Article(id=1149743084478578946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0136-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0785, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049712533, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049712533, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049712533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049712533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743084679905539, articleId=1149743084478578946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of coal rock combinations with different inclination angles under uniaxial compression, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the mechanism of rock burst induced by the instability of coal rock combinations under different dip angles,a particle discrete element program was used to conduct uniaxial compression tests on five sets of coal and rock combination models with different dip angles: 0,15,30,45 and 60°. The research results indicate that coal is the main cause of instability and failure in coal-rock combinations. When the dip angle of the coal-rock combination increased from 0° to 30° and from 30° to 60°,the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal-rock combination decreased by 2.01% and 9.59%,and the number of microscopic cracks decreased by 22.9% and 4.0%,respectively. The appearance time of the acoustic emission signal is advanced,indicating that the increase in dip angle led to a decrease in the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal-rock combination,and the instability failure time is advanced,but the degree of failure is reduced. In the early stage of uniaxial loading,the movement of coal and rock particles at the interface of different dip angle combinations led to an expansion trend at the interface. The dip angle affected the movement of coal and rock particles near the interface,leading to a gradual transition of the failure area of the combination from the coal body to the coal-rock interface. When the cracks in the coal body extend to the coal-rock interface,the interface slip effect generated by the high dip angle coal-rock combination causes its failure mode to change from compression shear failure to slip failure,with a 30° dip angle as the boundary.

, correspAuthors=Kai WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Feng DU, Kai WANG, Jiazhi SUN, Yun DENG, Chengtao FENG, Chenxiaoxian XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149743103671714423, articleId=1149743084478578946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=单轴压缩下不同倾角煤岩组合体力学特性及破坏特征, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同倾角下煤岩组合体失稳诱发冲击地压机制,利用颗粒离散元程序对0、15、30、45、60°这5组不同倾角煤岩组合体进行单轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:煤是煤岩组合体失稳破坏的主体;当煤岩组合体的倾角分别由0°增加至30°和由30°增加到60°时,煤岩组合体的单轴抗压强度分别下降2.01%和9.59%,细观裂纹数量分别下降22.9%和4.0%,声发射信号出现时间提前,说明倾角的增大导致煤岩组合体单轴抗压强度降低,失稳破坏时间提前但破坏程度降低;在单轴加载初期,不同倾角组合体界面处煤岩颗粒向界面处运动导致界面处存在扩容趋势,倾角影响界面附近煤岩颗粒的运动进而导致组合体破坏区域逐渐由煤体向煤岩交界面过渡;当煤体裂纹扩展至煤岩界面时,高倾角煤岩组合体产生的界面滑移效应导致其破坏形式由压剪破坏转变为滑移破坏,且30°倾角为分界线。

, correspAuthors=王凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**王 凯(1972—),男,河南遂平人,工学博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全工程、应急与安全管理、矿山安全工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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杜 锋 (1992—),男,山西垣曲人,工学博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山安全工程、煤岩动力灾害防治、安全与应急管理、煤中瓦斯流动理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

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杜 锋 (1992—),男,山西垣曲人,工学博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山安全工程、煤岩动力灾害防治、安全与应急管理、煤中瓦斯流动理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

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杜 锋 (1992—),男,山西垣曲人,工学博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山安全工程、煤岩动力灾害防治、安全与应急管理、煤中瓦斯流动理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2015, 37(6):1031-1040., articleTitle=Experimental study on microscopic parameters of brittle materials based on particle flow theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181805095072140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=11, pageStart=213, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=30, authorNames=张磊, 刘玥, journalName=煤矿安全, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张磊, 刘玥. 基于颗粒离散元模型的煤岩损伤演化及声发射特性分析[J]. 煤矿安全, 2017, 48(11):213-216., articleTitle=基于颗粒离散元模型的煤岩损伤演化及声发射特性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181805225095565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=11, pageStart=213, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHANG Lei, LIU Yue, journalName=Safety in Coal Mines, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Lei, LIU Yue. 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Fuel, 2023, 349:DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128683., articleTitle=Numerical study on damage response and failure mechanism of gas-containing coal-rock combination under confining pressure effect, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181805615165839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=16, pageStart=107, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=33, authorNames=李绪强, journalName=黑龙江科技信息, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李绪强. 兴安煤矿二号煤层群赋存地质特征研究[J]. 黑龙江科技信息, 2013(16):107., articleTitle=兴安煤矿二号煤层群赋存地质特征研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168181801966121319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, awardId=52374249, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52374249), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168181802020647272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, 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Model microscopic parameters

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类别 接触模
量/GPa
接触刚
度比
平行黏结
模量/GPa
平行黏结
刚度比
法向黏结
强度/MPa
切向黏结
强度/MPa
摩擦
因数
平行黏结摩
擦角/(°)
0.68 3.2 0.68 3.2 5.0±0.5 5.0±0.5 0.6 49.23
1.4 2.15 1.4 2.15 18.0±0.5 18.0±0.5 0.6 49.23
), ArticleFig(id=1168181801659937124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 接触模
量/GPa
接触刚
度比
平行黏结
模量/GPa
平行黏结
刚度比
法向黏结
强度/MPa
切向黏结
强度/MPa
摩擦
因数
平行黏结摩
擦角/(°)
0.68 3.2 0.68 3.2 5.0±0.5 5.0±0.5 0.6 49.23
1.4 2.15 1.4 2.15 18.0±0.5 18.0±0.5 0.6 49.23
), ArticleFig(id=1168181801727045989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Actual measurement and simulation results of mechanical properties

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类别 实测值 模拟值
单轴抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 单轴抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa
煤体 12.14 1.105 12.26 1.114
岩体 45.75 2.538 45.94 2.531
), ArticleFig(id=1168181801777377638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084478578946, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

力学性质实测和模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 实测值 模拟值
单轴抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 单轴抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa
煤体 12.14 1.105 12.26 1.114
岩体 45.75 2.538 45.94 2.531
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单轴压缩下不同倾角煤岩组合体力学特性及破坏特征
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杜锋 , 王凯 ** , 孙加智 , 邓云 , 丰程涛 , 谢陈孝先
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(6): 136-145
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(6): 136-145
单轴压缩下不同倾角煤岩组合体力学特性及破坏特征
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杜锋 , 王凯** , 孙加智, 邓云, 丰程涛, 谢陈孝先
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • 杜 锋 (1992—),男,山西垣曲人,工学博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事矿山安全工程、煤岩动力灾害防治、安全与应急管理、煤中瓦斯流动理论等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**王 凯(1972—),男,河南遂平人,工学博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全工程、应急与安全管理、矿山安全工程方面的研究。E-mail:
Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of coal rock combinations with different inclination angles under uniaxial compression
Feng DU , Kai WANG** , Jiazhi SUN, Yun DENG, Chengtao FENG, Chenxiaoxian XIE
Affiliations
  • School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0785
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为探究不同倾角下煤岩组合体失稳诱发冲击地压机制,利用颗粒离散元程序对0、15、30、45、60°这5组不同倾角煤岩组合体进行单轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:煤是煤岩组合体失稳破坏的主体;当煤岩组合体的倾角分别由0°增加至30°和由30°增加到60°时,煤岩组合体的单轴抗压强度分别下降2.01%和9.59%,细观裂纹数量分别下降22.9%和4.0%,声发射信号出现时间提前,说明倾角的增大导致煤岩组合体单轴抗压强度降低,失稳破坏时间提前但破坏程度降低;在单轴加载初期,不同倾角组合体界面处煤岩颗粒向界面处运动导致界面处存在扩容趋势,倾角影响界面附近煤岩颗粒的运动进而导致组合体破坏区域逐渐由煤体向煤岩交界面过渡;当煤体裂纹扩展至煤岩界面时,高倾角煤岩组合体产生的界面滑移效应导致其破坏形式由压剪破坏转变为滑移破坏,且30°倾角为分界线。

单轴压缩  /  不同倾角  /  煤岩组合体  /  力学特性  /  破坏特性  /  裂纹扩展  /  数值模拟

In order to explore the mechanism of rock burst induced by the instability of coal rock combinations under different dip angles,a particle discrete element program was used to conduct uniaxial compression tests on five sets of coal and rock combination models with different dip angles: 0,15,30,45 and 60°. The research results indicate that coal is the main cause of instability and failure in coal-rock combinations. When the dip angle of the coal-rock combination increased from 0° to 30° and from 30° to 60°,the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal-rock combination decreased by 2.01% and 9.59%,and the number of microscopic cracks decreased by 22.9% and 4.0%,respectively. The appearance time of the acoustic emission signal is advanced,indicating that the increase in dip angle led to a decrease in the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal-rock combination,and the instability failure time is advanced,but the degree of failure is reduced. In the early stage of uniaxial loading,the movement of coal and rock particles at the interface of different dip angle combinations led to an expansion trend at the interface. The dip angle affected the movement of coal and rock particles near the interface,leading to a gradual transition of the failure area of the combination from the coal body to the coal-rock interface. When the cracks in the coal body extend to the coal-rock interface,the interface slip effect generated by the high dip angle coal-rock combination causes its failure mode to change from compression shear failure to slip failure,with a 30° dip angle as the boundary.

uniaxial compression  /  different dip angles  /  coal-rock combination  /  mechanical property  /  failure characteristics  /  crack propagation  /  numerical simulation
杜锋, 王凯, 孙加智, 邓云, 丰程涛, 谢陈孝先. 单轴压缩下不同倾角煤岩组合体力学特性及破坏特征. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 136 -145 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0785
Feng DU, Kai WANG, Jiazhi SUN, Yun DENG, Chengtao FENG, Chenxiaoxian XIE. Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of coal rock combinations with different inclination angles under uniaxial compression[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 136 -145 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0785
随着我国浅层煤炭资源逐渐减少,煤炭开采逐渐向深层区域转移[1]。随着开采深度的增加,煤炭资源的开采难度越来越高,冲击地压灾害的频率与强度也明显增加。在煤炭深部开采过程中,煤岩动力灾害多以煤岩组合结构为载体发生,煤岩组合体的力学特征和破坏特征是影响煤炭开采效果和安全的重要因素。因此,正确认识煤岩组合体的各种物理力学性质是研究深部矿井安全开采的基础[2-3],而从细观角度深入研究和分析不同煤岩边界倾角条件下组合体的损伤响应特征,对认识煤岩组合体失稳诱发冲击地压机制及其防治具有重要的意义。
在对煤岩组合结构工程尺度的研究方面,韩军[4]通过对先前学者的研究进行归纳得出:当前学术界大致有2种观点用于描述坚硬顶板条件下的冲击地压灾害机制。齐庆新[5]、谭云亮[6]等考虑了煤层与坚硬顶底板互相影响作用而构成的层状结构破坏问题,在研究中聚焦了煤层与顶板之间的摩擦相互作用;何江等[7]在研究中考虑了坚硬顶板失稳破坏、断裂,从而导致顶底板间煤体受到垂直应力的载荷作用而发生失稳破坏的问题,主要聚焦坚硬顶厎板的能量储存特征以及失稳破坏、断裂后的能量释放特征。
目前,对于煤岩组合体的研究,学者们以多种形式研究了煤岩组合体的力学性能、冲击倾向、破坏方式和能量演化规律等热点问题。左建平等[8]分别对煤岩单体和组合体进行了单轴压缩室内力学试验和三轴压缩室内力学试验,分析不同材料试样的力学属性和破碎形式存在的一致性和差异性,除此之外,该学者还分析了不同组合方式对试样的强度、冲击倾向性和变形破坏特征等影响;陈光波等[9]针对不同煤岩比例及不同组合方式组成的煤岩组合体开展了单轴压缩室内力学试验,从多个角度研究了组合体的力学特性和破坏模式;刘杰等[10]通过对不同组合方式的煤岩组合体试样开展单轴压缩试验,深入研究了单轴压缩过程中组合体试样的峰值强度、声发射特征、应力应变特性等物理量的演化特征,进一步探讨了组合体中岩石部分的强度对组合体整体力学属性的影响;刘波等[11]对不同高度比的煤岩组合体进行轴压试验,研究组合体的力学性能与动态破坏特性;郭东明等[12]研究了在不同试验条件下倾角对煤岩组合体整体变形和破坏的影响;赵宏林[13]、沈文兵[14]等详细研究了不同倾角条件对煤岩组合体力学响应特征的影响。综上,前人较多地研究了煤岩组合体的损伤破坏特征,但对不同倾角下煤岩组合体的力学特性的研究相对较少,且学者们的研究大多是从宏观角度分析煤岩组合体的力学性质和破坏模式。
鉴于此,笔者拟利用颗粒离散元程序PFC2D(Particle Flow Code)建立煤岩组合体模型,研究5种倾角(分别为0、15、30、45和60°)下煤岩组合体的力学损伤特性及破坏模式,揭示单轴压缩下不同倾角煤岩组合体的损伤响应特征,以期为冲击地压灾害的发生机制研究提供理论基础。
颗粒流数值方法对于受载煤岩材料力学响应的可靠性已被诸多学者证实[15]。该方法通过颗粒的运动及其相互作用表现物质的宏细观力学行为,克服了传统连续介质力学模型的宏观连续性假设。平行黏结模型中的黏结是作用在2个颗粒之间一个有限大小的圆截面上,既能传递力,又能传递力矩,已经被广泛应用于模拟煤岩类材料的力学性能。因此,采用平行黏结模型进行研究。接触模型主要有接触黏结模型和平行黏结模型。接触黏结模型赋予颗粒相互作用力,但不能实现力矩。平行黏结模型在接触黏结模型的基础上添加了限制颗粒旋转功能,当平行黏结键断裂时退化为接触模型,颗粒将再次能够自由旋转[16-17]
数值模型建立具体步骤为:①在PFC中设定一个区域范围,在其中生成4个边界墙体。墙体的高度和宽度稍大于煤岩组合体试样的几何尺寸,以防止后续加载导致加载颗粒溢出。在离散元模拟软件中,力学边界条件是通过赋予墙体速度,实现墙体和颗粒之间的重叠量来对模型施加力。同时,PFC软件可调取反馈墙体受到的反作用力,调整力学边界条件(墙体的速度),直到边界力符合设定值。②采用半径扩大法,规定生成颗粒的最大和最小半径和孔隙率,进行颗粒生成。颗粒自动在墙体围成的区域中自动充填直到孔隙率到达设定值。③设定平行黏结模型。通过设定颗粒细观力学参数,对各组分颗粒均赋予平行黏结模型,并添加煤岩颗粒各自的摩擦系数,形成煤岩组合体颗粒模型。若建立单体模型,则对试样赋予一致的细观参数即可。④删除煤岩组合体模型两侧墙体,并对上下墙体赋予0.001mm/s的速度以实现单轴压缩。煤岩组合体颗粒流模型构建过程如图1所示。
离散元软件所使用的细观参数需要使用“试错法”与实验室试验获得的宏观参数如弹性模量等不断对比调试获得。首先,根据前述步骤建立ϕ50mm×100mm的单体煤、岩模型,颗粒最小半径0.4 mm,粒径比1.5,颗粒尺寸均匀分布。根据室内物理试验得到材料的宏观力学参数[9],利用试错法标定数值模型的细观参数(表1),数值计算结果见表2图2。对比分析可知:所建立的离散元数值模型可较好反映试样的力学特性。
兴安煤矿位于鹤岗煤田南部,总面积20.994 7km2,倾斜长约4.56km,走向长约4.65km。兴安井田煤层倾角在15~35°,一般在25°。煤层走向为N100-180E,但在南部折转为N150-200W,呈一宽缓的向斜[18]。根据兴安煤矿工程实际情况,拟设计0、15、30、45和60°这5种不同倾角煤岩组合体的数值试验方案。
图2中,建立ϕ50 mm×100 mm的煤、岩及不同倾角煤岩组合体试样平行黏结数值模型。采用数值模拟软件的FISH语言功能实现墙体恒速伺服加载,从而研究不同倾角条件下煤岩组合体的宏细观力学特性。
不同倾角组合体力学特性曲线如图3所示。由图3可知:当煤岩组合体的倾角分别由0和30°增加到30和60°时,单轴抗压强度分别下降2.01%和9.59%。即随着倾角的增大,组合体的单轴抗压强度呈现先缓慢后快速的下降趋势,且组合体单轴抗压强度急剧下降的拐点为30°倾角,这与郭东明等[12]的研究结果一致;组合体的弹性模量随着倾角增加呈现先缓慢增加后缓慢下降,最后迅速上升的趋势。
不同倾角组合体的破坏与其初始失稳状态破坏密切相关,为此选取峰前80%和峰后80%这2个阶段,分别代表其初始失稳和失稳后的阶段,研究其应力场、速度场和力链场分布,探究倾角对组合体失稳破坏的影响。峰前80%表示应力-应变曲线中峰值前处于峰值应力80%的状态,其他表述同理。3组倾角(0、30和60°)组合体在2个阶段的垂直和水平应力分布如图4所示。由图4可知:在峰前80%阶段,受煤岩倾角影响,3组试样的水平应力积聚程度差异较大。0、30和60°倾角组合体的最大水平应力分别为2.52、2.34和2.56MPa,即随着倾角的增大,水平应力表现为先增大后减小。同时注意到,该阶段3组试样的最大水平应力主要集中在煤岩界面处。3组试验的最大垂直应力分别为20.6、20.5和23.6MPa,即随着倾角的增大,垂直应力则表现为先不变后增大的趋势,且垂直应力分布由低倾角(0°)时,在组合体内均匀分布逐渐转变为高倾角(60°)向煤体及煤岩界面处分布。在峰后80%时,结合2.3节分析可知:该阶段煤岩组合体结构已经出现宏观裂隙,宏观裂隙影响组合体内的应力分布。在该阶段,3组组合体的垂直应力最大值分别为31.8、33.1和30.6MPa。60°倾角组合体的最大垂直应力在3组试样中为最小,这与峰前80%阶段完全相反,而且这3组试样的垂直应力均大于峰前80%阶段,表明不同倾角组合体在失稳破坏过程中,并不单纯的表现为应力释放,同时,存在应力释放和应力积聚区域。该阶段3组试样的水平应力分别为8.8、6.55和4.25MPa,虽然0°倾角组合体中的水平应力最大,但是可以观察到,其最大水平应力集中煤体中,且分布范围较小,而30和60°倾角组合体的最大水平应力主要围绕煤岩界面变化,且分布范围较大。
不同倾角组合体在峰前80%和峰后80%的力链分布和颗粒位移如图5所示,其中,黑色双线代表煤岩组合体界面。在速度矢量图中,黑色虚线代表其速度方向发生分离的分界线;在力链矢量图中,虚线代表其力链大面积破坏范围。由图5可知:在峰前80%时,不同倾角组合体中煤体下部的颗粒主要有向两侧运移的趋势,这对煤体的破坏具有一定的促进作用。煤体上部和岩体下部颗粒均向煤岩界面运移,这导致组合体界面附近容易出现扩容。若煤岩颗粒运动导致界面处出现损伤,则界面附近岩体部分的颗粒向煤体运动会促进煤体部分的失稳,同时,煤体部分的失稳会促进岩体部分颗粒向煤体部分运动,形成煤岩组合结构失稳互馈机制。这种互馈机制在峰后80%的速度矢量和力链分布图中表现明显,在峰后80%时,不同倾角组合体中煤体部分的力链均出现不同程度的损坏。
图5可以看出,在峰前80%时,60°倾角组合体在高倾角产生的滑移作用下,界面处已产生裂纹,这使得界面附近的岩体颗粒和煤体颗粒更容易突破此界面。直观表现为60°倾角组合体界面处力链已产生严重破坏,而0和30°倾角组合体的力链无明显破坏。在峰后80%时,不同倾角组合体煤体力链均产生不同程度的破坏,煤体下部左侧的颗粒速度矢量较大,高速度矢量随着倾角的增大逐渐下移。尤其值得注意的是,岩体部分颗粒均有向煤岩左下方界面运移的趋势,这可能会导致该部分组合体的失稳。
由2.1节分析得到,30°倾角为煤岩组合体单轴抗压强度急剧下降的拐点,因此,分别选取0、30及60°倾角的煤岩组合体作为研究对象,分别代表无倾角、低倾角和高倾角情况,对比分析其应力状态的演变特征对其强度的影响。不同倾角煤岩组合体应力云图如图6所示。
图6可知:在峰前阶段,0、30°倾角组合体内的应力基本均匀分布;60°倾角组合体内的高、低应力分别分布于岩体和煤体内。在峰后阶段,0和30°倾角组合体的煤体部分开始出现局部破坏并出现应力骤降,随后卸压区域逐渐扩大直至破坏;60°倾角组合体内的高应力在煤体部分向煤岩交界面集中,低应力则沿着煤岩交界面向整个组合体扩展,说明倾角较大时破坏主要发生在煤岩交界面附近。0、30及60°倾角煤岩组合体内最大应力分别为33.50、36.70及30.60MPa。可见:随着倾角的增大,煤岩组合体内最大应力呈现先增大后减小的趋势。
图6可以看出,在单轴压缩过程中,在峰后80%阶段,0°倾角组合体中的岩体右侧部分出现小范围的应力集中及扩展,在峰后60%阶段时,应力集中蔓延至煤岩界面时,受煤岩非连续不协调力学界面的影响,应力延伸出现停滞。随着单轴压缩的进行,在峰后40%阶段,应力集中现象愈加明显,而岩体左侧部分在单轴压缩过程中则一直表现为应力释放。30°倾角组合体受煤岩界面倾角的影响,岩体右侧在出现应力集中的同时,界面处也出现小范围应力集中,界面处的应力集中与岩体部分的应力集中协同作用产生的应力梯度可更好地驱动组合体的失稳破坏,直观表现为在峰后60%和40%阶段,30°倾角组合体中左侧的应力释放区域大于0°倾角组合体的应力释放区域。60°倾角组合体受界面处和岩体部分应力集中现象更加明显,但由于组合体界面高倾角产生的滑移效应起主控作用,导致60°倾角组合体在峰后80%阶段,仅有煤体部分出现应力释放。
不同倾角煤岩组合体的裂纹扩展过程如图7所示。由图7可知:在峰前80%时,煤体内开始有微裂纹生成,0~30°倾角组合体在煤体中下部有明显的张拉及剪切裂纹生成,60°倾角组合体在煤体及煤岩交界面附近产生剪切裂纹。在峰值应力时,煤体内的微裂纹不断增加,受倾角影响,30和60°倾角组合体的界面处均产生剪切裂纹,60°倾角组合体界面附近剪切裂纹居多。应力峰值后,不同倾角组合体的抗压强度逐渐下降,煤体内的细观裂纹扩展、贯通形成宏观裂纹。从最终破坏形态上看,不同组合体中的煤体破坏程度均相对较高。0°倾角组合体中的煤体呈现出“X”型共轭剪切破坏,组合体的破坏形式为压剪切型破坏;30和60°倾角组合体的煤体呈现“V”型破坏面,且随着倾角的增大“V”型破坏面逐渐向左移动,这是组合体两端端面和组合体界面产生的端面效应的共同作用导致的。从最终破坏形态来看,60°倾角组合体裂纹数量还是以张拉裂纹为主,这表明高倾角组合体的界面效应驱动了组合体更早的发生滑移破坏。值得注意的是,30°倾角组合体受界面产生的滑移及单轴荷载压缩作用,煤体与煤岩界面同时产生微裂纹,进而诱导岩体的破坏。
声发射事件可有效反映煤岩组合体内微裂纹的发育,其中,每个微裂纹的出现表征着一次声发射事件的发生。不同倾角组合体的声发射与应变之间关系如图8所示。由图8可知:随着倾角增大,组合体声发射信号先下降后上升,再迅速下降。其中,45、60°倾角试样的声发射峰值出现更早。原因可能为:当倾角较小时,组合体破坏方式主要为压剪破坏,抗压强度较高,更容易积蓄能量,因此,破坏时间较长。当倾角增大后,组合体更易发生滑移破坏,导致其提前失稳,破坏时间较短。由3.2节发现,相比低倾角组合体,60°倾角组合体首先在界面出现剪切裂纹。
不同倾角条件下裂纹数量及张拉和剪切裂纹占总裂纹的比例如图9所示。由图9a可知:当煤岩组合体的倾角分别由0和30°增加到30和60°时,总裂纹数量分别下降22.9%和4.0%,张拉裂纹数量分别下降23.8%和4.0%,总裂纹及张拉裂纹数量均随着界面倾角的增大呈现出先快后慢的下降趋势;当组合体界面倾角分别为0、30和45~60°时,剪切裂纹数量先下降28.9%再增加8.5%,剪切裂纹随着界面倾角的增大呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。由图9b可知:虽然高倾角组合体的总裂纹、剪切裂纹和张拉裂纹数量低于0和30°组合体,但其剪切和张拉裂纹所占比例与低倾角组合体并无明显差异。结合2.1和3.1节的分析可知:高倾角组合体更容易在界面处出现剪切裂纹提前失稳,但其最终破坏程度却低于0和15°倾角组合体,略高于30和45°倾角组合体。
在单轴加载初期,不同倾角煤岩组合体的失稳破坏主要集中在煤体中,煤是组合体失稳破坏的主体。在低倾角(0和15°)组合体中,煤体中容易积聚高应力并导致其产生裂纹。随着倾角的增加,如组合体界面倾角为60°时,受高倾角产生的界面滑移效应,煤体与界面处均会产生应力集中,进而导致在煤体及界面产生裂纹及力链断裂。同时,高低倾角组合体界面附近的煤岩颗粒均存在界面运移的趋势,进而导致不同倾角组合体中部(煤岩界面)均具有扩容倾向。
随着加载的进行,在低倾角(0和15°)组合体中,当煤体中的裂纹扩展至煤岩界面时,由于煤岩组合体非连续不协调力学界面的阻挡导致裂纹尖端强应力链持续集聚产生迟滞现象,煤体继续失稳且对岩体造成的影响较小,最终煤体发生大范围破坏。低倾角(0和15°)组合体中,煤是组合体失稳破坏的主体,破坏模式主要以压剪破坏为主。在中倾角组合体中(30°),组合体受压缩和界面的双重作用,界面处容易产生剪切裂纹,倾角产生的界面效应使得煤岩附近颗粒更容易突破界面影响,当煤体中发生大范围失稳破坏时,煤体部分颗粒的速度矢量突破煤岩界面,煤体部分裂纹最终扩展至岩体从而发生整体破坏,破坏模式主要以拉伸-剪切混合破坏为主。在高倾角组合体中(45和60°),虽然在单轴加载初期,界面处已经产生裂纹,由于其界面产生的滑移效应起主控作用,进而导致界面附近岩体颗粒向倾角左下方的煤体运动。最终组合体左下方的小部分组合体及界面附近出现破坏,并未诱导岩体的大范围失稳破坏。
值得注意的是,虽然高倾角组合体的失稳破坏时间提前,但其总裂纹数目却低于低倾角组合体,剪切和张拉裂纹在总裂纹所占的比例基本维持不变,即组合体的失稳破坏随着倾角的增大而减小。
单轴加载条件下,不同倾角煤岩组合体均有明显的渐进非连续破坏特征。在30°倾角以下时,其力学强度变化较小,失稳破坏发生的时间也极为接近;大于30°倾角时,随着倾角的增大,组合体失稳的时间越短。对于30°倾角组合体,由于其受界面和荷载的双重控制,可能会在界面与煤体破坏的同时,诱导岩体破坏,如何针对该倾角范围内的组合体实现监测预警和支护协同控制是值得研究的重点。因此,在工程上要加强监测预警“煤层顶板”倾角为30°及以上的情况。当组合体缓慢失稳时,声发射信号较密集且峰值较小;当组合体整体性瞬时失稳时,声发射能量值突增。因此,声发射信号可作为冲击地压监测预警的前兆信息。深部煤岩体通常受断层切割而呈现出层状构造,冲击地压等灾害就是该类构造失稳破坏的典型案例。在防控灾害的基础上,根据该类构造特征维护回采巷道等区域是亟需解决的技术问题。
1) 在不同倾角煤岩组合体中,由于煤体力学强度较低,煤体均产生裂纹且是不同倾角煤岩组合体失稳破坏的主体。当煤岩组合体的倾角分别由0和30°增加到30和60°时,组合体的单轴抗压强度分别下降2.01%和9.59%,总裂纹数量分别下降22.9%和4.0%,声发射信号出现时间提前,说明高倾角组合体(45和60°)的界面滑移效应导致其单轴抗压强度降低且提前失稳,但是其破坏程度小于低倾角组合体(0和15°)。
2) 倾角增加产生的界面效应导致煤岩组合体的破坏模式由压剪破坏转变为滑移破坏,30°是破坏模式转变的分界线。受压缩作用控制,0°倾角组合体中的煤体呈现出“X”型共轭剪切破坏;在组合体两端端面和组合体界面产生的端面效应的协同作用下,30和60°倾角组合体的煤体呈现“V”型破坏面。且随着倾角增加,“V”型破坏面逐渐向左移动。
3) 当煤体裂纹扩展至煤岩界面时,不同倾角煤岩组合体产生的界面效应导致不同的破坏现象。0和15°倾角组合体主要受压缩作用控制,受非连续不协调力学界面的阻挡导致裂纹尖端强应力链持续集聚产生迟滞现象,最终表现为煤体发生破坏而岩体不受影响;30°倾角组合体受压缩和界面倾角滑移的双重控制导致界面处产生剪切裂纹,速度矢量更容易突破界面导致组合体发生整体破坏。在45和60°倾角组合体中,界面滑移效应起主控作用。界面附近岩体速度矢量向组合体左下方的煤体运动。最终导致岩体出现小范围破坏,这也是“V”型破坏面随着倾角增大逐渐向左移动的原因。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52374249)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52130409)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC300900302-03)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2024JCCXAQ01)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2023ZKPYAQ01)
  • 中国矿业大学(北京)大学生创新训练项目(202412014)
  • 中国矿业大学(北京)大学生创新训练项目(202312026)
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0785
  • 接收时间:2023-11-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-14
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52374249)
国家自然科学基金资助(52130409)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC300900302-03)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2024JCCXAQ01)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2023ZKPYAQ01)
中国矿业大学(北京)大学生创新训练项目(202412014)
中国矿业大学(北京)大学生创新训练项目(202312026)
作者信息
    中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083

通讯作者:

**王 凯(1972—),男,河南遂平人,工学博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事安全工程、应急与安全管理、矿山安全工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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