Article(id=1149741822123094426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0140-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=1699891200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049411564, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049411564, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049411564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049411564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741822810960299, articleId=1149741822123094426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=InSAR deformation monitoring and safety and stability evaluation on surface of coal mine goaf, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the safety and stability of a proposed substation site in Pingdingshan city,Henan province,and avoid potential risks to the substation caused by the subsidence or tilting of the coal mine goaf,PS-InSAR was utilized to study 45 scenes Sentinel-1A data in Pingdingshan City from 2015 to 2022. A comprehensive analysis of the temporal deformation patterns of nine representative positions of the proposed site was performed. An evaluation mechanism for the safety and stability of the surface site of the coal mine goaf was established based on InSAR monitoring,and the evaluation of the site's safety and stability was completed. The research results demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy PS point selection method based on fuzzy sets theory can overcome the disadvantages of low PS point density,effectively increase the available data for analysis,and enhance the accuracy of monitoring results. After correcting the time series deformation of the representative points in the proposed area based on the reference point,it is found that the overall deformation of the proposed site is small and gradually showing a stable trend,with the maximum settlement of 13.05 mm,the maximum settlement velocity of 5.73 mm/a,and the maximum inclination of 0.070 mm/m. The analysis based on the safety and stability evaluation mechanism reveals that the surface displacement of the coal mine goaf is in a stable state,the substation foundation is in a safe state,and the surface settlement has little influence on the proposed substation. Based on the analysis of three evaluation indicators,the safety and stability level of the ground site on the coal mine goaf is classified as high,and it is feasible to build a substation.

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为探明河南省平顶山市某变电站拟建场地的安全稳定性,避免采空区地表沉降或倾斜给变电站造成安全隐患,采用永久散射体(PS)合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)研究平顶山市2015—2022年间的45景Sentinel-1A数据,精细化分析拟建场地的9个代表位置的时序形变特征,进而建立基于InSAR监测的采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价机制,完成对场地的安全稳定性评价。研究结果表明:基于模糊数据集的模糊PS选点法可克服PS点密度低的弊端,有效增加分析可用数据,提升监测结果的准确性;依据基准点校正拟建区内代表点的时序形变后发现,拟建场地整体形变较小且逐渐呈现趋于稳定的趋势,最大沉降量为13.05 mm,最大沉降速度为5.73 mm/a,最大倾斜为0.070 mm/m。基于安全稳定性评价机制分析可知:采空区地表场地移动变形处于稳定状态,变电站地基基础处于安全状态,采空区地表沉降对拟建变电站的影响程度小,综合3种评价指标进行分析,采空区地表场地安全稳定性等级为高,具备建设变电站的可行性。

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董建军 (1978—),男,辽宁绥中人,博士,副教授,主要从事工程安全与防灾减灾方面的研究。E-mail:

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董建军 (1978—),男,辽宁绥中人,博士,副教授,主要从事工程安全与防灾减灾方面的研究。E-mail:

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董建军 (1978—),男,辽宁绥中人,博士,副教授,主要从事工程安全与防灾减灾方面的研究。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1168123042266882107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic parameters of 45 SAR data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 参数值 参数名称 参数值
干涉宽幅
模式
IW 成像时间 2015-04-11—
2022-08-08
极化方式 VV 升/降轨 升轨
波段类型 C波段 SAR数据景数 45景
数据类型 SLC 地面分辨率 12.5 m
入射角/
(°)
40.538 辅助
数据
河南省NASA
12.5 m DEM
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042350768188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

45景SAR数据基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 参数值 参数名称 参数值
干涉宽幅
模式
IW 成像时间 2015-04-11—
2022-08-08
极化方式 VV 升/降轨 升轨
波段类型 C波段 SAR数据景数 45景
数据类型 SLC 地面分辨率 12.5 m
入射角/
(°)
40.538 辅助
数据
河南省NASA
12.5 m DEM
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042409488445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

End settlement value of proposed substation site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向 沉降值/
mm
最大沉降
差/mm
倾斜程度/
(mm·m-1)
正东端点 8.33 5.69 0.070
正西端点 2.64
正南端点 4.64 2.67 0.051
正北端点 1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042472403006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变电站拟建场地端点沉降值及倾斜程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向 沉降值/
mm
最大沉降
差/mm
倾斜程度/
(mm·m-1)
正东端点 8.33 5.69 0.070
正西端点 2.64
正南端点 4.64 2.67 0.051
正北端点 1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042526928959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Judgment criteria for surface movement and deformation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因素 稳定
状态
下沉速度及累计下沉值/mm 倾斜/(mm·m-1)
沉降速度≥1 mm/d ≥10 不稳定
沉降速度<1 mm/d,
但连续6个月累计下沉≥30 mm
3~10 相对
稳定
沉降速度<1 mm/d,
且连续6个月累计下沉<30 mm
<3 稳定
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042585649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地表移动变形判别标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因素 稳定
状态
下沉速度及累计下沉值/mm 倾斜/(mm·m-1)
沉降速度≥1 mm/d ≥10 不稳定
沉降速度<1 mm/d,
但连续6个月累计下沉≥30 mm
3~10 相对
稳定
沉降速度<1 mm/d,
且连续6个月累计下沉<30 mm
<3 稳定
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042644369473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Control standard for foundation deformation of substation equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 容许沉降
量/mm
容许沉降差
或倾斜
GIS等气、油管道连接设备基础 200 0.002L
主变压器基础 0.003L
刚接构架基础 150 0.003L
铰接构架基础 200
支持式硬母线及隔离开关支架基础 0.002L
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042703089730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

变电站设备地基基础变形控制标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 容许沉降
量/mm
容许沉降差
或倾斜
GIS等气、油管道连接设备基础 200 0.002L
主变压器基础 0.003L
刚接构架基础 150 0.003L
铰接构架基础 200
支持式硬母线及隔离开关支架基础 0.002L
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042770198595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Reference table for quantitative evaluation of impacts of mining-affected areas on buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因素 危害等级
地表残余变形
沉降量/mm 最大倾斜/(mm·m-1)
≥200 ≥10 危害大
100~200 3~10 危害中等
<100 <3 危害小
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042816335940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

采空区对建(构)筑物影响程度定量评价参照

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因素 危害等级
地表残余变形
沉降量/mm 最大倾斜/(mm·m-1)
≥200 ≥10 危害大
100~200 3~10 危害中等
<100 <3 危害小
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042870861893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Scores of safety and stability evaluation indicators for goaf surface site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险
分值
地基稳定
状态
基础安全状态 建筑物危害
等级
3 不稳定 超过容许值 危害大
2 相对稳定 危害中等
1 稳定 未超过容许值 危害小
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042933776454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价指标分值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险
分值
地基稳定
状态
基础安全状态 建筑物危害
等级
3 不稳定 超过容许值 危害大
2 相对稳定 危害中等
1 稳定 未超过容许值 危害小
), ArticleFig(id=1168123042992496711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Safety and stability classification of goaf surface site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
综合风险分值 采空区安全稳定性等级
1 高级别
2 中级别
≥3 低级别
), ArticleFig(id=1168123043063799880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741822123094426, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

采空区地表场地安全稳定性分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
综合风险分值 采空区安全稳定性等级
1 高级别
2 中级别
≥3 低级别
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采空区地表InSAR形变监测与安全稳定性评价
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董建军 1, 2 , 张莹 1, 2 , 李昕 1, 2 , 梅媛 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 140-149
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 140-149
采空区地表InSAR形变监测与安全稳定性评价
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董建军1, 2 , 张莹1, 2, 李昕1, 2, 梅媛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 2 辽宁工程技术大学 矿山热动力灾害与防治教育部重点实验室,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 董建军 (1978—),男,辽宁绥中人,博士,副教授,主要从事工程安全与防灾减灾方面的研究。E-mail:

InSAR deformation monitoring and safety and stability evaluation on surface of coal mine goaf
Jianjun DONG1, 2 , Ying ZHANG1, 2, Xin LI1, 2, Yuan MEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Liaoning Technical University,Huludao Liaoning 125105,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Mine Thermodynamic Disasters and Control of Ministry of Education,Liaoning Technical University,Huludao Liaoning 125105,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0148
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为探明河南省平顶山市某变电站拟建场地的安全稳定性,避免采空区地表沉降或倾斜给变电站造成安全隐患,采用永久散射体(PS)合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)研究平顶山市2015—2022年间的45景Sentinel-1A数据,精细化分析拟建场地的9个代表位置的时序形变特征,进而建立基于InSAR监测的采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价机制,完成对场地的安全稳定性评价。研究结果表明:基于模糊数据集的模糊PS选点法可克服PS点密度低的弊端,有效增加分析可用数据,提升监测结果的准确性;依据基准点校正拟建区内代表点的时序形变后发现,拟建场地整体形变较小且逐渐呈现趋于稳定的趋势,最大沉降量为13.05 mm,最大沉降速度为5.73 mm/a,最大倾斜为0.070 mm/m。基于安全稳定性评价机制分析可知:采空区地表场地移动变形处于稳定状态,变电站地基基础处于安全状态,采空区地表沉降对拟建变电站的影响程度小,综合3种评价指标进行分析,采空区地表场地安全稳定性等级为高,具备建设变电站的可行性。

采空区  /  地表形变  /  永久散射体(PS)合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)  /  形变监测  /  安全稳定性评价

To investigate the safety and stability of a proposed substation site in Pingdingshan city,Henan province,and avoid potential risks to the substation caused by the subsidence or tilting of the coal mine goaf,PS-InSAR was utilized to study 45 scenes Sentinel-1A data in Pingdingshan City from 2015 to 2022. A comprehensive analysis of the temporal deformation patterns of nine representative positions of the proposed site was performed. An evaluation mechanism for the safety and stability of the surface site of the coal mine goaf was established based on InSAR monitoring,and the evaluation of the site's safety and stability was completed. The research results demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy PS point selection method based on fuzzy sets theory can overcome the disadvantages of low PS point density,effectively increase the available data for analysis,and enhance the accuracy of monitoring results. After correcting the time series deformation of the representative points in the proposed area based on the reference point,it is found that the overall deformation of the proposed site is small and gradually showing a stable trend,with the maximum settlement of 13.05 mm,the maximum settlement velocity of 5.73 mm/a,and the maximum inclination of 0.070 mm/m. The analysis based on the safety and stability evaluation mechanism reveals that the surface displacement of the coal mine goaf is in a stable state,the substation foundation is in a safe state,and the surface settlement has little influence on the proposed substation. Based on the analysis of three evaluation indicators,the safety and stability level of the ground site on the coal mine goaf is classified as high,and it is feasible to build a substation.

goaf  /  surface deformation  /  persistent scatterer(PS)-interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)  /  deformation monitoring  /  safety and stability evaluation
董建军, 张莹, 李昕, 梅媛. 采空区地表InSAR形变监测与安全稳定性评价. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 140 -149 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0148
Jianjun DONG, Ying ZHANG, Xin LI, Yuan MEI. InSAR deformation monitoring and safety and stability evaluation on surface of coal mine goaf[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 140 -149 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0148
煤矿开采带来了巨大的经济效益,也遗留了大量的采空区。城市建筑的饱和化,使煤矿的采空区再利用成为关注热点。同时,电力资源供应短缺,亟需建设变电站以解决人们生活需求。采空区场地用于变电站建设可满足采空区再利用与变电站建设用地紧张的双向需求,由于采空区存在地表沉降甚至坍塌的隐患[1],且此类沉陷具有隐蔽性、长期性等特点[2],目前尚无采空区地表变电站安全建设和运营的先例。因此,掌握场地长期持续沉降信息的时空演变特征,对场地进行可靠高效的安全稳定性评估监测是当前亟待解决的问题。
针对采空区地表场地的安全稳定性问题,国内外学者开展了大量研究,XIAO Haiping[3]以河北唐山石人沟铁矿采空区为例,选取14个因素作为评价指标,建立采空区灾害危险度评价模型,评价分析出该采空区存在坍塌的可能;SHI Zhenyue等[4]采用FLAC3D模拟分析山东莱芜市北埠煤矿采空区的稳定性,结果表明:4组开采序列地表变形中心稳定,但变形范围和变形量差异较大;王华玲[5]采用有限差分软件研究了四川华蓥山隧道下伏采空区的安全稳定性,确定了隧道安全区域;张振振等[6]将开采条件、稳定性地表变形等作为判别因素评价了山东岱庄煤矿大埋深条带采空区的稳定性和对工程建设的影响性,结果表明:该区域属于不稳定-基本稳定状态;王初步等[7]采用FLAC3D建立某采空区的三维数值模型,模拟分析其稳定性,发现该采空区当前属于稳定状态。
上述学者虽采用数值模拟或理论分析评价了采空区地表的稳定性,但却无法获取采空区地表的真实形变情况和时序演化特征。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)作为近年来发展起来的地表形变监测新技术,能克服传统形变监测方法的不足[8],在节省人力物力的同时,实现实时、高效、全天候的大范围、高密度的地表沉降动态监测[9]。永久散射体(Persistent Scatterer,PS)-InSAR作为时间序列InSAR的一种,可有效克服或减弱时空去相干和大气延迟的负面影响[10],提高地表形变监测精度和可靠性,进而实现研究区长时间跨度、大范围的微小形变监测。PS-InSAR技术最早由FERRETTI等[11]提出,后续国内外学者不断将其应用到各类工程领域。COLESANTI等[12]利用25景JER-ISAR数据监测废弃煤矿,获得了准确的开采沉降速率场信息,验证了PS-InSAR监测的准确性;SUNIL等[13]基于C波段数据,采用PS-InSAR技术探测了印度某煤矿区的5个站点,测得最大沉降速率为29mm/a,最大累计沉降为90mm,沉降位置与煤矿开采计划相吻合,证明PS-InSAR在煤矿区利用C波段SAR数据进行形变监测的可行性;汤益先[14]以苏州城区为研究对象,最先将PS-InSAR应用于国内的地表沉降监测,证明该方法可有效解算出监测区的地表形变速率;周朝栋等[15]采用PS-InSAR技术得到了北京平原区的沉降情况,最大沉降速率为41.89 mm/a,与水准监测的结果具有高度的一致性;邹昊等[16]通过PS-InSAR研究某老采空区的地表形变场及形变特征,发现该采空区沉降呈逐渐减小趋势,预计沉降达到稳定状态还需约6年。
综上,国内外学者普遍采用数值模拟、理论分析等方法评价采空区地表的稳定性,或应用InSAR技术监测某一地区的形变情况,尚未建立基于InSAR监测的采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价机制评价采空区地表场地的安全稳定性。鉴于此,笔者拟采用基于模糊数据集的模糊PS选点法的PS-InSAR监测,克服PS-InSAR监测时PS点密度低的弊端,对平顶山市某采空区地表变电站拟建场地的空间分布特征和时序形变特征进行监测,并建立基于InSAR监测的采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价机制,开展采空区地表变电站建设场地安全稳定性评价,以期为地表建筑的安全建设和风险预警提供理论和技术支持。
利用同一区域不同时刻的N幅单视复数数据(Single Look Complex,SLC)的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)影像(≥20幅)形成一个时序的SAR影像集,从所有数据中确定一幅为主影像,将其与其他N-1幅影像相配准,得到N幅干涉图,通过卫星数据识别和选择PS点,并通过时序分析PS点的干涉相位获得研究区域的形变速率信息[17]
k幅影像的干涉相位可表示为:
ϕ I = ϕ d + ϕ t + ϕ a + ϕ n + ϕ o + ϕ ε
式中: ϕ I为干涉相位; ϕ d为形变相位; ϕ t为高程相位; ϕ a为大气延迟相位; ϕ n为热噪声相位; ϕ o为轨道误差; ϕ ε为残余地形相位。
PS-InSAR数据运算流程,如图1所示。经过运算,可逐次求得毫米级的地表形变情况。
下面简述Delaunay三角网构建、Fourier变换法解算参数及时空特征分析方法。
1) Delaunay三角网构建。采用Delaunay三角网连接候选PS点,可抑制大气噪声保证估计参数的可靠性。用点插法构建2幅待匹配图像的Delaunay三角网格,计算网格相似度。由于图像的特征点集被剖分成单个三角形网格,遍历计算每个三角形对的相似度,筛选出匹配度更高的特征点。
① 设遍历的第1个三角形对记为△ABC和△A' B'C',其顶点A(x1y1)、B(x2y2)、C(x3y3)和A'(x1',y1')、B'(x2',y2')和C'(x3',y3')对应的顶角度数分别记为θAθA'…,以此类推,计算三角形边长l1:
l 1 = ( x 1 - x 2 ) 2 + ( y 1 - y 2 ) 2
② 依次计算其余边长度l2l3l1'、l2'、l3',则:
c o s ( θ A ) = l 1 2 + l 2 2 + l 3 2 2 l 1 l 2
θ A = a r c c o s ( c o s ( θ A ) )
③ 计算所有三角形内角度数。第1对三角形之间的相似度记为U1,三角形对应内角的相似度记为UAUBUC,则内角相似度为:
U A = c o s 3 π 2 ( 1 - e x p ( d ( θ A ' ) ) )
d ( θ A ' ) = - 1 2 q 2 ( θ A ' - θ A )
④ 计算UBUC,则2个三角形之间的相似度取3对内角相似度的平均值:
U 1 = ( U A + U B + U C ) 3
即所求三角形间的相似度U1不小于先验值,则判定其为相似三角形,反之不是。遍历Delaunay三角网格中所有三角形,依次求出相似值U并构造相似矩阵,存储所有相似三角形索引,每个索引都具有唯一性且不重叠,进而确定精确点。
2) Fourier变换法解算弧段相对参数。通过相位稳定性分析判断弧段连接PS点的真伪性。根据形变速率和高程相位模型,通过Fourier变换,对于给定的搜索空间和步长,应用空间真实解计算相应的时序相干系数:
γ = 1 Q q = 1 Q e x p ( j ( ϕ I _ i _ j - Δ ϕ d _ i _ j - Δ ϕ t _ i _ j ) )
式中:Q为干涉图数量,幅;ij为位置坐标。
当时序相干系数大于给定的阈值时,弧段2端点受去相干因子影响较小。二者之间大气噪声通过相位相减被有效去除,求解的参数可信度较高,则保留此条弧段,认定连接的2个PS候选点为真实PS点,对应的相对高程和形变速率即解算点相对于参考点的值。
3) 时空特征分析。相位稳定性分析虽可很大程度消除大气的干扰,但仍有部分大气噪声难以与非线性形变区分。大气噪声与地表形变具有不同的时空特征,通过空域低通滤波和时域高通滤波可实现两者的分离:
ϕ ^ a _ q q ( X ) = w - q ' ( X ) h l
式中: w - q ' ( X )为第q个干涉图上的第X个相干点的残余相位;h为时域滤波处理;l为空域滤波处理。
将大气延迟分离后,即得到非线性形变,再将其与对应时间段的线性形变相加,进而估算出每个PS点上的形变情况。
平顶山电力设计院有限公司计划建设迎宾110 kV 变电站,拟建区地处新华区采空区,占地面积约4 294m2(81.72m×52.54m),四周地势平坦,交通方便。详细地理位置如图2所示。
研究区域位于平煤集团七矿开采区的东南边缘,属采煤塌陷区范围内,该区域地表标高为+85m左右,附近开采的煤层主要有已16-17层煤。拟建区正下方及附近煤层采掘后采空区分布情况如图3所示。采空区累计采厚为3.5m,最小采深160m,从东南向西北煤层开采深度逐渐增大,开采时间1987—1993年,采用长壁开采,全陷法管理顶板。由于地下采煤于1992—1993年在建设路西段和鹰城文化广场一带引发大面积地面塌陷,地面塌陷坑及地裂缝极为发育,对当地地表形态产生重大影响。
选取2015年4月11日—2022年08月08日的45景Sentinel-1A影像作为研究数据源,具体参数值见表1
为揭示变电站拟建场地地表动态位移特征,以平顶山市采空区地表变电站拟建场地为研究对象,采用PS-InSAR监测研究区域的形变。
在获得地面反射有2个及以上的天线重叠时可产生干涉,采用PS-InSAR分析永久散射体[11],受时间基线和空间基线带来的误差影响小,但该方法对PS点密度的依赖性较高,对于相干性差或研究区域较小的场地,难以保证区域内有足够的PS点数量进行后续分析,易产生误差,影响最终数据的读取。故提出模糊PS选点法对其进行校正。PS点是指在时间序列上保持稳定的像素点,筛选PS点之前需要选取研究区的PS候选点,真实PS点从候选点中产生。基于模糊集理论的模糊PS点选取法,以[0,1]中任意值的隶属度来描述每个点属于PS的级别。设P代表研究区域中的所有像素。任意像素pPm个特征索引,C1C2,…,Cm表示PS特征。
模糊向量表示为:
V p = ( u 1 ( p ) u 2 ( p ) u m ( p ) )
式中u1 u 2 um为PS特征中对于的p的值。
定义m个模糊集 A ~ 1 A ~ 2 A ~ m,其中,描述特征Cr的模糊集为:
A ~ r = { ( u μ A ~ r ( u ) ) | u U r }
由于所有的模糊集都是为了描述PS的特征,模糊PS集P可由下式给出:
P ~ = r = 1 m A ~ r
隶属度可由下式计算:
μ P ~ ( p ) = T r = 1 m μ A ~ r ( u r ( p ) )
式中T为范数,选择代数积运算。
模糊PS集为:
P ~ = { ( p μ P ~ ( P ) ) | p P }
因此,Pλ截集可以表示为:
P ~ λ = { p | μ P ~ ( p ) λ p P }
Pλ截集为模糊PS集合P中隶属度≥λ的像素的集合。根据上述理论,每个像素都有对应的隶属度,可以认为它属于PS的级别。隶属度越大,像素被选为PS点的可能性越大。由式(15)可知:模糊PS集P中的隶属度是考虑了整个特征的融合结果,最终模糊法选点结果如图4所示。
图4可知:未使用模糊PS选点时,研究区域范围内识别到的点的数量较少,PS点分布较为稀疏,后续分析时可用数据少,易对监测结果造成影响。使用模糊PS选点法可以识别到研究区域内更多PS点,且PS点大多集中于具有高散射性的马路、跨河桥梁和建筑物等处,河流区域未识别出PS点,表明模糊PS选点法具有可靠性。
1) 监测点位布置。为精准获取研究区的形变特征,统计分析该区域不同位置的形变速率时序。在拟建区中垂线处绘制轴线AA'和BB',经多次统计与排查,确定9个代表性的监测点,形变速率结果分析点位的位置如图5所示。
2) 监测结果分析。通过时间序列分析获得该区域2015—2022年各时段平均形变速率,如图6所示,右下角为变电站拟建区局部放大图。形变速率为负,表示沉降,形变速率为正,表示抬升。
图6中可以看出,2015年4月—2022年8月变电站拟建场地及周边区域整体形变速率较小,处于-1.98~3mm/a。距变电站拟建区较远的东北方出现较大形变,最大沉降速率为16.9mm/a,据调查,该处较大沉降的形变区位于平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司一矿开采区域内。
为精准判定变电站拟建场地的地表形变情况,分析9个监测点的时间序列形变,如图7所示。
图7中可以看出,9个监测点形变变化特征较为一致,研究区域整体形变呈震荡状态。为得到地表形变的真实情况,需确定一个地质构造稳定、实际形变很小甚至可忽略的地面点作为基准点,根据其形变情况校正变电站拟建场地的监测结果。国家级卫星导航定位基准站要求建造在地质构造稳定、构造运动不活泼的区域内,形变控制标准极高,可满足作为基准点的要求,故将国家级卫星导航定位基准站平顶山某基准站作为校正PS-InSAR监测结果的基准点,其位置如图8所示。分析基准点的时间序列形变,结果如图9所示。
图9可知:基准点7年内的平均形变值趋近于1.8mm,形变值在-0.52~3.38mm波动。根据基站点形变获取变电站拟建场地范围内监测点位的相对形变,校正监测结果。各个监测点校正后的时序形变情况如图10所示。
图10中可以看出,2017—2019年存在2次较为明显的沉降,分别出现在2017年10月和2018年6月,最大沉降量为13.05mm,出现在2017年10月的2号监测点位处,2020—2022年的沉降量逐渐减小,地表形变趋近于0mm上下波动。
通过形变值可求得各时刻的时序形变速率,如图11所示。
图11可知:研究区域整体形变速率呈连续上下波动状态,沉降速率发展整体呈持续减小趋势,7年内最大沉降速率为5.73mm/a,近3年的沉降速率在趋近于0mm/a波动,且数值皆小于1.06mm/a,拟建场地地表情况整体趋于稳定。
综上可知:采用PS-InSAR空间监测技术大范围监测平顶山市,并针对采空区变电站拟建场地地表形变情况进行精准监测分析,得出2015—2022年采空区场地最大沉降值为13.05mm,最大沉降速率为5.73mm/a。
除上述2个安全稳定性影响因素外,倾斜程度也是判断采空区地表变电站场地是否安全的一个重要因素,将同一时刻的最大沉降差值代入下式,计算出地表变形倾斜值,倾斜计算结果见表2
I = Δ H L
式中:I为倾斜程度,mm/m;ΔH为建筑物两端沉降值之差,mm;L为测量两端间距离,m。
变电站沉降对电力建设的影响极大,站内建(构)筑物对变形有着极高要求,尤其需要预防配电装置基础不均匀沉降的出现,一旦沉降超过变电站设备规定的地基基础允许变形最大值,引起变电设备破坏,会对电力系统造成重大影响,严重威胁电网安全稳定运行,甚至对人民生活、工业生产和国民经济造成不可逆的损失,故必须评价采空区地表变电站场地的安全稳定性。
采空区地表安全稳定性评价指标从采空区地表场地移动变形稳定性、变电站地基基础安全状态以及采空区地表沉降对建(构)筑物影响程度3方面开展,根据规范评价法进行评价。
1) 采空区地表场地移动变形稳定性评价。采空区场地本身的稳定性作为工程建设的先决条件,应首先进行评价。采空区地表移动变形指标适用于顶板垮落充分规则开采的采空区稳定性定量评价。应在综合判别分析场地的变形趋势和变形特征的基础上进行稳定性评价,一般根据研究区域内对建筑物有影响的最大变形值判别场地的稳定性[18-19]
地表移动量决定了场地稳定性,在评价场地稳定性时,以地面下沉速度及下沉值为主要指标。地表移动量对应下沉速度及下沉值,地表变形量对应倾斜情况。遵照《煤矿采空区岩土工程勘察(2017年版)》(GB 51044—2014)[20]判定地表移动变形状态,见表3
拟建场地最大下沉速度为0.016mm/d,最大沉降量为13.05mm,最大倾斜为0.070mm/m,均远远小于标准规定的最大允许值,基于上述评价结果,综合评判采空区地表变电站拟建场地移动变形情况,研究区域形变波动较小,拟建场地处于稳定状态。
2) 变电站地基基础安全状态评价。在明确地基满足稳定性条件的基础上,根据工程建设条件评价地基稳定性。采空区上覆岩层的变化可能会导致地表建筑物形变,损害其使用功能,变形程度依据建筑物允许地面变形程度判定[21]。变电器设备地基基础的沉降变形计算值应满足其上部电气设备正常安全运行对位移的要求,由《变电站建筑结构设计规程》[22]可知:变电站各设备基础容许沉降量阈值,见表4
表4可知:地基基础变形控制标准规定的最小容许沉降量为150mm,南北方向最小容许倾斜为0.105mm/m,东西方向最小允许倾斜为0.163mm/m,测得拟建场地最大沉降量为13.05mm,最大倾斜为0.070mm/m,形变情况均符合变电站地基基础变形控制标准规定的最小容许值。
3) 采空区地表沉降对建(构)筑物影响程度评价。采空区对各类工程的影响及危害程度评价,采用定量评价的地表残余移动变形预计法为主,遵照GB 51044—2014[20]评价地表残余变形结果,见表5
拟建场地最大沉降量为13.05mm、最大倾斜为0.070mm/m,两者均远远小于标准规定的最大允许值,采空区对地表变电站的危害等级为危害小,属于最低等级。
由评价结果可知:对于场地稳定性,拟建场地处于稳定状态;对于地基基础安全状态,拟建场地的各形变值均小于变电站地基基础变形控制标准规定的最小容许值,场地处于安全状态;对于地表沉降对建筑物的影响程度,采空区沉降对变电站的危害等级小,属于最低等级。
根据采空区地表场地移动变形稳定性、变电站地基基础安全状态以及采空区地表沉降对建(构)筑物影响程度,综合分析采空区地表场地安全稳定性等级,建立采空区地表场地安全稳定性评价指标分值清单,见表6
依据表7的各类评价指标的分值,确定综合风险分值,即通过表7的各类评价指标的分值,确定综合风险分值,即
R = R G × R F × R S
式中:R为综合风险分值;RG为地基稳定状态风险分值;RF为基础安全状态风险分值;RS为建筑物危害等级风险分值。
根据式(17)综合评价采空区地表场地的安全稳定性等级,安全稳定性等级见表7
表7可知:该采空区地表场地综合风险分值为1,其安全稳定性等级为高级别,具备进行变电站建设的条件。此外,为确保变电站在运行使用期间的安全稳定性,可采用建(构)筑物基础抗沉降安全技术措施增加安全储备。
1) 基于模糊数据集的模糊PS选点法可克服PS点密度低的弊端,有效增加研究区域内分析可用数据,确保区域内有足够的PS点数量完成后续分析,从而得到更贴近真实地表形变的数据。
2) 依据基准点对拟建区内代表点的时序形变进行校正后发现,拟建场地最大沉降值为13.05mm,最大时序沉降速率为5.22mm/a,最大倾斜为0.070mm/m,形变波动较小,且逐渐趋于稳定,位于采空区残余沉陷变形稳定区域。
3) 依据采空区地表移动变形标准判别,采空区地表场地处于稳定状态;依据变电站设备地基基础变形控制标准判别,变电站地基基础处于安全状态;依据采空区地表沉降对建(构)筑物影响程度定量评价标准判别,采空区地表沉降对拟建变电站的危害等级小;综合3种评价指标进行分析,该采空区地表场地安全稳定性等级为高级别,具备建设变电站的可行性。为确保变电站在运行使用期间的安全稳定性,可采用一定的建(构)筑物基础抗沉降安全技术措施作为安全储备。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52074148)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金资助(2023-MS-313)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0148
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
  • 修回日期:2023-11-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52074148)
辽宁省自然科学基金资助(2023-MS-313)
作者信息
    1 辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
    2 辽宁工程技术大学 矿山热动力灾害与防治教育部重点实验室,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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