Article(id=1149741819791061377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0223-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0627, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=1700323200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049411008, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049411008, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049411008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049411008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=230, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741820013359490, articleId=1149741819791061377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Characteristics of urban public safety risk and its enlightenment for risk management, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to establish a scientific,accurate and normative urban safety risk management system,this paper makes some proposals based on the characteristics of urban safety risk. First,the urban safety risk was classified into four types according to the causal chain model which was established based on the definition and connotation of risk. Then,the characteristics of these four types of risk were analyzed considering the relevant static and dynamic urban characteristics. Last,the general and specific urban safety risk management proposals were made considering the current practice. This research shows that the characteristics of urban safety risk include accumulation of conventional risk,emergency of emerging risk,intensification of complex risk,and frequent occurrence of extreme risk. Some measures should be implemented to enhance the urban safety risk management system. The general framework of urban safety risk management should be established,and the specific risk assessment process and risk treatment measures should be implemented. Further,they should be integrated into the regular emergency management system of a city.

, correspAuthors=Tingxin QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao ZHANG, Wenguo WENG, Yong CHEN, Baoqian DAI, Tingxin QIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741825721807320, articleId=1149741819791061377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=城市安全风险特征及对风险管理的启示, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升城市安全风险管理的科学性、精准性、规范性,分析城市安全风险特征,提出对风险管理的启示。首先,分析风险的定义和内涵,建立城市安全风险的因果链模型,提出城市安全风险分类;然后,结合城市的静态和动态特征,分析4类城市安全风险的特征;最后,结合城市安全风险管理实践,提出通用性的及针对4类风险的城市安全风险管理启示。结果表明:城市安全风险表现为传统风险累积、新兴风险涌现、复杂风险加剧、极端风险频现的特征。应建立通用性的城市安全风险管理框架,以及具有针对性的风险评估和风险处置措施,并将其融入城市应急管理体系。

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**秦挺鑫(1979—),男,重庆人,博士,研究员,主要从事公共安全标准化方面的研究。E-mail:
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张 超 (1983—),男,河北唐山人,博士,副研究员,主要从事公共安全标准化、城市安全风险管理技术与标准等方面的研究。E-mail:

翁文国,教授

陈勇,高级工程师

代宝乾,研究员

秦挺鑫,研究员

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819791061377, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Scientific characteristics and primary sources of four types of risks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类型 特征 不确定性主要来源
传统风险 累积 触发初始事件环节,系统安全可靠性随时间增加而递减,风险呈现累积效应
新兴风险 涌现 触发初始事件环节,风险源模糊性强,对风险源危害性认知不足
复杂风险 加剧 次生衍生事件阶段,初始事件具有事件链效应导致复杂的次生衍生过程
极端风险 频现 潜在事件后果环节,事件后果严重程度罕见,可能超出应对能力
), ArticleFig(id=1168122629358628919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819791061377, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4类风险的特征及主要来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类型 特征 不确定性主要来源
传统风险 累积 触发初始事件环节,系统安全可靠性随时间增加而递减,风险呈现累积效应
新兴风险 涌现 触发初始事件环节,风险源模糊性强,对风险源危害性认知不足
复杂风险 加剧 次生衍生事件阶段,初始事件具有事件链效应导致复杂的次生衍生过程
极端风险 频现 潜在事件后果环节,事件后果严重程度罕见,可能超出应对能力
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城市安全风险特征及对风险管理的启示
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张超 1 , 翁文国 2 , 陈勇 3 , 代宝乾 4 , 秦挺鑫 1, **
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(1): 223-230
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(1): 223-230
城市安全风险特征及对风险管理的启示
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张超1 , 翁文国2, 陈勇3, 代宝乾4, 秦挺鑫1, **
作者信息
  • 1 中国标准化研究院 公共安全标准化研究所,北京 100191
  • 2 清华大学 安全科学学院,北京 100084
  • 3 深圳市城市公共安全技术研究院有限公司,广东 深圳 518046
  • 4 北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054
  • 张 超 (1983—),男,河北唐山人,博士,副研究员,主要从事公共安全标准化、城市安全风险管理技术与标准等方面的研究。E-mail:

    翁文国,教授

    陈勇,高级工程师

    代宝乾,研究员

    秦挺鑫,研究员

通讯作者:

**秦挺鑫(1979—),男,重庆人,博士,研究员,主要从事公共安全标准化方面的研究。E-mail:
Characteristics of urban public safety risk and its enlightenment for risk management
Chao ZHANG1 , Wenguo WENG2, Yong CHEN3, Baoqian DAI4, Tingxin QIN1, **
Affiliations
  • 1 Sub-institute for Public Safety Standardization,China National Institute of Standardization,Beijing 100191,China
  • 2 School of Safety Science,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
  • 3 Shenzhen Urban Public Safety and Technology Institute Co.,Ltd.,Shenzhen Guangdong 518046,China
  • 4 Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science,Beijing Academy of Science and Technology,Beijing 100054,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0627
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为提升城市安全风险管理的科学性、精准性、规范性,分析城市安全风险特征,提出对风险管理的启示。首先,分析风险的定义和内涵,建立城市安全风险的因果链模型,提出城市安全风险分类;然后,结合城市的静态和动态特征,分析4类城市安全风险的特征;最后,结合城市安全风险管理实践,提出通用性的及针对4类风险的城市安全风险管理启示。结果表明:城市安全风险表现为传统风险累积、新兴风险涌现、复杂风险加剧、极端风险频现的特征。应建立通用性的城市安全风险管理框架,以及具有针对性的风险评估和风险处置措施,并将其融入城市应急管理体系。

城市安全风险  /  风险管理  /  传统风险  /  新兴风险  /  复杂风险  /  极端风险

In order to establish a scientific,accurate and normative urban safety risk management system,this paper makes some proposals based on the characteristics of urban safety risk. First,the urban safety risk was classified into four types according to the causal chain model which was established based on the definition and connotation of risk. Then,the characteristics of these four types of risk were analyzed considering the relevant static and dynamic urban characteristics. Last,the general and specific urban safety risk management proposals were made considering the current practice. This research shows that the characteristics of urban safety risk include accumulation of conventional risk,emergency of emerging risk,intensification of complex risk,and frequent occurrence of extreme risk. Some measures should be implemented to enhance the urban safety risk management system. The general framework of urban safety risk management should be established,and the specific risk assessment process and risk treatment measures should be implemented. Further,they should be integrated into the regular emergency management system of a city.

urban safety risk  /  risk management  /  conventional risk  /  emerging risk  /  complex risk  /  extreme risk
张超, 翁文国, 陈勇, 代宝乾, 秦挺鑫. 城市安全风险特征及对风险管理的启示. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 223 -230 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0627
Chao ZHANG, Wenguo WENG, Yong CHEN, Baoqian DAI, Tingxin QIN. Characteristics of urban public safety risk and its enlightenment for risk management[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 223 -230 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0627
风险评估是制定应急预案、建立健全应急管理体系的基础[1]。《突发事件应对法》要求建立重大突发事件风险评估体系。国务院提出,“十四五”期间要研发区域综合风险评估关键技术[2]。安全发展城市建设[3]、韧性城市建设、双重预防机制建设[4]等需要城市安全风险评估技术的支持。我国常住人口城镇化率已由2000年的36.22%上升至2022年的65.22%[5]。城市化进程产生的集聚效应使城市社会经济系统的复杂性、不稳定性与不确定性逐渐增大[6]。城市重特大灾害事故的事件链效应显著增强,进一步增加了风险防控和应急处置难度。全球化、信息化、网络化快速发展,使灾害事故影响的广度和深度持续增加[2]。我国多地已建立规范的城市安全风险评估体系[7],但由于城市安全风险特征研究不足,使风险评估要求针对性、一致性不强,未给出相关知识和方法支持,风险管理融入应急管理的指导性不足,限制了风险评估的效果[8]
在一般性风险分类方面,国际风险管理理事会(International Risk Governance Council,IRGC)于2005年将风险分为简单风险、复杂风险、不确定风险和模糊风险4类[9],并提出相应的风险管理策略[10]。该分类考虑了风险机制、风险因素、认知和共识等。在城市安全风险分类方面,孙建平等[11]结合城市静态结构,提出城市安全风险具有“点”“线”“面”特征[12];朱伟等[13]结合IRGC的风险分类与城市安全风险特征,提出城市安全风险分为点、线、面、体4类,指出部分风险具有累积过程到临界点突然爆发的特点。在复杂风险分类及相关研究方面,WANG Jiajun等[14]根据事件间相互作用特征,提出灾害事故耦合风险的分类;袁宏永等[15]提出具有链式效应的Natech事件的风险分析方法。多位学者深入研究了Natech事件风险评估[16-17],如巴锐等[17]提出以复杂的城市场景、多维度致灾因素和多变的演化过程为特征的城市复杂灾害的概念。张超等[18]提出针对具有复杂风险的“事件树-发展演化图-贝叶斯网络”相结合的风险评估方法。IRGC界定的4类风险,考虑风险形成机制的复杂性、风险因素不确定性和模糊性,为理论层面的一般性分类,与城市安全风险结合不足,且可结合新近研究成果进行完善。点、线、面、体的城市安全风险分类更符合企业、行业、区域的多层级城市安全风险管理机制,但与风险基本概念和内涵的结合有待增强,对基于理论分析提出的风险处置策略支持不足。复杂风险的科学内涵、形成机制和分析方法研究,侧重对单一类别风险理论层面研究,风险分类的全面性和与实践需求的结合不足。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于风险基本定义和内涵,依据风险形成机制建立城市安全风险的因果链模型,进而结合城市安全风险特征提出简单风险、复杂风险、新兴风险和复杂风险的城市安全风险分类,基于城市安全风险特征来源分析,提出各类风险的风险管理策略,以期提高城市安全风险管理实践的科学性、精准性和规范性。
《Risk management: vocabulary)》[19]将风险定义为不确定性对目标的影响,明确了目标可能有不同的方面和种类,影响来源于与预期的积极或消极的偏离,以及风险通常表达为风险源、潜在事件及其后果和可能性等4要素。进一步理解风险表达4要素的因果关系,风险源在一定条件(可称为触发条件)下导致潜在事件;潜在事件的影响为后果;可能性以定性或定量形式描述发生潜在事件的机会。应明确风险定义中的不确定性并不等同于可能性。不确定性是指与预期的偏离,来源于风险源导致突发事件及其发展演化过程与认知预期的差别,即客观事实与主观预期的区别;可能性是某件事发生的机会,是客观事实,不涉及主观认知。对不确定性的理解是准确分类风险的关键。
在城市安全语境下进一步理解风险,给出城市安全风险的定义和内涵。城市安全风险的目标为城市安全,不确定性对应能够对城市安全造成影响的潜在事件,相对于基于认知建立的风险处置能力的偏离程度。其中,潜在事件对应为影响城市安全的突发事件。因此,城市安全风险的定义为(突发事件的)不确定性对城市安全的影响;内涵可理解为对城市安全造成影响的突发事件的不确定性,相对于基于认知建立的风险处置能力的偏离,对城市安全的消极性影响。其中,不确定性包括与突发事件相应的风险源、潜在事件和后果等3方面的不确定性。风险源的不确定性可理解为具有危险性的物质、能量、信息等可能导致的突发事件,成为实质性的“风险源”的不确定性;潜在事件的不确定性可理解为潜在事件的发展演化过程的不确定性,这一发展演化过程既包括风险源直接导致的初始事件,也包括初始事件进一步导致次生衍生事件的情况;后果的不确定性可理解为对城市安全造成不同类型伤害和程度的不确定性。在风险处置实践中,不确定性越大,意味着风险与风险处置能力偏离越大,风险对安全造成的消极影响可能越大。
基于城市安全风险定义,研究城市安全风险的分类。结合风险源、潜在事件和后果的因果关系,提出城市安全风险的因果链模型,如图1所示。
城市安全风险的因果链模型表达了风险要素在风险形成机制层面的逻辑关系。该模型以风险形成过程为主线,将初始事件、潜在事件、后果等主要阶段的不确定性特征,作为城市安全风险分类的依据。首先,对于由风险源在触发条件作用下导致初始事件的阶段,如果对这一过程认知清晰,此情况下风险可归为传统风险,即由风险源导致初始事件的过程未超出传统认知的风险;如果这一过程不确定性或模糊性强,认知困难,此情况下风险可归为新兴风险,即风险源导致潜在事件的不确定性强或包括模糊性因素,可能超出认知的风险[19-21]。第二阶段为潜在事件发生后的发展演化过程,对于过程复杂,包括一级或多级次生衍生事件,可能超出过程认识的情况,可归为复杂风险,即潜在事件的发展演化过程复杂,可能超出认知的风险。对于潜在事件的后果的不确定性强,一般为城市安全突发事件的后果极其严重、可能超出预期的情况,可归为极端风险,即潜在事件的后果极其严重,可能超出预期的风险。以上分类中,复杂风险强调潜在事件发展演化过程的复杂性导致的高度不确定性,其后果不一定严重;极端风险强调潜在事件后果的严重性超出预期,导致的高度不确定性,其潜在事件的发展演化过程不一定复杂。以上分类以风险形成过程主要阶段的不确定性特征作为不同类别风险的差异性准则,清晰、明确、系统性强。同时,综合新兴风险等风险研究的新成果,强化城市安全风险管理中需要进行针对性评估和应对能力建设的极端风险。
由于将风险形成过程各阶段的不确定性特征作为风险分类准则,因此,不能避免同一风险同属于 2类或多类风险的情况。如由强降雨导致的城市安全风险,初始阶段的一般性降雨为常规风险;降雨强度增加至一定强度后,可能达到极端风险;强降雨可能导致溃坝、桥梁垮塌、地面地下交通设施内涝等次生衍生事件,可能具有复杂的发展演化过程,此种情况下可为复杂风险。应用因果链模型对城市安全风险分类时,应以城市安全风险相对于风险管理能力的偏离程度确定风险分类的优先准则。首先,针对初始事件阶段,确定传统风险和新兴风险的分类优先顺序为:新兴风险>传统风险;其次,对于次生衍生事件,综合风险管理和应急管理难度,确定传统风险、复杂风险和极端风险的分类优先顺序为:极端风险>复杂风险>传统风险。对于可能同属于新兴风险和极端风险的情况,仍以管控初始事件为优先目标,确定优先顺序为:新兴风险>极端风险。4类风险的分类优先顺序为:新兴风险>极端风险>复杂风险>传统风险。在实际应用中,对于可能具有2个或多个风险类别的情况,以风险准则为依据,以最优先类别为主要风险类别,并注明所从属的其余类别及顺序,为城市安全风险管理提供尽可能清晰、完整的风险类别信息。
综上,在城市安全语境下,基于风险定义提出城市安全风险的定义和内涵,建立基于城市安全风险定义的城市安全风险因果链模型。依据因果链模型表达风险形成过程、主要阶段划分、不确定性特征,提出城市安全风险分类,包括传统风险、新兴风险、复杂风险和极端风险,提出该分类方法的应用准则。
城市组成单元决定了其静态结构特征,一般表现为面状、线状、点状单元。面状单元主要指城市的工业园区、商业区、住宅区,一般由多个具有内在联系的子单元组成,其内部风险可能具有相互作用,形成更为复杂的风险。线状单元主要指具有线状或由线状组成的网状结构的市政管线、桥梁等,一方面,其具有由线状物理形态决定的风险线状分布特征,另一方面,由于其关系城市运行,往往对城市生产、生活造成以事故管网为核心的辐射状影响。点状单元主要指在空间分布上呈现相对离散、规模相对较小的生产经营单位(单元),其安全风险一般相对简单,但点状单元间可能存在事件链效应,形成复杂风险。
城市的动态演化特征来源于城市系统自身的发展演化和外部因素对城市系统的作用。前者主要指城市及其组成单元的建设发展,这一动态变化可能改变既有风险源或出现新的未纳入风险管理体系的风险源。例如:面状的化工园区中危险物质和装置的变化、线状的燃气管网的建设或老化、点状的内涝隐患点的变化,以及新建的化工园区等,相关风险以动态变化为主要特征。后者包括自然灾害作用于城市系统,或新技术、新材料、新能源在城市内广泛应用等。新兴风险具有同时作用于某一区域,或具有相似特征的技术领域的特点。
城市系统一般有规划、建设、运行、发展的过程,城市组成单元的可靠性,也将随其使用时间的增加而变化。若无外部干预,则在可靠性变化量累积到临界点时可能导致突发事件。此类风险的风险源一般较为明确,属传统风险,一般被纳入城市风险管理体系。随城市化进程不断推进、城市规模不断扩大、城市组成单元不断增加,相应传统风险不断扩大;由于城市组成单元的设施、设备、材料等均不同程度地具备传统风险,其安全可靠性一般随使用时间的增加而降低,因此,城市组成单元的传统风险随城市的发展演化具有累积效应;且对于城市系统,其传统风险难以消除。
城市中传统风险多表现为点状、线状风险单元。在线状风险单元中的城市地下管网方面,城市地下管网覆盖率逐年提升,截至2020年底,全国(不含港澳台地区)已有城市和县城燃气管道约105万km,供水管道约127万km,排水管道约102万km,供热管道约48万km[21],先期建设的管网出现日益突出的老化问题。以燃气管网为例,我国在用管道大部分使用时间已超过20年,有近10万km管道出现不同程度的老化,部分管网建设标准较低,日常维护、保养、更新不及时,安全隐患突出[23]。2021年,全国发生7起较大燃气管道事故,比2019、2020年同期有较大幅度上升[24]
《“十四五”国家应急体系规划》强调了新能源、新工艺、新材料,以及新产业、新业态、新模式的风险源属性。技术和经济的快速发展使新兴风险呈现涌现性;新兴风险源在城市中的广泛应用使新兴风险具有泛化性。
现阶段,典型的新兴风险及其对安全的影响包括自动驾驶技术与道路交通安全,新能源汽车、电动自行车电池与消防安全,快递、食品冷链储运与疫情防控,社交媒体、自媒体与个人信息安全,电子支付与金融安全等。以电动自行车为例,据不完全统计,全国自动自行车保有量已超过3亿,仅2021年全国发生电动自行车火灾1万余起,并造成人员伤亡[25]。为防控该风险,国家明确禁止在公共门厅、疏散走道、安全出口等部位停放或者充电,广东、安徽等省立法禁止电动自行车入户停放充电,高层楼宇不能上楼停放[26]
城市安全风险中的复杂特征来源于城市组成单元,在事件致灾过程中相互耦合而产生的事件链效应[27],包括自然灾害的灾害链[28]和事故的多米诺效应[29],导致潜在事件后果的非线性放大或减弱[30],显著增加了不确定性。城市内面状、线状、点状单元的种类、数量不断增加,形态日趋多样,使其多维度耦合效应不断加强;气候变化使潜在事件发展演化过程更为复杂,城市复杂风险加剧。
城市动态特征导致的复杂风险往往易被忽视,导致更大的不确定性和更为严重的后果。如2013年山东青岛“11·22”东黄输油管道爆炸事故。事故发生前,由于事故区域内市政建设将排水明渠改为暗渠。管道泄漏事故发生后,在泄漏至路面的原油已得到有效处置的情况下,泄漏原油进入市政排水暗渠,在形成密闭空间的暗渠内油气积聚遇火花发生爆炸,造成62人死亡、136人受伤,直接经济损失7.5亿元[31]
《Risk analysis》期刊以专刊形式讨论了极端和灾难性事件的风险问题,以及低概率发生但可能导致灾难性后果的风险,提出极端风险下,应考虑人、组织和物理网络之间的相互依赖关系[32]。后果成因角度方面,极端风险可能有2种情况:①潜在事件仅为初始事件,但后果严重,超出预期;②初始事件导致后果严重、超出预期的次生衍生事件,此时极端风险同时具备复杂风险特征。
第1种情况的典型案例为:2014年“12·31”上海外滩踩踏事件,造成36人死亡,49人受伤[33];2015年深圳光明新区“11·20”滑坡事故,造成 73人死亡,4人下落不明,17人受伤[34];2019年江苏响水天嘉宜化工厂“3·21” 爆炸事故,造成78人死亡,76人重伤[35];2021年湖北十堰 “6·13” 燃气爆炸事故,造成26人死亡,137人受伤[36]。第1种情况下,事故类型并不罕见,因事故后果极其严重对城市安全造成重大冲击。
第2种情况的典型案例为:2008年南方雪灾,造成129人因灾死亡,166万人紧急转移安置,多个省份因灾断电,极大影响了城市正常运转[37]。2021年河南郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害事故,强降雨导致城市内涝,造成人员于地铁、隧道等空间内溺水,最终导致398人死亡或失踪[38]。第2种情况下,极端风险视为潜在事件后果极其严重的复杂风险。
综上,基于城市典型组成单元和发展变化来源,阐述城市的静态结构特征和动态演化特征,分析其与各类风险的关联关系;以此为基础,结合4类风险产生机制和现状及典型案例,提出城市安全风险特征,包括传统风险累积、新兴风险涌现、复杂风险加剧和极端风险频现。
我国城市安全风险管理一般由政府主导,采取区域、行业、生产经营单位等多层级相结合的方式,对面状、线状、点状单元进行安全风险管理,涉及传统风险、新兴风险、复杂风险和极端风险。以风险管理理论[39-40]为基础,分析城市安全风险特征和主要来源,结果见表1
《公共安全 城市安全风险评估》[41]给出通用的城市安全风险管理框架。该框架规定,在风险评估全过程按点位、类别、区域等层级关系开展风险评估,明确了应在全过程中开展风险沟通与风险更新,适时开展风险处置。
传统风险的风险源和事件后果明确,不确定性来源于可靠性降低到突发事件发生的量变到质变的临界点。
传统风险管理从确定信息的知识化和事件预防2方面入手。前者指基于对风险源的认知建立本地化的城市安全风险源建议清单,支持全面、便捷地排查风险源;明确风险源、初始事件、初始事件后果的对应关系,支持应急准备。后者指在风险源安全可靠性降低但未至临界点前,对风险源进行预防性维修或更新等措施,防止事件发生,这方面的实践是党的城市更新行动[42]。在明确临界点基础上,将风险特征转化为技术特征,建立风险监测预警措施,及时发现系统失效特征,以在事件造成实际后果前进行有效处置,这方面典型实践是城市安全风险综合监测预警平台[43]
在城市安全风险管理实践中,根据本地突发事件历史情况并结合专家意见,建立本地城市安全风险源建议清单,支持点位风险识别和分析;在城市安全风险清单中,列出预防性维修或更新、风险监测预警等措施要求,并在全过程适时实施。
新兴风险具有未知性和泛化性。新兴风险管理应从初始事件研判和事件应对2方面入手。初始事件研判方面需要充分估计初始事件发生的可能性及其后果。事件应对方面需要提前做好一旦发生初始事件后的应对准备。同时,从认知发展角度,随着风险源认知的不断深入,其模糊性将不断弱化,新兴风险相应转变为传统风险,转入常态化的风险管理模式。
在城市安全风险管理实践中,将可能成为风险源的对象纳入城市安全风险源建议清单,并标识新兴风险,并随认知发展动态修正此类风险源。此外,应用信息化手段,动态汇总本地区内外的相关事件信息,加快对关注对象的认知进程,加速弱化其“模糊性”,实施预防性维修或更新、风险监测预警等措施。
复杂风险的不确定性来源于潜在事件的事件链效应。此阶段应用情景构建方法对事件链进行完整、规范表达,明确事件过程控制关键点。随后,应用贝叶斯网络模型[45-46]定量分析事件链的风险,得出初始事件发生和潜在事件各项后果及其严重程度的可能性。为叠加不同类型事件的后果,在量化后果的严重程度时,使用具有物理意义的指标[41]。最后得出综合风险评估结果,并根据风险管理目标,确定不同物理指标的可接受准则。
在点位风险分析阶段,对于复杂风险,应用数据、模型、计算相结合的方法精准分析复杂风险[47],提出复杂风险分析的结果要求[41]。在区域风险分析阶段,分析点位风险,研究点位风险间可能存在的因果关系,识别区域层面的复杂风险。
从风险源和后果2方面开展极端风险管理。风险源方面,分析提炼本地域内外已发生的重特大突发事件的风险源,与本地现有风险源进行比对,研判本地发生同类重特大突发事件的可能性,并列入城市安全风险源建议清单。同时,将之与传统风险、复杂风险等作出区域性综合评估。后果方面,对可能发生的重特大突发事件,假定其发展演化过程和极端后果,应用情景构建等技术[48]构建事件情景,开展极端风险专项评估[49],提出相应的风险处置和应急能力提升措施。
将城市安全风险管理实践成果融入本地常态化应急管理工作,如应急预案、应急演练、隐患排查治理、监测预警、应急处置、应急能力建设等。应急预案方面,确定需要重点编制的专项预案;基于风险分析中对潜在事件发展演化过程的分析,提出先期处置和应急响应要求,明确典型事件链的“断链”要求。应急演练方面,基于风险评估构建重特大风险典型情景,开展桌面或实战演练。隐患排查方面,在风险识别阶段强化不同类型风险识别单元内特定类型风险的识别,如对线状、面状单元内开展复杂风险识别,对点状单元内开展传统风险识别;对点状单元间开展复杂风险识别等。隐患治理方面,将风险清单作为确定隐患治理措施的重要依据,制定传统风险、新兴风险、复杂风险、极端风险的隐患治理措施。监测预警方面,应用风险评估中形成的方法和技术,在初始事件发生时研判事件发展演化,确定预警级别和预警响应行动,制作并发布预警信息。应急处置方面,根据事件发展演化分析,提出应急处置措施。应急能力建设方面,基于构建极端风险的情景,实施精准应急能力提升措施。此外,规范城市安全风险管理体系中的技术要求和方法,并以此为基础实现风险评估的信息采集处理、模型计算、结果输出的信息化和数字化,融入现有的应急管理平台,实现风险评估对城市发展的动态响应。
综上,针对4类风险特征分析其不确定性主要来源;基于来源分析提出通用的城市安全风险管理框架,以及4类风险的风险管理策略,提出将风险管理体系融入城市应急管理体系的措施建议。
1) 建立城市安全风险的因果链模型,提出城市安全风险分类,包括传统风险、新兴风险、复杂风险、极端风险4类。
2) 城市安全风险特征包括传统风险累积、新兴风险涌现、复杂风险加剧、极端风险频现。
3) 提出城市安全风险管理策略,包括建立通用性的城市安全风险管理框架;对传统风险,建立城市安全风险源建议清单、对风险源进行预防性维修或更新;对新兴风险,充分估计初始事件及其后果,做好初始事件应对准备,加速对模糊性的认知过程;对复杂风险,建立事件链,基于具有物理意义的指标开展量化风险分析,管控触发条件和不可接受风险;对极端风险,比对识别本地极端风险,进行相对于本地应急能力的专项评估,精准提升应急能力;将城市安全风险管理实践成果融入应急预案、应急演练、隐患排查治理、监测预警、应急处置、应急能力建设等本地常态化应急管理工作。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(72274181)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(72034004)
  • 中国标准化研究院院长基金资助(512020Y-7502)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0627
  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-19
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(72274181)
国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(72034004)
中国标准化研究院院长基金资助(512020Y-7502)
作者信息
    1 中国标准化研究院 公共安全标准化研究所,北京 100191
    2 清华大学 安全科学学院,北京 100084
    3 深圳市城市公共安全技术研究院有限公司,广东 深圳 518046
    4 北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054

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**秦挺鑫(1979—),男,重庆人,博士,研究员,主要从事公共安全标准化方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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