料和数据采集系统，如图1所示。爆炸管道由2根长1 000mm，内径80mm的圆柱形高硼硅钢化玻璃及端部不锈钢连接件组合而成，全长2 600mm，耐压2.5MPa，试验管道一端封闭设置点火装置，另一端作为泄爆口，燃爆前由聚氯乙烯薄膜密封，根据国际标准NFPA68-2023[23]，测得泄爆膜静态启动压力(静态破膜压力)为24 kPa;配气系统由循环泵、集气袋、气体流量计和节门等组成；点火采用3.7 V 蓄电池陶瓷发热片，其产生的能量可将试验气体点燃；爆炸压力由布置在管道2端和中间的3个压力传感器记录，火焰信号由管道延长度方向布置的6个光敏传感器记录。压力传感器及光敏传感器的位置见表1、表2和图1。为方便多孔材料后压力和火焰数据的采集，多孔材料安装在距泄爆口1 200mm处，通过管道的连接件固定；数据采集系统由数据采集卡和计算机组成，为记录爆炸瞬态压力，综合考虑数据采集卡容量和爆炸持续时间，数据采集卡各通道的采样频率为19 kHz，满足数据采集要求。
1.2 LPG-空气爆炸试验方案
使用的LPG主要成分为：95%丙烷、1.5%异丁烷、1.5%二氧化碳、0.07%正丁烷和其他烃类气体，根据前期的研究[24]，LPG的最大爆炸压力出现在其体积分数为4.8%时，因此，采用LPG体积分数为4.8%进行试验，应用道尔顿分压定律，配置4.8%体积分数的LPG-空气混合物。多孔材料中，碳化硅泡沫陶瓷具有较强的耐高温、阻燃降压的能力且经济性较高[19]，因此，选择碳化硅泡沫陶瓷多孔材料进行爆炸抑制效应试验，材料结构如图2所示。通过预试验发现，多孔材料厚度过薄，很容易被爆炸破坏，多孔材料过厚或孔隙度过高，火焰被完全阻隔，因此，选择3种孔隙度(每英寸孔数(Pores Per Linear Inch，PPI))10、15、20 PPI，3种厚度15、20、30mm的多孔材料进行试验，材料试验后均未损坏，材料的详细参数见表3。
2 多孔材料对LPG抑爆效应的影响
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2.1 多孔材料对LPG火焰强度抑制效应
火焰信号在一定程度上反映燃烧的剧烈程度，不同工况下各测点的最大火焰强度如图3所示。由图3可知：加入多孔材料后对F4 (多孔材料安装位置后第一个测点) 火焰强度影响最大，在安装多孔材料的所有试验工况下，均观察到F4火焰强度比未安装材料时显著降低。在15mm-10 PPI试验工况下，火焰传播至F6并随着泄爆膜的破裂冲出管道；20mm-20 PPI及30mm-20 PPI工况下，火焰未通过多孔材料；其他工况火焰通过了多孔材料，但由于多孔材料的冷却及分割作用，火焰并未传播至管道末端，可能的原因是多孔材料使火焰温度降至燃料的燃点以下，导致冷却后的火焰未引燃材料后端气体，其中，15mm-20 PPI、20mm-15 PPI、30mm-10 PPI及30mm-15 PPI工况火焰传播到F4处，15mm-15 PPI、20mm-10 PPI工况火焰传播到F5处。上述结果表明：安装多孔材料后，F4处火焰强度和火焰的传播距离相比于未安装多孔材料时明显降低。这说明多孔材料可有效阻止泄爆管中火焰的传播，在一定的材料厚度和孔隙度的情况下，多孔材料可完全阻止泄爆管中火焰的传播。不同工况下的火焰淬熄情况见表4。当孔隙度为20 PPI、厚度为20mm以上时，火焰不能通过多孔材料，淬熄成功。
为探究材料厚度和孔隙度对最大火焰强度的影响，分别以厚度和孔隙度为变量分析各测点最大火焰强度。从图3中可以看出，当孔隙度(或厚度)固定时，随着材料厚度(或孔隙度)的增大，材料后监测点F4、F5、F6的火焰强度均逐渐降低。例如：当孔隙度为10 PPI时，随着材料厚度由15mm增加至30mm，F4、F5、F6的火焰信号逐渐由3.04、4.50、4.50mV降至0.51、0、0mV;当厚度为15mm时，随着材料孔隙度由10 PPI增加至20 PPI，F4、F5、F6的最大火焰强度逐渐从3.04、4.50、4.50mV降至0.06、0、0mV。
因此，在孔隙度(或厚度)相同的情况下，增加材料厚度(或孔隙度)可更好地阻止泄爆管中火焰的传播。这是因为当火焰冲击多孔介质时，会被多孔介质分割成大量的火焰流，分割后的火焰流中的活性自由基与壁面发生碰撞，化学反应被终止；此外，陶瓷材料中有许多蜂窝状的空隙，燃烧的火焰穿透这些空隙时与陶瓷的孔壁进行热交换，热量通过孔壁和相邻结构消散，因此，火焰温度迅速下降到淬火温度以下，发生淬火并抑制火焰传播[25]。因此，随着厚度的增加，自由基与壁面的碰撞概率增加，火焰热损失增加，材料的火焰淬熄效果就越好；随着材料孔隙度的增大，火焰被分割为更小的火焰流，火焰与多孔介质骨架的接触面积增大，火焰冷却更快，自由基与壁面的碰撞更加剧烈，材料的火焰淬熄效果就越好。
2.2 多孔材料对LPG火焰传播速度的抑制效应
不同工况下各测点间的平均火焰传播速度如图4所示。从图4可以看出，安装多孔材料后，各测点的平均火焰传播速度均低于未安装多孔材料的情况。未安装多孔材料的情况下，火焰速度持续增加，当安装了多孔材料后，F3-F4平均火焰速度较之F2-F3均有下降的趋势。
为对比多孔材料对火焰传播的减速效果，选取F3-F4平均火焰传播速度进行分析。不同条件下的F3-F4平均火焰传播速度如图5所示。由图5可知：随着材料厚度的增加，相同材料孔隙度工况的F3-F4平均火焰速度减小；随着材料孔隙度的增加，相同材料厚度工况的F3-F4平均火焰速度也随之减小，直至20 PPI的情况下20mm厚和30mm厚时火焰在F4处消失。可见：增加多孔材料的厚度和孔隙度可有效降低泄爆管中的火焰传播速度，阻止火焰的传播。
2.3 材料物理性能对LPG爆炸阻火效应对比
不同工况下的F4的火焰强度如图6所示。从图6可以看出，在孔隙度为10、15 PPI时，尽管材料厚度增加到30mm，火焰依旧未能淬熄成功，成功淬熄仅出现在20 PPI时。以15mm-10 PPI材料的火焰强度为基准，厚度增加一倍使得F4火焰强度由3.04mV下降至0.51mV，下降了83.22%;而孔隙度增加一倍使得F4火焰强度由3.04mV下降至0.06mV，下降了98.03%，可见：孔隙度对材料火焰淬熄效果和火焰速度降低效果的提升作用更大。因此，在工程应用中，当材料强度达标后，应优先考虑增加材料的孔隙度来阻止泄爆火焰传播。
2.4 多孔材料对LPG最大爆炸超压的作用效应
不同工况下各测点的最大爆炸超压如图7所示。从图7可以看出，随着距点火端距离的增加，各工况的最大爆炸超压逐渐减小，在管道末端达到最小值，此外，安装多孔材料后的各测点最大爆炸超压均低于未安装材料时的最大爆炸超压。20mm-10 PPI工况下，各测点的最大爆炸超压最小。
当管道中安装了15mm-10 PPI的多孔材料时，爆炸火焰穿过多孔材料并引燃了材料后的可燃气体，导致PT2处的最大爆炸超压(38.00 kPa)接近PT1处的最大爆炸超压(38.21 kPa);除15mm-10 PPI外，材料前端(PT1、PT2)的最大超压随着厚度(或孔隙度)的增加而增大，材料后端(PT3)的最大超压始终接近静态破膜压力24 kPa。例如：孔隙度为20 PPI时，随着材料厚度由15mm增加至30mm，PT1处的最大爆炸超压由36.94 kPa上升至51.20 kPa，PT2处的最大爆炸超压由31.02 kPa上升至43.11 kPa，材料后端PT3处的最大爆炸超压分别为24.27、24.24、24.14 kPa。
总的来说，安装多孔材料可降低泄爆管道中LPG爆炸的最大爆炸超压。在安装多孔材料且火焰未能点燃材料后气体时，增加材料的厚度或孔隙度会使得材料前的最大爆炸超压增大，而材料后的最大爆炸超压接近静态破膜压力，可能的原因是厚度和孔隙度增加造成的阻塞效应，导致容器内的能量不能迅速释放，压力波的一部分会被多孔材料阻挡，致使压力波反向传播，这被称为反向压力波[26]。随着材料厚度和孔隙度的增加，多孔材料的通透性降低，反向压力波也随之增大。因此，随着多孔材料厚度和孔隙度的增加，管道前端的最大爆炸超压呈现增大的趋势。又由于通过材料的压力波在多孔材料内发生了碰撞，能量产生了损耗，最终导致PT3最大爆炸超压很小，在试验中接近静态破膜压力。
2.5 多孔材料对LPG爆炸压力-时间作用效应
为分析多孔材料对爆炸压力-时间的作用效应，选取2个测点PT1、PT2的压力随时间的变化进行分析，其中，PT1处爆炸超压最大，PT2处位于多孔材料安装位置前。不同工况(未安装多孔材料、安装多孔材料并引燃材料后气体(15mm-10 PPI)、安装多孔材料未引燃材料后气体(15mm-15 PPI))的压力时间过程如图8所示。从图8可以看出，在PT1、PT2处压力随时间的变化曲线基本相似。
未安装多孔材料工况下，当LPG在管道中爆炸时，可观察到PT1、PT2均出现2个压力峰P1、P2，其中，P1为泄爆膜打开时PT1(PT2)处累积的压力，P2的形成是火焰前沿的泰勒不稳定性、亥姆霍兹振荡和外部爆炸的共同作用[27]，其中，P2为主导峰值。
当管道中安装了多孔材料且引燃了材料后气体时，在2个测点同样观察到了与未安装多孔材料类似的2个压力峰值，其中，P1的形成原因与未安装多孔材料时相同，P2除了受火焰前沿的泰勒不稳定性、亥姆霍兹振荡和外部爆炸影响外，还受到多孔材料反射的爆炸波的影响。文中2个测点的主导峰值都变成了P1，可能的原因是多孔材料的存在降低了通过材料后爆炸波的速度，导致排出的可燃气体减少，进而降低了外部爆炸的程度，外部爆炸的压力波传回2个测点PT1、PT2时也受到多孔材料的阻挡，同时，反射波对P2的增加作用小于外部爆炸波减小带来的降低作用，导致该工况下的P2相比未安装多孔材料时有所降低。此外，P1的值与破膜前压力上升速率、泄爆膜开启的时间相关，破膜前压力上升速率越大，或泄爆膜开启越晚，累积的压力就越多，P1就越大。从图8a可以看出，当安装多孔材料后导致泄爆膜开启时间延迟了0.028s，又由于多孔材料对火焰未能淬熄成功，破膜前压力上升速率较大，所以P1较大，最终导致P2低于P1。
当管道中安装了多孔材料但未引燃材料后气体时，同样观察到2个峰值，其形成原因与安装材料并引燃材料后气体的情况相同，但此时主导峰值为P2，此工况下虽然没有外部爆炸的发生，但由于材料孔隙度或厚度的增加，反射波的作用增大，同时破膜前压力上升速率较小使得P1比前2种情况有所降低，最终导致P2为主导峰值。
3 结论
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1) 多孔材料可有效阻止泄爆管道中LPG爆炸火焰的传播，随着多孔材料的孔隙度和厚度的增加，火焰传播距离和通过材料的火焰强度减小。
2) 多孔材料的存在可降低泄爆管道中LPG爆炸的火焰传播速度；增加多孔材料的孔隙度和厚度，经过多孔材料后火焰传播速度明显下降。
3) 材料孔隙度和厚度的阻火效应表明：在工程应用中，当材料强度达标后，应优先考虑增加材料的孔隙度来进行阻火。
4) 多孔材料可降低泄爆管道中LPG爆炸的最大爆炸超压；在安装多孔材料且火焰未能点燃材料后端气体时，增加材料的厚度或孔隙度会使得材料前的最大爆炸超压增大，而材料后的最大爆炸超压接近静态破膜压力。
5) 监测点PT1和PT2处观察到3种典型压力过程。其中，压力峰值的形成与泄爆膜破裂、亥姆霍兹振荡、反射压力波等因素有关。
基金
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  • 2022年天津市应用基础研究多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00840)
文献
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1139
  • 接收时间：2023-12-11
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-11
  • 修回日期：2024-03-18
基金
2022年天津市应用基础研究多元投入重点项目(22JCZDJC00840)
作者信息
    1 天津理工大学 环境科学与安全工程学院，天津 300384
    2 天津长芦海晶集团有限公司，天津 300450
    3 应急管理部 天津消防研究所，天津 300381
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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