Article(id=1149743083731992829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)06-0001-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1562, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=1710518400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049712355, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049712355, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049712355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049712355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149743083069288795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049712197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468919644, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278582599098698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149743083069288795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149743083941708031, articleId=1149743083731992829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on multidimensional quantification of individual workload of controllers, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enhance the efficacious operation of the air traffic control system,a quantitative model was established by focusing on the individual load of controllers. Tests were designed to collect pre-service and post-service data on various indicators from 16 area controllers in the front line. Sensitive variables were selected to describe individual loads based on changes in test data. A comprehensive assessment index system was established that included three dimensions: psychological perception load,physiological reaction load,and mental workload. The controller individual load index model was developed. The optimal weights of the individual load index were determined by the the entropy-critic combination weighting method. The quantitative model of the controller's individual workload was finally derived. Further K-Means clustering analysis was performed based on the controller's individual load composite index. There were evident discrepancies in the workload changes of the controllers due to different individual postures. The results indicate that the post-post individual workload changes of the controllers could be classified into three distinct groups. The first group,comprising 50% of the total number of controllers,exhibited the smallest post-post individual workload growth. The second group,accounting for 43.75% of the total number of controllers,exhibited a moderate post-post individual workload growth. The third group,comprising 6.25% of the total number of controllers,exhibited the largest post-post individual workload increase. These findings align with the instructor's ratings of controller competence.

, correspAuthors=Qiuli GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lili WANG, Qiuli GU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149743095945806186, articleId=1149743083731992829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=管制员个体工作负荷多维量化研究, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高空管系统高效运行,聚焦管制员个体工作负荷建立量化模型;首先设计试验采集一线16名区域管制员的岗前与岗后各项指标数据,根据测试数据变化,选择出敏感变量,描述个体工作负荷;其次建立包含心理感知负荷、生理反应负荷与脑力工作负荷3个维度的综合评估指标体系,构建管制员个体工作负荷指数模型;然后通过熵权-客观组合法求解个体工作负荷指数最优权重,最终得出管制员个体工作负荷量化模型;最后进一步根据管制员个体工作负荷综合指数进行K-Means聚类分析,结果表明:管制员因个体不同岗后工作负荷存在差异。依据个体工作负荷指数大小,管制员可分为3类,A类管制员数量占总人数50%,岗后个体工作负荷增长最小;B类管制员数量占总人数43.75%,岗后负荷增长居中;C类管制员数量占总人数6.25%,岗后负荷增长最大,与教员对管制员能力的评分结果一致。

, correspAuthors=顾秋丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**顾秋丽(1988—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士,讲师,主要从事空中交通人为因素方面的研究。E-mail:
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王莉莉 (1973—),女,陕西兴平人,博士,教授,主要从事空中交通人为因素、空域规划等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王莉莉 (1973—),女,陕西兴平人,博士,教授,主要从事空中交通人为因素、空域规划等方面的研究。E-mail:

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China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(12):38-45., articleTitle=Human error risk analysis base on foreign unsafe events in air traffic management, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168181707799798012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, awardId=U1633124, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金委员会与中国民用航空局联合项目(U1633124), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168181701940355266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181701978104003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, companyId=1168181701940355266, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Air Traffic Management,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181702028435652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, companyId=1168181701940355266, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院,天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168181702158459077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181702183624902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, companyId=1168181702158459077, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181702208790727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, companyId=1168181702158459077, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168181702292676808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181702296871113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, companyId=1168181702292676808, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 College of Computer Science and Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168181702305259722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, companyId=1168181702292676808, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国民航大学 计算机科学与技术学院,天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168181704398217440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Individual controller workload indicator system, figureFileSmall=3fpSXWH2Rx8Cc4LCXFrucw==, figureFileBig=WHMvg0b68C7jBICQLAFb+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181704633098465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=图1, caption=管制员个体工作负荷指标体系, figureFileSmall=3fpSXWH2Rx8Cc4LCXFrucw==, figureFileBig=WHMvg0b68C7jBICQLAFb+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181704867979490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of controllers by age and length of service, figureFileSmall=kUrJ/+w924SdEdqPDpXJqA==, figureFileBig=Td0sQSfsb7uB/AWpdmTjqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705044140259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, 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figureFileBig=IKf06qKtJa8cUFHJRWT3Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705455182055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=图4, caption=管制员脑力工作负荷变化, figureFileSmall=0FEqgVEcCiIObBwsigeeUQ==, figureFileBig=IKf06qKtJa8cUFHJRWT3Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705522290920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Controller load index chart, figureFileSmall=JM+ktUTnOsGN84Rny/D6aQ==, figureFileBig=GpH6W8FluyXkI8wnaMtedA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705610371305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=图5, caption=管制员负荷指数, figureFileSmall=JM+ktUTnOsGN84Rny/D6aQ==, figureFileBig=GpH6W8FluyXkI8wnaMtedA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705685868778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of the number of clusters, figureFileSmall=SFjbGxMInZYuGLy9TKNZWw==, figureFileBig=eu328ZbA6E7rbi1ECFqoZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705799114987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=图6, caption=聚类数对比, figureFileSmall=SFjbGxMInZYuGLy9TKNZWw==, figureFileBig=eu328ZbA6E7rbi1ECFqoZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705878806764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Post-post simulation control test instructor rating results, figureFileSmall=wc/sffazf8A3sDfmCWMN+Q==, figureFileBig=6iYTYYoHjEHfBAJK6+fnsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181705979470061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=图7, caption=岗后模拟管制试验教员评分结果, figureFileSmall=wc/sffazf8A3sDfmCWMN+Q==, figureFileBig=6iYTYYoHjEHfBAJK6+fnsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168181706126270702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Examples of statistics of PSS and NASA-TLX scale scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
量表名称 01 02 08 09 15 16
PSS岗前 38 31 33 32 41 31
PSS岗后 39 39 40 34 41 33
NASA-TLX
岗前
72 102 79 71 66 79
NASA-TLX
岗后
80 107 91 93 89 98
), ArticleFig(id=1168181706239516911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PSS和NASA-TLX量表分数统计示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
量表名称 01 02 08 09 15 16
PSS岗前 38 31 33 32 41 31
PSS岗后 39 39 40 34 41 33
NASA-TLX
岗前
72 102 79 71 66 79
NASA-TLX
岗后
80 107 91 93 89 98
), ArticleFig(id=1168181706382123248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

PSS and NASA-TLX scales paired samples T-tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主观量表 岗前岗后配对检验 t 自由度 Sig.双尾
平均值 标准偏差 标准误差
平均值
差值 95% 置信区间
下限 上限
PSS -2.875 00 4.814 91 1.203 73 -5.440 68 -0.309 32 -2.388 15 0.031
NASA-TLX -14.875 00 8.196 54 2.049 14 -19.242 6 -10.507 3 -7.259 15 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1168181706558284017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PSS与NASA-TLX量表配对样本T检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主观量表 岗前岗后配对检验 t 自由度 Sig.双尾
平均值 标准偏差 标准误差
平均值
差值 95% 置信区间
下限 上限
PSS -2.875 00 4.814 91 1.203 73 -5.440 68 -0.309 32 -2.388 15 0.031
NASA-TLX -14.875 00 8.196 54 2.049 14 -19.242 6 -10.507 3 -7.259 15 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1168181706658947314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physiological load indicator paired samples T-tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生理指标 配对差值 t 自由度 Sig.双尾
平均值 标准
偏差
标准 误差
平均值
差值 95%置信区间
下限 上限
β波均值 1.896 76 2.655 50 0.663 87 0.481 75 3.311 78 2.857 15 0.012
皮肤导电均值 1.269 97 2.088 88 0.522 22 0.156 89 2.383 06 2.432 15 0.028
右眼瞳孔直径 -0.281 47 0.356 77 0.089 19 -0.471 58 -0.091 36 -3.156 15 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1168181706805747955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生理负荷指标配对样本T检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生理指标 配对差值 t 自由度 Sig.双尾
平均值 标准
偏差
标准 误差
平均值
差值 95%置信区间
下限 上限
β波均值 1.896 76 2.655 50 0.663 87 0.481 75 3.311 78 2.857 15 0.012
皮肤导电均值 1.269 97 2.088 88 0.522 22 0.156 89 2.383 06 2.432 15 0.028
右眼瞳孔直径 -0.281 47 0.356 77 0.089 19 -0.471 58 -0.091 36 -3.156 15 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1168181706902216948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pre-post paired samples t-test for brain workload indicators

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认知负荷指标 配对差值 t 自由度 Sig.双尾
平均值 标准偏差 标准误差
平均值
差值 95%置信区间
下限 上限
F f ¯ -38.017 19 28.742 92 7.185 73 -53.333 20 -22.701 17 -5.291 15 0.000
T f ¯ -40.115 06 63.004 32 15.751 08 -73.687 69 -6.542 42 -2.547 15 0.022
S f ¯ -8.097 09 8.938 15 2.234 54 -12.859 89 -3.334 29 -3.624 15 0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707002880245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

脑力工作负荷指标岗前岗后配对样本T检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
认知负荷指标 配对差值 t 自由度 Sig.双尾
平均值 标准偏差 标准误差
平均值
差值 95%置信区间
下限 上限
F f ¯ -38.017 19 28.742 92 7.185 73 -53.333 20 -22.701 17 -5.291 15 0.000
T f ¯ -40.115 06 63.004 32 15.751 08 -73.687 69 -6.542 42 -2.547 15 0.022
S f ¯ -8.097 09 8.938 15 2.234 54 -12.859 89 -3.334 29 -3.624 15 0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707082572022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Entropy weighting,critic weight method and combination method indicator weight values

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算法 Δ L ' P S S Δ L ' T L X Δ β ' Δ K ' S C L Δ P ' d Δ F ' f Δ T ' f Δ S ' f
熵权法 0.104 8 0.073 7 0.088 8 0.112 4 0.072 7 0.153 3 0.238 8 0.155 5
CRITIC 0.126 2 0.124 6 0.139 0 0.113 4 0.100 7 0.139 5 0.120 5 0.136 1
组合算法 0.104 9 0.074 0 0.089 1 0.112 4 0.072 9 0.153 2 0.238 1 0.155 4
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707220984055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

熵权法、客观权重法及组合法指标权重值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 Δ L ' P S S Δ L ' T L X Δ β ' Δ K ' S C L Δ P ' d Δ F ' f Δ T ' f Δ S ' f
熵权法 0.104 8 0.073 7 0.088 8 0.112 4 0.072 7 0.153 3 0.238 8 0.155 5
CRITIC 0.126 2 0.124 6 0.139 0 0.113 4 0.100 7 0.139 5 0.120 5 0.136 1
组合算法 0.104 9 0.074 0 0.089 1 0.112 4 0.072 9 0.153 2 0.238 1 0.155 4
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707346813176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

ILOI for controllers

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编号 PPLI PRIL BWI ILOI
01 0.074 4 0.192 7 0.203 9 0.471 0
02 0.105 4 0.163 9 0.243 1 0.512 4
03 0.138 1 0.149 6 0.089 3 0.377 0
04 0.077 3 0.144 0 0.217 4 0.438 7
05 0.044 2 0.126 7 0.252 4 0.423 2
06 0.127 5 0.186 4 0.083 0 0.396 9
07 0.108 0 0.137 0 0.227 4 0.472 4
08 0.117 7 0.086 2 0.267 1 0.471 0
09 0.115 6 0.109 0 0.128 5 0.353 1
10 0.099 5 0.146 2 0.319 8 0.565 4
11 0.096 5 0.172 3 0.233 5 0.502 3
12 0.066 3 0.124 5 0.198 5 0.389 3
13 0.062 9 0.113 2 0.238 2 0.414 4
14 0.159 8 0.174 6 0.088 4 0.422 8
15 0.107 1 0.154 3 0.468 7 0.730 2
16 0.108 0 0.130 2 0.248 7 0.486 9
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707443282169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

管制员ILOI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 PPLI PRIL BWI ILOI
01 0.074 4 0.192 7 0.203 9 0.471 0
02 0.105 4 0.163 9 0.243 1 0.512 4
03 0.138 1 0.149 6 0.089 3 0.377 0
04 0.077 3 0.144 0 0.217 4 0.438 7
05 0.044 2 0.126 7 0.252 4 0.423 2
06 0.127 5 0.186 4 0.083 0 0.396 9
07 0.108 0 0.137 0 0.227 4 0.472 4
08 0.117 7 0.086 2 0.267 1 0.471 0
09 0.115 6 0.109 0 0.128 5 0.353 1
10 0.099 5 0.146 2 0.319 8 0.565 4
11 0.096 5 0.172 3 0.233 5 0.502 3
12 0.066 3 0.124 5 0.198 5 0.389 3
13 0.062 9 0.113 2 0.238 2 0.414 4
14 0.159 8 0.174 6 0.088 4 0.422 8
15 0.107 1 0.154 3 0.468 7 0.730 2
16 0.108 0 0.130 2 0.248 7 0.486 9
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707585888506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Analysis of controller individual load clustering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 PPLI
占比/%
PRLI
占比/%
BWI
占比/%
ILOI 聚类
种类
03 36.63 39.68 23.69 0.377 0 A
04 17.62 32.82 49.56 0.438 7 A
05 10.44 29.94 59.64 0.423 2 A
06 32.12 46.96 20.91 0.396 9 A
09 32.74 30.87 36.39 0.353 1 A
12 17.03 31.98 50.99 0.389 3 A
13 15.18 27.32 57.48 0.414 4 A
14 37.80 41.30 20.91 0.422 8 A
01 15.80 40.91 43.29 0.471 0 B
02 20.57 31.99 47.44 0.512 4 B
07 22.86 29.00 48.14 0.472 4 B
08 24.99 18.30 56.71 0.471 0 B
10 17.60 25.86 56.56 0.565 4 B
11 19.21 34.30 46.49 0.502 3 B
16 22.18 26.74 51.08 0.486 9 B
15 14.67 21.13 64.19 0.730 2 C
), ArticleFig(id=1168181707665580283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149743083731992829, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

管制员个体负荷聚类结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 PPLI
占比/%
PRLI
占比/%
BWI
占比/%
ILOI 聚类
种类
03 36.63 39.68 23.69 0.377 0 A
04 17.62 32.82 49.56 0.438 7 A
05 10.44 29.94 59.64 0.423 2 A
06 32.12 46.96 20.91 0.396 9 A
09 32.74 30.87 36.39 0.353 1 A
12 17.03 31.98 50.99 0.389 3 A
13 15.18 27.32 57.48 0.414 4 A
14 37.80 41.30 20.91 0.422 8 A
01 15.80 40.91 43.29 0.471 0 B
02 20.57 31.99 47.44 0.512 4 B
07 22.86 29.00 48.14 0.472 4 B
08 24.99 18.30 56.71 0.471 0 B
10 17.60 25.86 56.56 0.565 4 B
11 19.21 34.30 46.49 0.502 3 B
16 22.18 26.74 51.08 0.486 9 B
15 14.67 21.13 64.19 0.730 2 C
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管制员个体工作负荷多维量化研究
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王莉莉 1 , 顾秋丽 2, 3, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(6): 1-9
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(6): 1-9
管制员个体工作负荷多维量化研究
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王莉莉1 , 顾秋丽2, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院,天津 300300
  • 2 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 3 中国民航大学 计算机科学与技术学院,天津 300300
  • 王莉莉 (1973—),女,陕西兴平人,博士,教授,主要从事空中交通人为因素、空域规划等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**顾秋丽(1988—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士,讲师,主要从事空中交通人为因素方面的研究。E-mail:
Study on multidimensional quantification of individual workload of controllers
Lili WANG1 , Qiuli GU2, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Air Traffic Management,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 3 College of Computer Science and Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1562
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为提高空管系统高效运行,聚焦管制员个体工作负荷建立量化模型;首先设计试验采集一线16名区域管制员的岗前与岗后各项指标数据,根据测试数据变化,选择出敏感变量,描述个体工作负荷;其次建立包含心理感知负荷、生理反应负荷与脑力工作负荷3个维度的综合评估指标体系,构建管制员个体工作负荷指数模型;然后通过熵权-客观组合法求解个体工作负荷指数最优权重,最终得出管制员个体工作负荷量化模型;最后进一步根据管制员个体工作负荷综合指数进行K-Means聚类分析,结果表明:管制员因个体不同岗后工作负荷存在差异。依据个体工作负荷指数大小,管制员可分为3类,A类管制员数量占总人数50%,岗后个体工作负荷增长最小;B类管制员数量占总人数43.75%,岗后负荷增长居中;C类管制员数量占总人数6.25%,岗后负荷增长最大,与教员对管制员能力的评分结果一致。

空中交通管制员  /  个体工作负荷  /  配对样本T检验  /  熵权-客观组合法  /  K-Means聚类

In order to enhance the efficacious operation of the air traffic control system,a quantitative model was established by focusing on the individual load of controllers. Tests were designed to collect pre-service and post-service data on various indicators from 16 area controllers in the front line. Sensitive variables were selected to describe individual loads based on changes in test data. A comprehensive assessment index system was established that included three dimensions: psychological perception load,physiological reaction load,and mental workload. The controller individual load index model was developed. The optimal weights of the individual load index were determined by the the entropy-critic combination weighting method. The quantitative model of the controller's individual workload was finally derived. Further K-Means clustering analysis was performed based on the controller's individual load composite index. There were evident discrepancies in the workload changes of the controllers due to different individual postures. The results indicate that the post-post individual workload changes of the controllers could be classified into three distinct groups. The first group,comprising 50% of the total number of controllers,exhibited the smallest post-post individual workload growth. The second group,accounting for 43.75% of the total number of controllers,exhibited a moderate post-post individual workload growth. The third group,comprising 6.25% of the total number of controllers,exhibited the largest post-post individual workload increase. These findings align with the instructor's ratings of controller competence.

air traffic controller  /  individual workload  /  paired-sample T-test  /  entropy-critic combination weighting method  /  K-Means cluster analysis
王莉莉, 顾秋丽. 管制员个体工作负荷多维量化研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (6) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1562
Lili WANG, Qiuli GU. Study on multidimensional quantification of individual workload of controllers[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (6) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1562
新型冠状感染“乙类乙管”后,2023年上半年国内和国际航班量持续上升,已超过2019年同期水平[1]。随着航班流量的持续增加,不安全事件也随之增加,主要原因之一是空中交通管制员(简称管制员)不适应低负荷到高负荷的工作量变化产生的,由此可以发现,管制员的个体负荷是影响空中交通安全高效运行的关键因素。因此,如何科学量化与精细评估管制员个体工作负荷具有重要意义。
总结国内外学者研究成果发现,关于管制员的工作负荷评估方式主要包括4种:①主观量表评估法,通过量表采集数据操作简单、方便,但数据具有滞后性且受主观影响较大[2]。②主任务测量法,通过统计管制员发出的指令种类和时间计算负荷,但不同管制区域差别较大,此种方法只能针对特定空域进行计算,又陆空通话语音具有特殊性,常规软件分析困难,人工分析工作量大[3]。③基于空中交通复杂度评估法,通过扇区动态变化或扇区内航空器的数量进行评估,但因管制过程中常出现各类特殊情况很难评估任务难度以及产生的工作负荷[4]。④生理数据测量法,是目前比较新颖的测量方法,通过测量管制员眼动数据与生理数据实时评估管制员的工作负荷[5]。眼动行为是评价管制员信息搜索能力的一个重要指标,对于管制员做决策至关重要[6],学者们通常通过管制员的注视、扫视行为以及瞳孔直径评估管制员的工作负荷。WANG Yanjun等[7]通过对比管制员的注视与扫视等行为发现,成熟管制员比新手管制员的搜索效率更高;AHLSTROM等[8]发现管制员的工作负荷随着航班数量的增加而线性增加,眨眼时间和平均扫视距离减小,平均瞳孔直径增加;WEE等[9]发现随着飞行流量的增大,管制员的平均注视持续时间更长,注视时间占比更大。脑电信号(Electroencephalogram,EEG)与管制员的工作负荷变化也有较强关联,能够较好地评估管制员的工作负荷[10],ARICO等[11]通过分析12名在校管制学员在模拟管制过程中的脑电信号,建立基于脑电数据的工作负荷模型;陈彦峰[12]研究发现,成年人在进行需要智力支撑的有目的的活动或有意识的视觉活动时,脑电波中的α波会被低幅高频的β波代替,因此,脑电β波能更敏感与有效地评估管制员的工作负荷。陈凤兰等[13]通过生理仪器测量发现,较大的工作负荷导致人体的皮肤导电能力降低。
综上,学者们都是在一个测试场景下采用生理数据测量法研究管制员负荷随流量或复杂任务变化,测试结果呈现了参与测试管制员群体的平均工作负荷的变化过程。但实际上连续工作带来的工作负荷的增长率因个体不同而存在差异,关于进一步精细化研究管制员的个体工作负荷内容还未见文献发表。鉴于此,笔者拟聚焦管制员的个体工作负荷,通过测量同一管制员经过24h工作周期累积后岗前与岗后的个体工作负荷的变化,构建综合心理感知负荷、生理反应负荷与脑力工作负荷的评价指标体系,根据管制员工作实际情况与岗位能力要求建立管制员个体工作负荷指数研究模型,并通过试验数据量化与聚类分析模型,评估管制员岗后个体工作负荷变化差异,以期关注岗后负荷增长较大的管制员群体,避免发生不安全事件。
为构建科学与有效的管制员个体工作负荷评价体系,通过访谈一线管制员,并利用美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Administration,NASA)-任务负荷指数(Task Load Index,TLX)量表进行问卷调研,发现管制员在工作中为保障航空器安全、有序与高效地运行,内心会产生一定的心理压力;同时长期昼夜轮班工作,身体会产生明显的生理反应;工作中需要保持注意力高度集中,并快速提取关键信息发出指令,大脑持续运转会产生较强的脑力工作负荷。因此,基于管制员工作实际选取以上3个对于管制员个体工作负荷影响较大关键因素,建立心理感知负荷、生理反应负荷和脑力工作负荷的三维综合评价指标体系。
心理感知负荷指管制员当前所承受的心理负担量,包括管制员自身的紧张感和由工作产生的压力感,研究表明:压力知觉(Perceived Stress Scale,PSS)量表能够有效评估管制员内在压力状态[14],NASA-TLX工作负荷量表能够有效评估管制员主观感知的工作负荷[15],因此,选取上述2个量表综合量化管制员的心理感知负荷。
生理反应负荷指管制员工作中身体产生的反应,脑电β波可以反应大脑思维活跃性[16],皮肤电信号是由交感神经控制皮肤分泌汗液反应管制员警觉性[17],瞳孔直径在光照不变情况下也会产生变化反应管制员注意力集中性,因此,上述3个指标能够量化管制员的生理反应负荷。
脑力工作负荷指管制员在管制过程中信息处理速度,即决策速度与决策的困难程度,其与管制员在工作中的剩余能力负相关。结合区域管制员的工作实际,管制员的反应能力、搜索目标航班能力以及关键信息提取能力十分重要。首次注视反应时间(First Fixation Duration,FFD)指航空器进入其管辖范围内到管制员首次识别航空器的时间间隔,时间短说明反应快,因此,能够有效评估管制员反应能力。总注视时间(Total Fixation Duration,TFD)指管制员识别航空器提取关键信息到作出决策向飞行员发出正确的指令时间间隔,注视时间(大于100ms)短说明信息提取能力强,因此,能够有效评估管制员的决策能力。扫视目标时间(Saccades Duration,SD)指眼球从一个注视运动结束到下一个注视运动开始的时间,即管制员搜索目标时间,扫视时间短说明搜索能力强,因此,可有效评估管制员目标搜索能力。综上,首次FFD、TFD和SD能够量化管制员的脑力负荷。
管制员个体工作负荷的指标体系如图1所示。
为建立管制员个体工作负荷量化模型,试验组根据某管制单位管制中心轮班时间设计了岗前和岗后的个体工作负荷测试。根据该管制中心管制员工作24h休息48h安排,在管制员上岗前进行岗前测试,时间为上午08:00—12:00;管制员结束24h工作后进行岗后测试,时间为凌晨01:00—05:00,具体测试时间为管制员当晚结束工作时间。岗前和岗后测试内容相同,包括测试前填写PSS量表,进行模拟管制指挥40min,测试后填写NASA-TLX工作负荷量表。为减少额外变量对试验的影响,测试前告知被试人员测试流程与试验注意事项。
试验组聘请管制中心一线区域放单管制员16名参与试验,均为男性,右利手。年龄为25~48岁,平均年龄29.88岁;岗龄分布为3~26年,平均岗龄7.06年,具体情况如图2所示。
试验地点为管制中心复训模拟管制室,设备为空中交通管制模拟机、眼动仪和多导生理仪。眼动仪用于采集模拟管制过程中管制员的眼动行为数据,多导生理仪用于采集管制员的脑电信号和皮肤电信号。
模拟管制测试时长为40min,空域为中等复杂扇区空域,交通流量由中等增加到超大流量(10~30架次),期间发生特情3~4次。特情种类包括:紧急下降、发动机一发失效、航空器低油量运行、航空器无线电失效等,被试管制员事先不知晓特情发生时间与类型。测试过程中,管制教员实时观察管制员的工作状态,记录特情发生反应时间和处置效果,同时根据《雷达管制基础模拟机培训大纲》[18]对管制员的综合表现进行评分。
根据心理感知负荷量化指标,按照PSS量表和NASA-TLX量表计算规则,16名管制员岗前和岗后个体量表分数见表1。由表1可知:管制员工作24h后,心理压力和工作感知负荷均有不同程度增加。运用SPSS.26进行配对样本T检验,见表2。PSS量表p=0.031,NASA-TLX量表p=0.000,两者均小于0.05,说明管制员岗前与岗后的心理压力和感知负荷对比后均有显著性差异,2个指标能够有效反映心理感知负荷变化。
根据生理反应负荷量化指标,计算管制员岗前岗后脑电β波、皮肤导电均值以及瞳孔直径。以往研究表明:右利手的人主视眼一般是右眼[19],因此,选择管制员的右眼瞳孔直径进行分析。为对比岗前与岗后生理指标变化差异,平均处理所有被试的3个指标,处理结果如图3所示。管制员在工作24h后,脑电β波值降低、皮肤导电均值降低、右眼瞳孔直径增加,说明管制员大脑的活跃性降低、警觉性减弱、注意力变分散。对3个指标进行岗前与岗后配对样本T检验,βp=0.012,,皮肤导电均值p=0.028,右眼瞳孔直径均值p=0.007,三者均小于0.05,具体见表3。说明岗前与岗后管制员的3项指标均有显著性差异,能够有效评估管制员的生理反应负荷变化。
根据脑力工作负荷量化指标定义,首次FFD均值计算公式:
F f ¯ = 1 N i x i
式中: F f ¯为首次FFD均值,s;xi为首次注视第i架航空器的反应时间,s;N为航空器的架次,N=1,2,…,i
TFD均值计算公式:
T f ¯ = 1 N i y i
式中: T f ¯为TFD均值,ms;yi为注视第i架航空器的总时间,ms。
SD均值计算公式:
S f ¯ = 1 M j z j
式中: S f ¯为SD均值,ms;Zj为第 j个扫视运动的时间,ms;M为扫视的次数,M=1,2,…,j
根据式(1)—式(3),计算管制员岗前与岗后 F f ¯ T f ¯ S f ¯,如图4所示。从图4可以看出,管制员工作24h后,其反应时间、注视时间和扫视时间均有增加,说明管制员的反应能力、决策能力与目标搜索能力均有不同程度下降。其中,FFD增加38s,TFD增加40ms,SD增加8ms。经过配对样本T检验后, F f ¯ T f ¯、和 S f ¯R值均小于0.05,具体见表4。通过岗前与岗后对比,脑力工作负荷3项指标都具有显著性差异,说明3个指标能够有效评价管制员的脑力负荷变化。
根据管制员个体工作负荷评价指标分析可知:管制员在工作24h后,各项指标均有显著变化,通过个体负荷指数(Individual Load Index,ILOI)进一步直观量化管制员岗前和岗后的个体工作负荷变化。将管制员岗前测试的状态视为初态,岗后测试的状态视为末态。因此,ILOI定义为管制员工作期间累积的负荷值,即末态与初态之间的差值。
首先,计算评估管制员个体负荷的8个指标岗前与岗后的差值,具体计算公式如下(1表示初态,2表示末态):
PSS量表得分差值 Δ L P S S:
Δ L P S S = L P S S 2 - L P S S 1
NASA-TLX量表得分差值 Δ L T L X:
Δ L T L X = L T L X 2 - L T L X 1
脑电 β波差值 Δ β:
Δ β = β 1 - β 2
皮肤导电均值差值 Δ K S C L:
Δ K S C L = K S C L 1 - K S C L 2
右眼瞳孔直径差值 Δ P d:
Δ P d = P d 2 - P d 1
首次注视目标反应时间均值差值 Δ F f:
Δ F f = F f ¯ 2 - F f ¯ 1
注视目标持续时间均值差值 Δ T f:
Δ T f = T f ¯ 2 - T f ¯ 1
扫视持续时间均值差值 Δ S f:
Δ S f = S f ¯ 2 - S f ¯ 1
然后,将8个指标差值进行标准化处理统一量纲,得到标准化后的岗前与岗后的指标差值,分别为: Δ L ' P S S Δ L ' T L X Δ β ' Δ K ' S C L Δ P ' d Δ F ' f Δ T ' fΔS'f
根据管制员个体工作负荷评价指标体系,得到心理感应负荷指数(Psychological Perceived Load Index,PPLI)模型:
P P L I = a × Δ L ' P S S + b × Δ L ' T L X
生理反应负荷指数(Physiological Response Load Index,PRLI)模型:
P R L I = c × Δ β ' + e × Δ K ' S C L + g × Δ P ' d
脑力工作负荷指数(Brain Workload Index,BWI)模型:
B W I = h × Δ F ' f + q × Δ T ' f + r × Δ S D '
管制员个体负荷综合指数模型:
I L O I = a × Δ L ' P S S + b × Δ L ' T L X + c × Δ β ' + e × Δ K ' S C L + g × Δ P ' d + h × Δ F ' f + q × Δ T ' f + r × Δ S D '
式中abceghqr为各个指标的权重。
熵权法是一种综合评价指标的客观赋权法,通过指标差异变化的程度大小确定权重大小,但计算结果未考虑指标间的相关性,因此,在应用中会出现与实际不相符得情况,需要修正。客观权重法正好弥补了熵权法不足,能够兼顾指标数据间的相关性,利用数据本身所包含信息进行评价。但2种方法计算结果有一定差别,为平衡熵权法和客观权重法计算结果,采用博弈论的集结模型,构建熵权-客观组合法,求解基于2种方法的最优权重,使评价结果更加准确与符合实际[20],具体见表5
表5中熵权-客观组合权重值代入式(12)—式(15),得到每名管制员PPLI、PRLI、BWI以及ILOI,具体结果见表6图5
根据管制员个体综合负荷指数,使用K-Means聚类法[21],由肘部法则将16名管制员分为3个类别,具体如图6所示。
分别计算管制员PPLI、PRLI、BWI占ILOI比值,K-Means聚类结果,见表7
表7可知:
1) A类管制员共计8人,占总人数50%。A类管制员经过24h工作时长后,ILOI最小。说明该类管制员在24h工作期间能够较好完成管制工作,工作结束后整体负荷感知较少,管制能力能够胜任当前工作负荷。进一步分析发现,03、06和14号管制员的生理感知负荷占比较大,04、05、09、12和13号管制员脑力感知负荷占比更大。
2) B类管制员共计7人,占总人数43.75%。B类管制员经过24h工作后,ILOI增长居中,脑力感知负荷增长占比较大,但管制能力能够满足当前工作负荷。
3) C类管制员共计1人,占总人数6.25%。C类管制员经过24h工作后,ILOI最大,尤其是脑力负荷,说明当前岗位的工作负荷对于管制员压力较大,需要进一步确认管制员管制能力与当前岗位负荷匹配情况,避免不安全事件发生[22]
为进一步验证模型的有效性,根据岗后模拟结果,教员绘制管制员综合表现评分,如图7所示。发现编号03、04、05、06等8名A类管制员的评分结果在90分及以上,编号01、02、07、08等7名B类管制员的评分结果在88~90分,编号15的C类管制员的评分结果最低为86分,这与表7管制员分类结果相吻合,说明管制员个体工作负荷量化模型能够有效评估管制员个体工作负荷变化。
1) 从心理感知负荷、生理反应负荷和脑力工作负荷3个维度建立评价管制员个体工作负荷的综合指标体系。依据指标体系,进一步构建管制员个体工作负荷量化模型,并采用熵权-客观组合法求出最优解。
2) 根据管制员ILOI,通过K-Means聚类法进行分析,发现16名管制员分为3个类别。从岗后个体工作负荷增长的角度分析,A类管制员负荷增长最小,B类居中,C类最大。根据教员对管制员能力的评分验证了模型的有效性。
3) 文中依据管制员ILOI对管制员进行分类,但未探究导致管制员个体工作负荷变化不同的深层原因,下一步将继续研究导致不同管制员个体工作负荷增长较大的关键因素,并给出改进方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会与中国民用航空局联合项目(U1633124)
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2024年第34卷第6期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.06.1562
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-03-16
基金
国家自然科学基金委员会与中国民用航空局联合项目(U1633124)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院,天津 300300
    2 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
    3 中国民航大学 计算机科学与技术学院,天津 300300

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**顾秋丽(1988—),女,辽宁锦州人,硕士,讲师,主要从事空中交通人为因素方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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