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Article(id=1149743084201750879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0146-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703260800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-23, revisedDate=1711123200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049712466, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049712466, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049712466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049712466, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743084407271776, articleId=1149743084201750879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Experimental study on tensile and compressive mechanical properties of coal samples under influence of water content, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the effect of water content on the tensile and compressive mechanical properties of coal samples，coal samples from the No.22 seam of the Hanjiawa coal mine were selected. Brazilian disc splitting tests，uniaxial compression tests，and triaxial compression tests were conducted on coal samples with different moisture contents and confining pressures to explore the mechanical characteristics of water containing coal samples. The results show that the strength and elastic modulus of coal samples decreases exponentially with increasing water content. When the coal samples reach saturation，the strength and elastic modulus decrease by 48.3% and 37.6% respectively. With the increase in water content，the plasticity of coal samples is enhanced，and the samples are prone to breakage. Under triaxial compression，the peak value of failure and the strength of coal samples increase with the increase of confining pressure. However，the strength of water-bearing coal samples under different confining pressures is obviously lower than that of dry coal samples. The water content has little effect on the internal friction angle of coal samples but has a significant effect on the cohesive force of coal samples.

, correspAuthors=Chenhao BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meichang ZHANG, Chenhao BAI, Yun QI, Wei WANG, Kailong XUE, Jiewei REN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149743112806904224, articleId=1149743084201750879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=含水率影响下煤样拉伸与压缩力学特性试验, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示含水率对煤样拉伸与压缩力学特性的影响，选取韩家洼煤业公司22号煤层煤样，开展不同含水率和围压下煤样的巴西圆盘劈裂试验、单轴压缩试验以及三轴压缩试验，探究含水煤样的力学变化特征。结果表明：煤样的强度、弹性模量随含水率增加呈指数函数降低，煤样达到饱和状态时，其强度下降了48.3%，弹性模量下降了37.6%;随着含水率的增加，煤样的塑性增强，试样容易破碎；三轴压缩下，围压升高煤样破坏的峰值有所提升，煤样的强度提高，但不同围压状况下含水煤样的强度明显低于干燥试样；含水率对于煤样的内摩擦角影响较小，但对煤样的黏结力有显著影响。

, correspAuthors=白晨浩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**白晨浩(2001—)，男，内蒙古准格尔旗人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿井灾害防治、应急技术与管理等。E-mail：。
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张美长 (1987—)，男，辽宁阜新人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事矿山压力控制及灾害防治。。

祁 云 副教授

汪 伟 副教授

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张美长 (1987—)，男，辽宁阜新人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事矿山压力控制及灾害防治。。

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张美长 (1987—)，男，辽宁阜新人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事矿山压力控制及灾害防治。。

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祁 云 副教授

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祁 云 副教授

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汪 伟 副教授

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汪 伟 副教授

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Study on energy change of gas containing coal during triaxial compression under low pressure[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(S1):203-208., articleTitle=Study on energy change of gas containing coal during triaxial compression under low pressure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168181972422635681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084201750879, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=29, authorNames=DAI Lianpeng, PAN Yishan, LI Zhonghua, journalName=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAI Lianpeng, PAN Yishan, LI Zhonghua, et al. Quantitative mechanism of roadway rockbursts in deep extra-thick coal seams: theory and case histories[J]. 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Mechanical parameters of specimens under Brazilian splitting

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试样编号 直径/
mm		 长度/
mm		 含水率/
%		 峰值载
荷/kN		 抗拉强
度/MPa
BD-1 49.57 26.63 0 4.29 2.07
BD-2 49.69 25.633 0 3.82 1.91
BD-3 49.50 26.36 0 3.59 1.75
平均值 — — — 3.90 1.91
BDW1-1 49.60 25.14 1.76 2.23 1.14
BDW1-2 49.47 25.33 1.70 2.20 1.12
BDW1-3 49.79 25.11 1.81 2.57 1.31
平均值 — — — 2.33 1.19
BDW2-1 49.51 26.67 3.62 1.56 0.75
BDW2-2 49.75 26.40 3.58 1.94 0.94
BDW2-3 49.69 27.03 3.57 1.90 0.90
平均值 — — — 1.80 0.86
), ArticleFig(id=1168181970161905787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084201750879, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤样巴西劈裂的相关力学参数

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试样编号 直径/
mm		 长度/
mm		 含水率/
%		 峰值载
荷/kN		 抗拉强
度/MPa
BD-1 49.57 26.63 0 4.29 2.07
BD-2 49.69 25.633 0 3.82 1.91
BD-3 49.50 26.36 0 3.59 1.75
平均值 — — — 3.90 1.91
BDW1-1 49.60 25.14 1.76 2.23 1.14
BDW1-2 49.47 25.33 1.70 2.20 1.12
BDW1-3 49.79 25.11 1.81 2.57 1.31
平均值 — — — 2.33 1.19
BDW2-1 49.51 26.67 3.62 1.56 0.75
BDW2-2 49.75 26.40 3.58 1.94 0.94
BDW2-3 49.69 27.03 3.57 1.90 0.90
平均值 — — — 1.80 0.86
), ArticleFig(id=1168181970233208956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084201750879, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical parameters of specimens under uniaxial compression

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), ArticleFig(id=1168181970287734909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084201750879, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单轴压缩下煤样的相关力学参数

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), ArticleFig(id=1168181970342260862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084201750879, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mechanical parameters of specimens under triaxial compression

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编号 直径/
mm		 长度/
mm		 含水
率/%		 围压/
MPa		 强度/
MPa		 弹性模
量/GPa
DC-4 49.81 99.16 0 2 61.8 4.1
DC-5 49.79 100.15 0 4 66.7 3.8
DC-6 49.75 94.65 0 6 75.7 4.1
DC-7 49.78 97.77 0 10 85.6 4.0
WC1-4 49.81 99.96 1.69 2 48.7 3.0
WC1-5 49.78 100.23 1.78 4 63.8 2.9
WC1-6 49.82 100.17 1.77 6 70.3 3.0
WC1-7 49.85 100.11 1.82 10 75.4 3.2
WC2-4 49.83 100.06 3.57 2 40.6 2.2
WC2-5 49.78 101.22 3.56 4 50.8 2.5
WC2-6 49.81 100.08 3.52 6 58.3 2.6
WC2-7 49.80 100.35 3.62 10 67.2 2.9
), ArticleFig(id=1168181970409369727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743084201750879, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三轴压缩下煤样的相关力学参数

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编号 直径/
mm		 长度/
mm		 含水
率/%		 围压/
MPa		 强度/
MPa		 弹性模
量/GPa
DC-4 49.81 99.16 0 2 61.8 4.1
DC-5 49.79 100.15 0 4 66.7 3.8
DC-6 49.75 94.65 0 6 75.7 4.1
DC-7 49.78 97.77 0 10 85.6 4.0
WC1-4 49.81 99.96 1.69 2 48.7 3.0
WC1-5 49.78 100.23 1.78 4 63.8 2.9
WC1-6 49.82 100.17 1.77 6 70.3 3.0
WC1-7 49.85 100.11 1.82 10 75.4 3.2
WC2-4 49.83 100.06 3.57 2 40.6 2.2
WC2-5 49.78 101.22 3.56 4 50.8 2.5
WC2-6 49.81 100.08 3.52 6 58.3 2.6
WC2-7 49.80 100.35 3.62 10 67.2 2.9
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含水率影响下煤样拉伸与压缩力学特性试验
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张美长 1 , 白晨浩 2, ** , 祁云 3 , 汪伟 3 , 薛凯隆 2 , 任杰伟 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(6): 146-156
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(6): 146-156
含水率影响下煤样拉伸与压缩力学特性试验
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张美长1 , 白晨浩2, ** , 祁云3, 汪伟3, 薛凯隆2, 任杰伟1
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁工程技术大学 矿业学院，辽宁 阜新 123000
  • 2 山西大同大学 煤炭工程学院，山西 大同 037002
  • 3 辽宁工业大学 机械工程与自动化学院，辽宁 锦州 121001

    • 张美长 (1987—)，男，辽宁阜新人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事矿山压力控制及灾害防治。。

    祁 云 副教授

    汪 伟 副教授

通讯作者:

**白晨浩(2001—)，男，内蒙古准格尔旗人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿井灾害防治、应急技术与管理等。E-mail：。
Experimental study on tensile and compressive mechanical properties of coal samples under influence of water content
Meichang ZHANG1 , Chenhao BAI2, ** , Yun QI3, Wei WANG3, Kailong XUE2, Jiewei REN1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mining，Liaoning University of Engineering and Technology，Fuxin Liaoning 123000，China
  • 2 School of Coal Engineering，Shanxi Datong University，Datong Shanxi 037002，China
  • 3 College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation，Liaoning University of Technology，Jinzhou Liaoning 121001，China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0104
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摘要
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为揭示含水率对煤样拉伸与压缩力学特性的影响，选取韩家洼煤业公司22号煤层煤样，开展不同含水率和围压下煤样的巴西圆盘劈裂试验、单轴压缩试验以及三轴压缩试验，探究含水煤样的力学变化特征。结果表明：煤样的强度、弹性模量随含水率增加呈指数函数降低，煤样达到饱和状态时，其强度下降了48.3%，弹性模量下降了37.6%;随着含水率的增加，煤样的塑性增强，试样容易破碎；三轴压缩下，围压升高煤样破坏的峰值有所提升，煤样的强度提高，但不同围压状况下含水煤样的强度明显低于干燥试样；含水率对于煤样的内摩擦角影响较小，但对煤样的黏结力有显著影响。

含水率  /  煤样  /  拉伸  /  压缩试验  /  力学特性

In order to reveal the effect of water content on the tensile and compressive mechanical properties of coal samples，coal samples from the No.22 seam of the Hanjiawa coal mine were selected. Brazilian disc splitting tests，uniaxial compression tests，and triaxial compression tests were conducted on coal samples with different moisture contents and confining pressures to explore the mechanical characteristics of water containing coal samples. The results show that the strength and elastic modulus of coal samples decreases exponentially with increasing water content. When the coal samples reach saturation，the strength and elastic modulus decrease by 48.3% and 37.6% respectively. With the increase in water content，the plasticity of coal samples is enhanced，and the samples are prone to breakage. Under triaxial compression，the peak value of failure and the strength of coal samples increase with the increase of confining pressure. However，the strength of water-bearing coal samples under different confining pressures is obviously lower than that of dry coal samples. The water content has little effect on the internal friction angle of coal samples but has a significant effect on the cohesive force of coal samples.

water content  /  coal sample  /  tensile  /  compression test  /  mechanical property
张美长, 白晨浩, 祁云, 汪伟, 薛凯隆, 任杰伟. 含水率影响下煤样拉伸与压缩力学特性试验. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 146 -156 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0104
Meichang ZHANG, Chenhao BAI, Yun QI, Wei WANG, Kailong XUE, Jiewei REN. Experimental study on tensile and compressive mechanical properties of coal samples under influence of water content[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 146 -156 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0104
正文
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0 引言
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随着我国煤矿浅部资源的减少，煤炭开采逐渐进入深部开采阶段，然而，开采深度的增加导致煤层所处的地质条件变得越来越复杂，冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出和顶板来压等矿井动力灾害日益加重，造成了大量的人员伤亡和经济损失[1]。为控制此类矿井动力灾害的发生，煤层注水软化措施被广泛应用于解决深部开采时煤岩体处于三高一扰动的应力问题[2]，但水在煤岩裂隙中流动会严重影响煤岩体的力学性质，致使煤岩体由内部应力结构改变为巷道周边的应力状态，从而诱发冲击地压事故发生[2]，因此，开展含水煤体的力学特性研究具有重要意义。
目前，国内外学者开展了大量含水率对煤样力学特性影响的研究。刘忠锋等[3]基于煤岩体注水试验，探究了含水率对煤样力学特性的具体影响，发现煤样的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和抗剪强度均随含水率的增加呈线性减少，煤层注水预处理硬和中硬煤层可起到较好的弱化作用。SONG Dazhao等[4]运用Abaqus软件模拟分析了水射流割煤技术对硬煤巷道围岩应力的影响，结果表明水力割煤能够诱导煤岩体应力释放和能量耗散，从而显著减小应力集中和能量积累范围。于岩斌等[5]开展了煤岩体饱水和自然水状态下的力学性能试验，发现饱水后煤岩体单轴抗压强度降低26.71%，弹性模量降低26.85%。翟新献等[6]对不同含水率的煤样开展霍普金森单轴冲击试验，探究了含水率对煤样动态力学性质的影响，表明含水率与煤样的动态矿压强度和弹性模量呈负相关。冯国瑞等[7]基于电液试验机和声发射检测系统开展了含水煤样力学性质试验，表明随着含水率的增加，煤样破坏后宏观裂纹数量显著增多。张村等[8]借助电子计算机断层扫描浸水前后煤样的孔隙特征，探究不同含水率煤样巴西劈裂强度弱化程度及劈裂破坏特征，结果表明含水率增加煤样劈裂面平整度降低，裂隙分形维数增加，导致分形高度随含水率的增加呈线性减小。综上所述，以往研究多针对静载作用下饱水煤样的单轴压缩或拉伸试验，对不同含水率煤样的复杂应力条件下煤样力学特性的研究相对较少，而随着矿井开采深度的增加，煤岩体所处应力环境变得十分复杂，开挖前后煤岩体三向应力呈非线性变化，极易造成顶板破断、片帮冒顶事故发生。
鉴于此，文中通过测试煤样在水中不同浸泡时间下的含水率，开展不同含水率和围压下煤样的单轴、三轴抗压试验以及巴西圆盘劈裂力学试验，对比分析含水率和围压对煤样强度、变形和破坏特征的影响，以及系统研究含水率对煤样的裂隙特性的影响，以期为浸水煤体力学特性的研究提供参考。
1 拉伸和压缩试验材料和仪器
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1.1 试验材料
试验煤样取自山西煤炭进出口集团韩家洼煤业有限公司22号煤层，现场取样后，迅速用塑料薄膜包裹，防止其风化破裂。结合文献[9-10]，首先利用钻机从煤样中钻取煤心；然后使用切割机将其切割成直径为50 mm、高度约为103 mm的圆柱；最后在磨石机上将煤心磨削成高为100 mm的标准圆柱体试样和厚度为25 mm的巴西圆盘试样，试样如图1所示。
为研究含水率对煤样拉伸断裂力学行为的影响，参照文献[11-12] 的加工步骤制作不同大小的半圆盘试样，试样实物如图1所示。
1.2 制备不同含水率的煤样
将制备好的初始状态为自然状态的煤样，置于105 ℃的电热干燥箱中干燥48 h，并采用自由浸水的方法，将干燥后的试件放入水槽中，向水槽中注水至淹没试件的1/3，2 h后继续加水至淹没试件的2/3，2 h后注水至淹没整个试件，浸水120 h之后，拭去煤样表面水分[13]，参照文献[9]计算其饱和含水率。
按照上述方法，通过设置不同的浸水时间制备不同含水率的煤样[14]。不同浸泡时间下煤样的含水率变化情况如图2所示，由图2可知：煤样的吸水量分3个阶段：快速吸水期、缓慢吸水期和饱和期。浸水开始后，煤样的含水率随着浸泡时间的增加迅速上升，特别是在浸泡24 h前。随着浸泡时间继续增加，煤样含水率增加变得较为缓慢，当浸泡48 h后，煤样含水率几乎不再受浸泡时间的影响，表明煤样已进入饱和阶段。由图2发现，煤样饱和状态的时候含水率约为3.6%。为研究含水率对煤样力学特性的影响，根据上述不同浸泡时间下煤样的含水率变化，制备含水率分别为0、1.8%、3.6%的3种煤样。
1.3 试验仪器
巴西圆盘劈裂试验和抗压试验在岩石力学伺服试验机上完成，试验系统如图3所示。该试验系统主要由主控计算机、数字控制器、手动控制器、液压控制器、液压作动器、三轴压力源、液压源以及试验附件等组成。
1.4 试验方案
文中共进行3项试验，分别是巴西圆盘劈裂试验、单轴压缩试验、三轴压缩试验[15-16]。巴西圆盘试验采用含水率为0、1.8%、3.6%的煤样，每种含水率的煤样选取3块，加载至煤样拉伸破坏为止。单轴压缩试验中使用每1级含水率下的3块煤样，三轴压缩试验使用每1级含水率下的4块煤样，压缩至煤样产生压缩破坏为止。加载系统轴向加载量程为0~300 kN，位移加载速率为0.005~500 mm/min且连续可调，试验中使用位移控制加载方式，位移速率为0.1 mm/min，预压为0.5 kN，具体的试验操作如图4所示。
2 拉伸和压缩试验结果及分析
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2.1 含水煤样的拉伸力学特性
巴西劈裂下煤样载荷与时间的关系如图5所示，煤样相关的力学参数见表1。巴西劈裂中煤样编号BD表示含水率为1.8%的煤样，BDW1和BDW2表示干燥煤样含水率为3.6%的煤样。由图5可知：干燥煤样达到应力峰值后煤样迅速破坏，而煤样吸收一定水量后，煤样值达到峰值载荷后出现多次应力跌落和升降的过程，说明此时煤样还具有一定的承载能力。
抗拉强度与含水率关系如图6所示，由图6可知：煤样的抗拉强度随含水率的增加而缓慢降低。含水率为3.6%的煤样强度(0.86 MPa)相比于含水率1.8%的煤样强度(1.19MPa)和干燥状态下煤样强度(1.91 MPa)，其抗拉强度分别降低了55.0%、37.7%。表明含水率对煤样的抗拉强度的影响较大。
不同含水率下煤样巴西劈裂破坏形式如图7所示，由图7可知：煤样破裂形式比较简单，在干燥情况下煤样破坏时间较为缓慢，且声音较清脆。不同含水率煤样基本都劈裂成两半，试件的破断面并未完全与加载方向重合，而是呈闪电状分布，这可能是由于煤样的非均质性造成，煤样破裂方向主要沿煤样内部的原生裂纹方向扩展，多个裂纹扩展并贯通，最终形成宏观裂纹，导致煤样破坏。
2.2 含水煤样单轴压缩力学特性
2.2.1 煤样单轴压缩特性
单轴压缩下不同含水率的煤样的应力—应变曲线如图8所示，相关的力学参数见表2，其中，弹性模量做为应力-应变和曲线弹性阶段直线段的斜率。单轴压缩试验中煤样编号DC代表含水率为1.8%的煤样，WC1和WC2表示干燥煤样含水率为3.6%的煤样。由图8可知：煤样经历了压密、弹性、屈服和破坏4个阶段，由于煤的多孔结构和原生裂隙较多，初始压密阶段的变形较大，导致应力-应变曲线呈上凹型。在弹性阶段，煤样的应力-应变关系近似为直线，表明煤样遵循胡克定律。由于煤样内部结构的不均匀性，裂纹可能更早开始萌生和扩展。煤样在屈服阶段会出现裂隙，从而使裂纹进一步扩展和新裂纹的生成，导致强度下降。煤样在达到峰值载荷后会迅速出现宏观裂纹，其承载能力急剧下降。
由图8可知：干燥煤样应力-应变曲线峰值开始较为光滑，在峰值强度附近出现轻微的震荡，之后迅速下降，承载能力消失，表现出明显的脆性特征，由于原始煤样内部存在大量裂隙，在峰值前，内部的裂隙被压实，煤样呈现出弹性状态，故饱水煤样在峰值前与干燥煤样差别并不大，但是煤样数值达到峰值载荷附近后震荡较为明显，出现了明显的多次应力升降过程，煤样达到峰值强度之后，承载能力并没有马上消失，其主要原因是水分渗透到煤体的微裂隙和孔隙中，导致材料内部的结构弱化，尤其是在裂隙和界面处。在达到峰值载荷后，材料内部的应力集中使得微裂隙开始快速扩展，表明在该过程中，水的软化作用变得更加显著，其原因是水分更容易在扩展裂隙中发挥作用。在达到峰值载荷前，材料主要处于弹性变形阶段，微裂隙尚未显著发展，水分对煤体强度的影响相对有限。在峰值载荷后，裂隙迅速发展和扩展，水的软化作用加剧，导致材料强度快速下降，出现较为明显的破坏。
2.2.2 含水率对单轴抗压强度的影响
单轴压缩强度与含水率的关系如图9所示，由图9可知：煤样的单轴压缩强度随着含水率的增加而逐渐降低，含水率为1.8%、3.6%的煤样相比于干燥煤样，其煤样强度分别降低30%、48.3%。与2.1节提及的煤样吸水性测试特性完全相同，在饱水初期，煤样强度的下降速率较快，稍后逐渐变缓。图9显示出含水率与单轴抗压强度之间的定量关系，反映了水分对煤体强度的影响程度，以及煤体在不同含水条件下的力学行为。相关系数值越高表明含水率是影响煤样单轴抗压强度的一个重要因素，其变化与强度降低之间存在显著的数学和物理关联。从图9看出，相关系数为0.952，拟合精度很高，拟合公式可用于预测不同含水率条件下煤样的抗压强度，对于矿井设计和安全评估具有实际参考价值。
2.2.3 含水率对煤样弹性模量的影响
煤样弹性模量与含水率的关系如图10所示，由图10可知：随着煤样含水率增加，弹性模量呈指数迅速降低，含水率为1.8%、3.6%的煤样相比于干燥煤样，其弹性模量分别降低21.5%、37.6%。分析可知：弹性模量的降低率明显低于单轴抗压强度，表明水分的渗透直接影响煤体的承载能力，导致出现微裂隙和孔隙，使其物理特性改变，且对抗压强度的影响更显著。相比之下，弹性模量主要反映材料整体的刚性和弹性响应，对微观结构变化的敏感性较低。水分的润滑作用降低了裂隙面间摩擦，使裂隙更易扩展，且影响抗压强度较为显著，而对于弹性模量，该润滑效应的影响相对有限，其原因是弹性模量更多依赖于材料的基本构成和宏观结构。总的来说，对弹性模量的影响则相对较大。
2.3 含水煤样三轴压缩力学特性
2.3.1 煤样三轴压缩特性
三轴压缩下煤样的应力-应变曲线图如图11所示，相关的力学参数见表3。由图11可知：在三轴压缩条件下，煤样的应力-应变曲线表现出压缩变形，其原因由于煤样内部原生裂隙受到压缩时变形，凹型曲线反映了煤体的孔隙性和裂隙性质。相比于文献[12-13]研究，普通岩石由于其更加坚硬和致密的特性，其压缩变形可能不如煤样明显，特别是在低围压条件下。随着围压的增大，煤样的变形和承载能力增加，说明围压对煤样的抗压强度具有增强作用，其原因是围压提供了额外的外部约束，抑制了裂隙的开展和连接，且含水率的不同会显著影响煤样的力学行为。水分的存在使得煤样的原生裂隙和孔隙力学特性改变，影响其在受力时的响应。
水对煤样峰值载荷之前的变形情况影响不大，如干燥煤样的变形与含水煤样相似，都经历了压密、弹性和屈服阶段。然而，水对煤样峰后的变形产生了较大影响，如干燥煤样，达到峰值载荷后出现明显的应力降落的过程，承载能力迅速下降，表现出明显的脆性行为，这与单轴压缩的变形特征十分类似。
含水煤样达到峰值后也出现了应力下降的过程，但是应力值并没有立即下降至0，而是下降速率明显变缓，煤样仍具有一定承载能力，特别是含水率为3.6%的煤样，类似的变形特征十分明显，表明峰值后含水煤样出现了塑性特征，此时，煤样承载能力主要依靠内部微裂隙的摩擦。水分的存在主要在峰值载荷后通过改变煤体内部裂隙的特性来显著影响煤样的力学行为，尤其是在增强煤体的塑性特征和减缓应力下降过程方面。
2.3.2 煤样孔隙微观结构变化试验
为研究煤体的微观结构特征，采用扫描电镜扫描含水后煤样的微观结构，扫描电镜的分辨率可达3.0 nm，放大倍数可达到5~300 000，加速电压为0.5~30 kV，在探测电流发生变化时，图像的聚焦状态可保持不变，可以直接观察最大直径150 mm的样品。将电镜扫描仪的放大倍数为300，扫描结果如图12—图15所示。
由图12—图14可知：干燥状态下煤样内部结构较为清晰，且表面较为光滑，没有显示出明显裂隙。当含水率为1.8%时，煤样内部清晰可见表面粗糙不平，裂隙和孔隙开始发育，局部区域出现微小孔洞，表明煤样的完整性出现损伤，内部结构开始松散。随着含水率的增加，出现了很明显的裂隙，且裂隙的长度和宽度增大，裂隙的数量逐渐增多，此外，裂隙与裂隙之间出现贯通，表明煤样的完整性开始劣化。在煤样饱和后(含水率为3.6%)，内部结果出现明显松散，裂纹的数量明显增多，裂隙长度和宽度进一步增大，裂隙之间的贯通也进一步的增强，局部区域出现了片状和针状的结构，表明煤样的完整性已经明显劣化。综上，随着含水率的逐渐增大，裂纹的宽度和长度逐渐增大，数量逐渐增多，完整性慢慢变差。
2.3.3 含水率对三轴抗压强度的影响
围压与煤样抗压强度的关系如图15所示，由图15可知：三轴压缩下的煤样强度明显高于单轴压缩下的数值，如围压2 MPa下，干燥煤样的强度(61.8 MPa)和含水率为1.8%的强度(48.7 MPa)比单轴压缩下干燥煤样的强度(30.4 MPa)和含水率为1.8%的强度(22.2 MPa)的强度分别高203.3%、 219.4 %，其原因是单轴压缩和三轴压缩煤样的破坏形式有所不同，通常情况下单轴压缩将导致煤样产生拉剪复合破坏，而三轴压缩下，煤样将产生剪切破坏。
由图15可知：干燥煤样的强度明显大于2种含水煤样，而含水率为3.6%的煤样的强度最低，表明水会影响煤样的三轴抗压强度。不过与单轴压缩降低速率相比，三轴压缩情况下强度的煤样减少率并不是很高，三轴压缩试验中，围压对煤体产生约束效应，限制了裂隙的开展和扩展，在一定程度，该约束抵消了水分从而导致强度降低。相比于单轴压缩试验，没有围压的约束，水分对裂隙的影响更为直接，使强度下降更明显。
2.3.4 含水率对弹性模量的影响
围压与弹性模量的关系如图16所示，由图16可知：在三轴压缩情况下的弹性模量大于单轴压缩下的值，且煤样同时承受垂直和水平方向的应力，此时的多向应力状态提供了更多的结构稳定性，从而使弹性模量增加。在单轴压缩下，应力集中更容易导致裂隙的发展，而在三轴压缩下，围压限制了这种应力集中的效果，降低了裂隙扩展的可能性，从而增强了煤体的弹性特性。例如：围压2 MPa干燥煤样的弹性模量(4.1 GPa) 比单轴压缩下的弹性模量(3.3 GPa)大24.2%，表明围压会抑制微裂纹的萌生和扩展。在不同围压下，干燥煤样的弹性模量差别很小。含水煤样的弹性模量总体上随着围压的增大而增加，但2组含水煤样的值都低于干燥煤样的值，例如：围压6 MPa的干燥煤样弹性模量(4.1 GPa)比含水率为1.8%的煤样的弹性模量(3.0 GPa) 高36.7%。综上，各个围压下含水率为3.6%的煤样弹性模量值最低。
2.3.5 煤样破裂过程分析
单轴压缩煤样破裂形式如图17所示，在单轴压缩情况下，3种煤样都出现剪切和拉伸的复合破坏，如图中DC-3煤样和WC1-1煤样，其出现了很明显的剪切和拉伸裂纹状况。干燥煤样和含水率为1.8%的煤样的破坏程度差别不大，而含水率为3.6%的煤样破坏较为严重，从而导致出现了很多小的煤块。
三轴压缩下煤样的破坏形式如图18所示，由图18可知：当围压在10 MPa下，干燥煤样呈现了单一的剪切破裂面，其他煤样的各个围压下都出现了剪切和拉伸的破坏断裂面状况，这些破坏形式与单轴压缩下的破坏类似。
以上结论与文献[14⇓-16]所提的破坏形式相类似，即煤样在低围压或单轴压缩情况下，会出现裂纹，且随着围压的增大，围压会抑制裂纹的萌生和扩展，煤样的破坏形式会由压力组合复合破坏转换至单一的剪切破坏。由图18可知：随着煤样含水率的增加，煤样破坏形式较为破碎。
2.3.6 含水率对煤样内摩擦角和黏聚力的影响
由图15可知：强度随着围压大致呈现线性关系，基本满足Mohr-Coulomb强度准则。根据拟合数据结果，参照文献[9]可计算出不同含水率下煤样的内摩擦角和黏聚力。干燥煤样和含水率为1.8%、3.6%的煤样内摩擦角分别是30.4、30.9、31.9°，黏聚力分别是15.9、13.5、10.1 MPa，表明当含水率增加会导致煤样的黏聚力降低，且水分子会渗透进煤的微观结构中，尤其是进入煤的孔隙和裂缝。水分的存在减少了煤粒之间的直接接触，降低了煤粒间的吸附力和范德华力，从而使其黏聚力下降。此外，水分还可以充当润滑剂，降低煤粒间的摩擦，进一步减少了黏聚力。与干燥煤样相比，含水率为3.6%的煤样，其黏结力降低了36.5%，表明内摩擦角对含水率具有不敏感性，内摩擦角主要反映物质的粗糙程度和颗粒间的嵌挤作用，主要与材料的粒径分布、形状和表面粗糙度有关。含水率的变化对这些物理特性的影响相对是有限的，即使含水率增加导致一定程度的润滑，其作用主要影响的是黏聚力而不是内部摩擦。
3 结论
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1) 单轴压缩下煤样强度和弹性模量随着含水率的增加而逐渐下降，与含水率呈指数关系。煤样达到饱和状态时，其强度和弹性模量分别下降了48.3%、37.6%，表明水对弹性模量的弱化效率比对强度的弱化效率低。
2) 含水率会影响煤样峰后变形的行为，干燥煤样达到峰值载荷后出现较为明显的应力跌落现象，而含水煤样达到峰值载荷后，应力并没有马上下降，而是缓慢降低，表现出塑性变形的特征。随着煤样含水率的增加，煤样破坏较为破碎，产生较多的小碎块。
3) 三轴压缩下3种含水率的煤样强度都随着围压的增大而增加，但是不同围压下含水煤样的强度明显低于干燥试样。围压能够抑制水对煤样的软化情况，当围压在10 MPa下，含水率为1.8%和3.6%的煤样分别比干燥低11.7%，21.5%。强度和弹性模量损失率随着围压的增大而逐渐减小。
4) 含水率对煤样的内摩擦角基本没有影响，但会导致煤样黏结力明显偏低。与干燥煤样相比，含水率为3.6%的煤样，其黏结力度降低了36.5%。通过电镜扫描观察可以发现，随着含水率的逐渐增大，裂纹的宽度和长度逐渐增大，数量逐渐增多，完整性逐渐变差。
基金
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  • 辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220690)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)青年项目(202203021222300)
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新计划项目(2022L448)
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新计划项目(2022L449)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.0104
  • 接收时间：2023-12-23
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-23
  • 修回日期：2024-03-23
基金
辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220690)
山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)青年项目(202203021222300)
山西省高等学校科技创新计划项目(2022L448)
山西省高等学校科技创新计划项目(2022L449)
作者信息
    1 辽宁工程技术大学 矿业学院，辽宁 阜新 123000
    2 山西大同大学 煤炭工程学院，山西 大同 037002
    3 辽宁工业大学 机械工程与自动化学院，辽宁 锦州 121001

通讯作者:

**白晨浩(2001—)，男，内蒙古准格尔旗人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿井灾害防治、应急技术与管理等。E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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