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In order to explore the contagion mechanism and effect of unsafe behavior information in groups of construction workers,a theoretical model of the contagion mechanism of unsafe behavior information among construction workers was constructed based on social information processing theory,theory of planned behavior,and social contagion theory. In this model,information about workmates' unsafe behaviors was served as the independent variable,and behavioral cognitive factors (i.e. behavioral attitudes,subjective norms,and perceived behavioral control) and unsafe behavioral intentions were served as mediating variables. Through developing measurement scales and creating questionnaires to collect data,the theoretical model was empirically tested based on 271 valid samples using the analysis methods of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results show that workmates' intentional unsafe behaviors and workmates' unsafe communication behaviors can induce new unsafe behaviors through six contagious pathways. Moreover,as a source of contagion,the contagion effect of workmates' intentional unsafe behaviors is greater than that of workmates' unsafe communication behaviors. Managers can effectively control the contagion effect of unsafe behavior information among construction workers by controlling contagion information sources and weakening infectious media.

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为探究不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染路径与影响效应,根据社会信息加工理论、计划行为理论和社会传染理论,在文献研究的基础上,通过理论假设,构建以工友不安全行为信息为自变量,以行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制3种行为认知因素,以及不安全行为意向为中介变量的建筑工人不安全行为信息传染机制理论模型。通过开发测量量表、编制调查问卷收集数据,基于271个有效样本,利用验证性因子分析与结构方程模型建模分析方法实证检验理论模型。研究结果表明:工友有意不安全行为和工友不安全沟通行为通过6条传染路径诱发新的不安全行为;相较于工友不安全沟通行为,工友有意不安全行为作为传染源时的传染效应更强;管理者通过控制传染信息源和弱化传染媒介可有效抑制不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染效应。

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倪国栋 (1980—),男,山东成武人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事工程项目管理、安全管理、知识管理、组织行为和低碳建筑等方面的研究。E-mail:

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倪国栋 (1980—),男,山东成武人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事工程项目管理、安全管理、知识管理、组织行为和低碳建筑等方面的研究。E-mail:

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倪国栋 (1980—),男,山东成武人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事工程项目管理、安全管理、知识管理、组织行为和低碳建筑等方面的研究。E-mail:

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British Journal of Social Psychology, 2000, 39(4):469-493., articleTitle=Temporal stability as a moderator of relationships in the theory of planned behaviour, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168122799345381826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, awardId=72071201, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(72071201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168122799441850819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, awardId=2020ZDPYMS30, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2020ZDPYMS30), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168122795901858184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122795910246793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, companyId=1168122795901858184, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221008,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122795918635402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, companyId=1168122795901858184, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168122796002521483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122796010910092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, companyId=1168122796002521483, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Digital Construction and Knowledge Engineering Research Center,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122796019298701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, companyId=1168122796002521483, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国矿业大学 数字化建造与知识工程研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168122796103184782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122796119961999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, companyId=1168122796103184782, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Beijing Huaan Enterprise Management Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100176,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122796128350609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, companyId=1168122796103184782, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 北京华之安企业管理有限公司,北京 100176)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168122798095479218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Contagion process of unsafe behavior information about construction workers, figureFileSmall=W6zrpnh5ZoRjiQkqCIhZnw==, figureFileBig=/c/SCDXMF9LnRJLDm1HBAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122798166782387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=图1, caption=建筑工人不安全行为信息传染过程, figureFileSmall=W6zrpnh5ZoRjiQkqCIhZnw==, figureFileBig=/c/SCDXMF9LnRJLDm1HBAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122798259057076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Theoretical model of contagion mechanism, figureFileSmall=RrilP1mMh/cVOG4VFzxGqA==, figureFileBig=RmVGcamWMjnUHCDaDF6ZiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122798330360245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=图2, caption=传染机制理论模型, figureFileSmall=RrilP1mMh/cVOG4VFzxGqA==, figureFileBig=RmVGcamWMjnUHCDaDF6ZiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122798376497590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Test results of theoretical model of contagion mechanism, figureFileSmall=Hd/RhjqrxgJvX7g/tnkKSQ==, figureFileBig=FjLU6LPxLSX+wXlyyyBp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122798426829239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=图3, caption=传染机制理论模型检验结果

注:*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=Hd/RhjqrxgJvX7g/tnkKSQ==, figureFileBig=FjLU6LPxLSX+wXlyyyBp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122798489743800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Results of demographic characteristics analysis of the sample(N=271)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计学变量 类型 样本量 占比/%
性别 241 88.9
30 11.1
年龄/岁 16~20 5 1.8
21~30 78 28.8
31~42 124 45.8
43~50 38 14.0
51~60 26 9.6
婚姻状况 未婚 65 24.0
已婚 206 76.0
受教育程度 小学及以下 14 5.2
初中 107 39.5
中专/职高/技校 64 23.6
高中 49 18.1
大专 37 13.6
工作年限/a ≤5 99 36.5
(5,10] 78 28.8
(10,15] 55 20.3
(15,20] 17 6.3
>20 22 8.1
), ArticleFig(id=1168122798577824185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本的人口统计学特征分析结果(N=271)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计学变量 类型 样本量 占比/%
性别 241 88.9
30 11.1
年龄/岁 16~20 5 1.8
21~30 78 28.8
31~42 124 45.8
43~50 38 14.0
51~60 26 9.6
婚姻状况 未婚 65 24.0
已婚 206 76.0
受教育程度 小学及以下 14 5.2
初中 107 39.5
中专/职高/技校 64 23.6
高中 49 18.1
大专 37 13.6
工作年限/a ≤5 99 36.5
(5,10] 78 28.8
(10,15] 55 20.3
(15,20] 17 6.3
>20 22 8.1
), ArticleFig(id=1168122798644933050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of confirmatory factor analysis (N=271)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 题项 FL CR AVE
IUB IUB1 0.781 0.932 0.734
IUB2 0.907
IUB3 0.847
IUB4 0.907
IUB5 0.834
UCB UCB1 0.752 0.890 0.731
UCB2 0.895
UCB3 0.909
BA BA1 0.738 0.837 0.566
BA2 0.854
BA3 0.802
BA4 0.601
SN SN1 0.766 0.911 0.720
SN2 0.862
SN3 0.890
SN4 0.870
PBC PBC1 0.788 0.833 0.628
PBC2 0.674
PBC3 0.899
UBI UBI1 0.793 0.919 0.792
UBI2 0.713
UBI3 0.956
UB UB1 0.868 0.956 0.814
UB2 0.876
UB3 0.916
UB4 0.919
UB5 0.931
), ArticleFig(id=1168122798720430523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

验证性因子分析结果(N=271)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 题项 FL CR AVE
IUB IUB1 0.781 0.932 0.734
IUB2 0.907
IUB3 0.847
IUB4 0.907
IUB5 0.834
UCB UCB1 0.752 0.890 0.731
UCB2 0.895
UCB3 0.909
BA BA1 0.738 0.837 0.566
BA2 0.854
BA3 0.802
BA4 0.601
SN SN1 0.766 0.911 0.720
SN2 0.862
SN3 0.890
SN4 0.870
PBC PBC1 0.788 0.833 0.628
PBC2 0.674
PBC3 0.899
UBI UBI1 0.793 0.919 0.792
UBI2 0.713
UBI3 0.956
UB UB1 0.868 0.956 0.814
UB2 0.876
UB3 0.916
UB4 0.919
UB5 0.931
), ArticleFig(id=1168122798787539388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Results of discriminant validity results(N=271)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 IUB UBI PBC SN BA UCB UB
IUB 0.902
UBI 0.635** 0.890
PBC 0.357** 0.366** 0.792
SN 0.542** 0.566** 0.257** 0.849
BA 0.468** 0.497** 0.210** 0.562** 0.752
UCB 0.497** 0.510** 0.206** 0.648** 0.634** 0.855
UB 0.533** 0.508** 0.248** 0.705** 0.553** 0.725** 0.857
), ArticleFig(id=1168122798875619773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

区别效度结果(N=271)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 IUB UBI PBC SN BA UCB UB
IUB 0.902
UBI 0.635** 0.890
PBC 0.357** 0.366** 0.792
SN 0.542** 0.566** 0.257** 0.849
BA 0.468** 0.497** 0.210** 0.562** 0.752
UCB 0.497** 0.510** 0.206** 0.648** 0.634** 0.855
UB 0.533** 0.508** 0.248** 0.705** 0.553** 0.725** 0.857
), ArticleFig(id=1168122798959505854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Mediation effect test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介效应 估计值 95%置信
区间下限
95%置信
区间上限
结论
IUB-BA-UBI-UB 0.141 0.014 0.335 显著
IUB-SN-UBI-UB 0.376 0.003 0.081 显著
IUB-PBC-UBI-UB 0.151 0.002 0.036 显著
IUB-PBC-UB 0.034 0.001 0.078 显著
UCB-BA-UBI-UB 0.030 0.007 0.063 显著
UCB-SN-UBI-UB 0.020 0.001 0.059 显著
UCB-PBC-UBI-UB 0.007 -0.005 0.024 不显著
UCB-PBC-UB 0.029 -0.112 0.110 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1168122799018226111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中介效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介效应 估计值 95%置信
区间下限
95%置信
区间上限
结论
IUB-BA-UBI-UB 0.141 0.014 0.335 显著
IUB-SN-UBI-UB 0.376 0.003 0.081 显著
IUB-PBC-UBI-UB 0.151 0.002 0.036 显著
IUB-PBC-UB 0.034 0.001 0.078 显著
UCB-BA-UBI-UB 0.030 0.007 0.063 显著
UCB-SN-UBI-UB 0.020 0.001 0.059 显著
UCB-PBC-UBI-UB 0.007 -0.005 0.024 不显著
UCB-PBC-UB 0.029 -0.112 0.110 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1168122799135666624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Contagion route and effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不安全行为信息 传染路径 各路径传染效应 传染源的传染效应 传染总效应
IUB ①IUB→BA→UBI→UB 0.024 0.225 0.351
②IUB→SN→UBI→UB 0.104
③IUB→PBC→UBI→UB 0.036
④IUB→PBC→UB 0.060
UCB ①UCB→BA→UBI→UB 0.061 0.126
②UCB→SN→UBI→UB 0.065
), ArticleFig(id=1168122799215358401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741820604761035, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

传染路径与效应

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不安全行为信息 传染路径 各路径传染效应 传染源的传染效应 传染总效应
IUB ①IUB→BA→UBI→UB 0.024 0.225 0.351
②IUB→SN→UBI→UB 0.104
③IUB→PBC→UBI→UB 0.036
④IUB→PBC→UB 0.060
UCB ①UCB→BA→UBI→UB 0.061 0.126
②UCB→SN→UBI→UB 0.065
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不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染机制
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倪国栋 1, 2 , 杨栎 1 , 安瑶瑶 3 , 郑雨茁 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(1): 43-52
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(1): 43-52
不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染机制
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倪国栋1, 2 , 杨栎1, 安瑶瑶3, 郑雨茁1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2 中国矿业大学 数字化建造与知识工程研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 3 北京华之安企业管理有限公司,北京 100176
  • 倪国栋 (1980—),男,山东成武人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事工程项目管理、安全管理、知识管理、组织行为和低碳建筑等方面的研究。E-mail:

Contagion mechanism of unsafe behavior information in groups of construction workers
Guodong NI1, 2 , Li YANG1, Yaoyao AN3, Yuzhuo ZHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221008,China
  • 2 Digital Construction and Knowledge Engineering Research Center,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 3 Beijing Huaan Enterprise Management Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100176,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2491
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为探究不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染路径与影响效应,根据社会信息加工理论、计划行为理论和社会传染理论,在文献研究的基础上,通过理论假设,构建以工友不安全行为信息为自变量,以行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制3种行为认知因素,以及不安全行为意向为中介变量的建筑工人不安全行为信息传染机制理论模型。通过开发测量量表、编制调查问卷收集数据,基于271个有效样本,利用验证性因子分析与结构方程模型建模分析方法实证检验理论模型。研究结果表明:工友有意不安全行为和工友不安全沟通行为通过6条传染路径诱发新的不安全行为;相较于工友不安全沟通行为,工友有意不安全行为作为传染源时的传染效应更强;管理者通过控制传染信息源和弱化传染媒介可有效抑制不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染效应。

不安全行为信息  /  建筑工人  /  传染机制  /  有意不安全行为  /  不安全沟通行为

In order to explore the contagion mechanism and effect of unsafe behavior information in groups of construction workers,a theoretical model of the contagion mechanism of unsafe behavior information among construction workers was constructed based on social information processing theory,theory of planned behavior,and social contagion theory. In this model,information about workmates' unsafe behaviors was served as the independent variable,and behavioral cognitive factors (i.e. behavioral attitudes,subjective norms,and perceived behavioral control) and unsafe behavioral intentions were served as mediating variables. Through developing measurement scales and creating questionnaires to collect data,the theoretical model was empirically tested based on 271 valid samples using the analysis methods of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results show that workmates' intentional unsafe behaviors and workmates' unsafe communication behaviors can induce new unsafe behaviors through six contagious pathways. Moreover,as a source of contagion,the contagion effect of workmates' intentional unsafe behaviors is greater than that of workmates' unsafe communication behaviors. Managers can effectively control the contagion effect of unsafe behavior information among construction workers by controlling contagion information sources and weakening infectious media.

unsafe behavior information  /  construction workers  /  contagion mechanism  /  intentional unsafe behavior  /  unsafe communication behavior
倪国栋, 杨栎, 安瑶瑶, 郑雨茁. 不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染机制. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2491
Guodong NI, Li YANG, Yaoyao AN, Yuzhuo ZHENG. Contagion mechanism of unsafe behavior information in groups of construction workers[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2491
近年来,建筑业安全生产形式依旧严峻,建筑工人不安全行为是诱发安全事故的重要因素,减少建筑工人不安全行为可有效避免安全事故发生[1]。建筑工人一般以班组或团队形式施工作业,工友之间具有亲密的工作关系。建筑工人之间的相互作用与影响是控制不安全行为不容忽视的因素[2]。根据社会信息加工理论,个体可通过直接观察和间接了解2种途径获取信息,且获得的信息会影响个体行为[3]。建筑工人所处施工环境相对封闭,个体之间的信息交互更多,产生的影响也更大。通过耳濡目染感知到的不安全行为信息会对建筑工人施工行为产生潜移默化的影响,容易导致盲目跟风或模仿。一方面,建筑工人故意实施的违反安全操作程序的施工行为,即有意不安全行为,是人因事故中的主要原因[4],且此类行为信息更容易被其他工人获知;另一方面,工友之间日常开展的不利于加强安全管理的相关安全话题的沟通与交流行为,即不安全沟通行为,同样在工人群体中具有较强负面影响。文中将工友有意不安全行为和工友不安全沟通行为统称为不安全行为信息,并基于群体视角探索其在建筑工人中的传染与影响问题。
国内外学者针对影响建筑工人不安全行为的个体因素,如工人责任心[5]、年龄和性别[6]、认知水平[7]、工作熟练度[8],以及组织管理因素,如安全氛围[9]、领导力[10]、领导-成员交换[11]等,开展了大量卓有成效的研究工作。但有关工友有意不安全行为和不安全沟通行为等不安全行为信息对建筑工人不安全行为的影响作用的研究还相对较少。社会传染理论认为,人更容易受到处境相似人的影响,进而作出与之相同或相似的行为,最终发生行为传染[12]。对于社交网络中的行为传染问题已受到经济学和社会学领域的广泛关注。但有关工友有意不安全行为和不安全沟通行为在建筑工人群体中的传染路径及其如何诱发新的不安全行为方面的研究还不常见。根据计划行为理论,个体的行为会受到行为意向的影响,而行为意向又受到行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制3种行为认知因素的影响[13],因此,有必要引入行为认知因素和行为意向作为中介变量,厘清工友有意不安全行为和不安全沟通行为等信息在建筑工人群体中的传染路径以及产生的危害。
鉴于此,为弥补当前有关建筑工人群体不安全行为信息传染机制的研究不足,笔者拟综合运用社会信息加工理论、社会传染理论以及计划行为理论,探讨不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染路径及其影响作用,以期为管理者从抑制不安全行为信息传染角度减少建筑工人不安全行为的产生提供借鉴与参考。
在生物学领域,行为信息主要指动物通过肢体动作等向同类或异类发出警告、求偶或觅食等信息,而人类的行为信息则更加丰富。有意不安全行为通常是指在明知道自身所要实施的行为违反安全规程或可能造成事故但依旧选择实施的行为,已受到研究人员的高度重视。将工友有意不安全行为定义为:建筑工人群体中工友在进行施工作业时为了施工的便利性,盲目冒险逞能或抱有侥幸心理而故意实施的违反安全规章制度或操作准则的行为。在群体工作环境中,工友这种不安全行为信息很容易被其他工人通过观察直接感知到,进而在工人群体中得到模仿与传播。
安全行为是安全研究领域的重要议题之一,近年来,安全沟通行为已成为安全行为的重要构成要素,涉及安全信息生产和安全信息分享等行为[14]。建筑工人安全沟通是指建筑工人与群体内其他成员之间就如何强化现场施工安全问题的相关沟通与交流,涉及到正式和非正式沟通形式[15]。参考安全沟通的概念,将工友不安全沟通行为定义为:建筑工人群体中工友间开展的不利于加强安全管理,甚至能够直接或间接诱发不安全行为的相关施工安全话题的沟通与交流行为,如工友间宣扬忽略某些安全操作环节会让工作更加省时省力,炫耀自己未严格落实安全制度或规程最终也未受到伤害或惩罚等。
行为信息在群体中具有传播或传染的特性,受到研究人员的广泛关注。基于社会信息加工理论、计划行为理论和社会传染理论的核心观点,建筑工人不安全行为信息的传染过程主要包括行为信息获取、行为信息加工和行为决策3个阶段,具体传染过程如图1所示。
社会信息加工理论认为,人会受环境影响选择与自身相关的信息,通过加工形成个体态度和行为[16]。当个体面临复杂、不确定性社会环境时,会更加依赖周围环境所反馈的信息。施工环境的危险性和不确定性,加剧了建筑工人对工友所释放信息的依赖。建筑工人施工作业时很容易观察到工友的安全相关行为,如是否规范佩戴安全帽、使用安全绳等。这种信息会在一定程度上影响工人的行为认知。
行为态度是个体对某种特定行为结果的评估[17]。工人对不安全行为的态度取决于对不安全行为成本与收益的评估结果[18]。当工人多次观察到工友实施有意不安全行为却未发生安全事故时,可能会降低对该行为的风险评定,低估自身实施不安全行为的成本,进而增加其对有意不安全行为的积极评价,使得行为态度倾向于正向[18]。因此,提出假设:
H1:工友有意不安全行为正向影响建筑工人对不安全行为的行为态度。
主观规范是指个人对实施某特定行为的社会压力的认识[19]。当建筑工人发现工友实施不安全行为并未受到反对与制止时,工人对不安全行为的主观规范就越倾向于正向。例如:工友为图方便实施了有意不安全行为且未被管理者批评和惩罚,工人接收到这个信息后,会认为这种行为是有益于加快施工作业进度的,甚至认为是被现场管理者所默许的。工友实施这种有意不安全行为的频率越高,工人对不安全行为的评价越积极,对不安全行为的主观规范越有利。相关研究结果表明:建筑工人群体行为规范与工人个体的主观规范显著相关[20]。基于此,提出假设:
H2:工友有意不安全行为正向影响建筑工人对不安全行为的主观规范。
感知行为控制是个体对实施特定行为难易程度的感知[21],这种感知会受到实施该行为所需的内外部因素的影响[22]。当工人发现工友为提高工作效率频繁实施不安全行为,但并未造成安全事故,同时,管理人员并未发现或发现后未及时制止和惩罚时,会导致工人低估不安全行为的潜在风险,或轻视安全管理的作用,从而在主观上倾向于认为自己能够掌控实施不安全行为产生的后果。研究表明:施工班组内工友的安全违章对感知行为控制具有显著的影响关系[23]。因此,提出假设:
H3:工友有意不安全行为正向影响建筑工人对不安全行为的感知行为控制。
根据社会信息加工理论,个体也可以通过间接了解的方式获取信息[3]。间接了解是在与他人交谈的过程中,交谈者通过语言、动作等方式将相关信息传递给对方。建筑工人与工友交谈过程中,能够获得工友对施工作业时安全相关行为的看法,进而在后续施工作业中根据此类信息决定要采取的行为。当工友的不安全沟通行为信息传递给工人后,也会在一定程度上影响工人的行为认知。研究表明:安全沟通与安全行为显著相关[24],且安全沟通使得工人能够有效应对施工作业时的危险状况[25]。相反,工友不安全沟通行为则会使得工人对施工作业时的不安全行为的行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制趋于正向。因此,提出如下假设:
H4:工友不安全沟通行为正向影响建筑工人对不安全行为的行为态度。
H5:工友不安全沟通行为正向影响建筑工人对不安全行为的主观规范。
H6:工友不安全沟通行为正向影响建筑工人对不安全行为的感知行为控制。
根据计划行为理论,建筑工人会根据工友实施不安全行为的成本和收益来决定对不安全行为的态度取向[18]。当工人将不安全行为评估为低风险且有利于操作便捷或降低工作时的不适感,即收益大于成本时,就会对不安全行为的态度趋于正向,采取该行为的意向也就越强烈。研究表明:行为态度与建筑工人的行为意向有着显著关系[20],另外,矿工的行为态度能够促进行为实施的可能性[18]
建筑工人实施某种行为时,工友的态度或工友是否实施该行为与工人的主观规范的形成密切相关[20]。当建筑工人接收到工友对不安全行为支持的态度或言论时,工人会对不安全行为主观规范产生正向态度,实施不安全行为的意向亦会增加。研究结果表明:主观规范与工人是否使用安全带的行为密切相关[22]
工人不安全行为的形成还需要具备实施行为所必需的资源和机会,即实际的行为控制[26]。当工人自身认为对实施不安全行为有强控制力,且实施起来更加容易便捷,就会愿意实施不安全行为,不安全行为意向会越强烈。对工人安全遵守行为的一项调查表明:当工人感觉实施安全遵守行为越容易就越愿意实施[27]。也有研究证实,工人的感知控制行为对安全行为有积极作用[28]。据此,提出以下假设:
H7:对不安全行为的行为态度正向影响建筑工人的不安全行为意向。
H8:对不安全行为的主观规范正向影响建筑工人的不安全行为意向。
H9:对不安全行为的感知行为控制正向影响建筑工人的不安全行为意向。
工人对自身行为控制的感知与实际行为控制程度相符时,感知行为控制将代替实际行为控制与行为意向共同预测工人的不安全行为[16]。这表明感知行为控制和行为之间存在积极关系。因此,当建筑工人自身愿意实施不安全行为且感知到有资源和条件实施不安全行为时,就会实施不安全行为。据此,提出假设:
H10:不安全行为意向正向影响建筑工人的不安全行为。
H11:对不安全行为的感知行为控制正向影响建筑工人的不安全行为。
基于以上理论分析和研究假设,构建不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染机制理论模型,如图2所示。
所用量表均来自权威期刊使用的成熟量表,采用李克特五级量表形式设计,1—5分依次表示非常不同意、不同意、一般、同意和非常同意。
1) 工友有意不安全行为。借鉴YU Min[29]、LI Jizu[30]等开发的有意不安全行为测量题项,包括“工友们有时候在工作中会随大流而出现冒险蛮干的情况”等5个题项。
2) 工友不安全沟通行为。参考CIGULAROV[25]、阮国祥[31]等有关安全沟通的量表,包括“有的工友会显摆自己有时不遵守安全规则也没有出现安全事故”等3个题项。
3) 行为认知因素。行为态度参考LIANG Qi[32]、COOKE[42]等有关行为态度的量表,包括“有时不穿戴笨重的个人防护设备会让我工作更舒适便捷”等4个题项;主观规范参考FUGAS等[34-35]使用的量表,包括“我的工友偶尔也会图方便不遵守安全规则”等4个题项;感知行为控制借鉴DAVIS[36]、HAN[37]等开发的量表,包括“在工作中我有机会实施不安全行为”等3个题项。
4) 不安全行为意向。参考CONNER[38]、叶贵[28]等开发的量表,包括“我今后会继续为了加快施工进度而采取冒险作业行”等3个题项。
5) 不安全行为。借鉴YU Min[29]、LI Jizu[30]等开发的量表,包括“我有时候在工作中会为了图方便而不按要求佩戴安全防护设施”等5个题项。
采用问卷星平台与实地调研相结合的方式开展问卷调查,共收回675份问卷,剔除连续选择相同题项和作答时间过短的问卷,共得到271份有效问卷,有效回收率为40.15%。样本基本信息见表1
为防止数据收集过程中存在共同方法偏差问题,使用Harman单因子检验法对所收集数据进行计算和检验,得出最大公因子的方差解释率为37.698%(<40%),表明不存在严重的共同方法偏差。
各量表KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)值均大于0.6,Bartlett球形度检验值均为0.000,表明可以进行验证性因子分析。采用AMOS24.0软件进行验证性因子分析,结果见表2。各量表题项的因子载荷(Factor loading,FL)均大于0.6,各变量的组合信度(Composite reliability,CR)值均大于0.8,平均方差抽取量(Average variance extracted,AVE)值均大于0.5,因此,具有较好的收敛效度。
相关系数与区别效度检验结果见表3。各变量与其他变量的相关系数均小于该变量AVE值的算术平方根,表明量表的区别效度良好。利用SPSS24.0软件对测量量表进行信度检验,求得工友有意不安全行为、工友不安全沟通行为、行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制、不安全行为意向和不安全行为的Cronbach's α值分别为0.931、0.887、0.834、0.910、0.828、0.915、0.956,均大于0.8,说明量表具有较高的信度。另外,采用绝对拟合指数、增量拟合指数和简约拟合指数来检验模型整体拟合度,计算结果为:卡方自由度比χ2/df = 2.061,均方根误差(Root-Mean square Residual,RMR)=0.057,拟合优度指数(Goodness-of-Fit Index,GFI)=0.856,近似误差均方根(Root Mean Square Error of Approximation,RMSEA)=0.063,规范拟合指数(Normed Fit Index,NFI)=0.907,增量拟合指数(Incremental Fit Index,IFI)=0.950,Tucker-Lewis指数(Tucker-Lewis Index,TLI)=0.941,调整的拟合优度指数(Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index,AGFI)=0.819,相对拟合指数(Comparative Fit Index,CFI)=0.949,简约拟合优度指数(Parsimony Goodness-of-Fit Index,PGFI)= 0.677,简约赋范拟合指数(Parsimony Normed Fit Index,PNFI)=0.773,简约比较拟合指数(Parsimony Comparative Fit Index,PCFI)=0.809。表明模型适配度良好,测量模型适合用于检验研究假设。
使用AMOS24.0软件构建不安全行为信息传染机制结构方程模型,通过计算得到模型的整体拟合度指标为:χ2/df =2.385,RMSEA=0.072,GFI=0.823,TLI=0.922,IFI=0.931,CFI=0.931,PGFI=0.679,AGFI=0.785,PCFI=0.828,均在模型可接受范围内,表明模型拟合度较好。传染机制理论模型的检验结果如图3所示。其中,工友有意不安全行为对3种行为认知因素的正向影响关系均显著,因此,假设H1、H2和H3成立。工友不安全沟通行为对行为态度和主观规范的正向影响关系均显著,但对感知行为控制的正向影响关系不显著,因此,假设H4和H5成立,H6不成立。3种行为认知因素对不安全行为意向的正向影响关系均显著,因此,假设H7和H8均成立。感知行为控制和不安全行为意向对不安全行为的正向影响关系均显著,因此,假设H10和H11成立。
利用SPSS24.0软件的Process插件和Bootstrap法,进一步分析行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制和不安全行为意向在不安全行为信息与不安全行为之间的中介效应,抽样次数设置为5 000次,置信区间设定为95%。检验结果见表4,除最后2条路径对应的置信区间包含0外,其余路径对应的置信区间均不包含0。表明除了感知行为控制在工友不安全沟通行为与不安全行为意向和不安全行为之间未起到中介作用外,其余变量在不安全行为信息与不安全行为之间均起到链式中介作用。
提出的11个假设中除假设H6未通过验证外,其余假设均得到验证。对于假设H6未得到验证,可能是由于工友不安全沟通行为这种间接获取的不安全行为信息还无法让工人在心理认知层面确保自己能够对不安全行为的实施后果进行有效控制。另外,从路径系数可以看出,对于不安全行为信息在建筑工人行为认知因素的影响作用,工友有意不安全行为对于工人主观规范的影响更为强烈,而工友不安全沟通行为对工人行为态度的影响则更为明显,在3个认知因素对建筑工人不安全行为意向的影响作用方面,主观规范对不安全行为意向的影响最为突出。
建筑工人不安全行为信息的传染路径和传染效应见表5。工友有意不安全行为可以通过4条传染路径诱发工人的不安全行为。通过分析路径传染效应可知:工友有意不安全行为主要通过主观规范和感知行为控制这2条路径进行传染,进而诱发工人的不安全行为。研究结果表明:建筑工人会因为经常看到工友所实施的有意不安全行为,一方面通过改变自身的行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制等3个方面的行为认知因素产生不安全行为意向,进而产生不安全行为;另一方面,通过感知行为控制直接产生不安全行为。建筑工人会因为频繁听到工友对不安全行为的积极言论,逐步改变自己的行为态度和主观规范,进而产生仿效实施该行为的意向,最终出现不安全行为。
工友有意不安全行为和工友不安全沟通行为产生的总体传染效应分别为0.225和0.126,不安全行为信息的传染总效应为0.351。可见2类不安全行为信息能够对建筑工人不安全行为起到显著的诱发作用。另外,工友有意不安全行为相较于工友不安全沟通行为,更能通过相关传染路径诱发接收到不安全行为信息的建筑工人出现不安全行为,这也证明了视觉接受的不安全行为信息对建筑工人不安全行为的诱发作用相较于听觉接受的不安全行为信息更为明显。
1) 控制传染信息源,改变信息传播内容。①矫正工人的有意不安全行为。在预防监管方面,应定期组织工地安全会议,强化工人对安全操作规章与管理制度的理解和重视程度;加大安全技能与安全知识的培训力度;通过树立榜样、正面宣传和加大奖励力度提高工人的安全执行力。在反馈监管方面,主动识别并整改施工现场存在的安全隐患;确保各类安全防护用具处于安全状态;及时纠正施工现场存在的有意不安全行为,严格执行违规处罚制度;记录并重点关注实施过有意不安全行为的工人,防止其再次违规。②鼓励工人间的安全沟通行为。在正式沟通方面,应定期开展施工安全专题会议,详细总结安全操作经验与教训,鼓励一线工人深入分享和交流;对施工现场实施不定期安全检查,组织工人讨论分析存在的安全问题和应对措施,使工人产生安全参与的共鸣,减少不安全沟通现象的发生。在非正式沟通方面,应鼓励施工班组中具有一定威望和资历的工人在一些非正式场合,如食堂、宿舍或上下班路上,多讨论正面的安全思想和安全做法,通过一些安全事故案例为工人敲响警钟,通过他们来影响和带动其他工人;另外,通过建立微信群,鼓励和组织工人在群里发表一些安全事故案例信息或新闻,增强建筑工人的安全遵守与安全服从意识。
2) 弱化传染媒介,正向引导工人行为认知。①削弱工人对有意不安全行为的支持程度。在方便快捷方面,在充分调查和检验的基础上,推广使用更加方便快捷且安全有效的新型施工操作流程,提高工人的接受度。在生理舒适方面,为工人购买和配备更加轻便舒适的安全防护用品,防止工人因佩戴不舒适而放弃使用。在作业效率方面,应根据工人的实际承受能力来分配和安排施工任务,避免出现工人不顾安全过度追求作业效率的情况。②改变工人感知到的群体安全规范方向。鼓励工人积极参与到安全操作规程与管理制度的制定工作中,在班组内组织开展大讨论,使工人充分熟悉、理解并赞同所制定的规程与制度,从而培养工人自觉遵守意识,提高工人群体的安全规范执行力。并通过公司网络积极宣传营造有关规范作业的氛围,逐渐改变工人对有意不安全行为的认知,最终形成正向的群体安全规范。③降低工人对不安全行为的感知控制强度。通过合理组织施工为工人提供足够的施工作业空间,确保在施工高峰期工人能在一个相对安全的空间内作业;在工地现场设置视频监管报警系统,实时监控和威慑工人实施的不安全行为,从而降低工人对不安全行为的感知控制强度,进而减弱不安全行为意愿。
1) 工友有意不安全行为能够通过行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制和不安全行为意向等中介变量诱发新的建筑工人不安全行为。工友不安全沟通行为能够通过行为态度、主观规范和不安全行为意向等中介变量诱发新的建筑工人不安全行为。相较于工友不安全沟通行为,工友有意不安全行为通过相关传染路径诱发建筑工人不安全行为的作用更为强烈。
2) 施工单位可通过“控制传染信息源,改变信息传播内容”,以及“弱化传染媒介,正向引导工人行为认知”2个方面采取有效措施来抑制不安全行为信息在建筑工人群体中的传染,进而减少建筑工人不安全行为的产生。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(72071201)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2020ZDPYMS30)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2491
  • 接收时间:2023-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-13
  • 修回日期:2023-11-14
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国家自然科学基金资助(72071201)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2020ZDPYMS30)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2 中国矿业大学 数字化建造与知识工程研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116
    3 北京华之安企业管理有限公司,北京 100176
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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