Article(id=1149741819459716022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0070-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0175, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410929, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410929, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741819635876792, articleId=1149741819459716022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Influences of distracted behaviors on driving performance of drivers in city, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate influences of common distracted driving behaviors on driving performance in the urban environment,three secondary tasks were designed. Sixteen young subjects were recruited. The driving tests were conducted under real conditions. Vehicle longitudinal and lateral driving parameters were measured. The driving performances under normal driving and distracted driving conditions were compared and analyzed,and the influences of driving age on these performances were also discussed. The results show that compared to the normal driving,in all 3 distracted conditions,the standard deviation of longitudinal acceleration and the standard deviation of lateral acceleration increase while vehicle speed decreases. This indicates that drivers compensate for driving performance by speed and maneuver while distracted. The mean speed and the mean longitudinal acceleration are significantly influenced by the talking task,while the standard deviation of speed and the mean lateral acceleration are significantly influenced by reading the advertisement (p<0.05). The standard deviation of speed is significantly higher for experienced drivers compared to novices in the phoning condition (p=0.021). During phoning and advertisement reading tasks,the mean lateral acceleration is significantly higher for experienced drivers compared to novices (p=0.003,p=0.004). This means the experienced drivers are less affected by distracting behaviors.

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为探究城市道路条件下常见驾驶分心行为对驾驶绩效的影响,以16名青年志愿者为被试,开展实车驾驶试验,测量车辆纵向和横向行驶参数,对比分析正常驾驶和分心驾驶状态下的驾驶绩效,并探讨驾驶经验的影响。结果表明:3种分心行为均使横向加速度标准差和纵向加速度标准差增加,而使速度均值降低,说明驾驶员通过速度和转向控制补偿分心状态下的驾驶绩效;交谈对速度均值和纵向加速度均值、阅读广告对速度标准差和横向加速度均值具有显著性影响(p<0.05);接听电话时,经验驾驶员速度标准差明显高于新手(p=0.021);接听电话和阅读广告次任务下,经验驾驶员的横向加速度均值均明显较高(p=0.003,p=0.004),说明经验丰富的驾驶员受分心行为的影响程度更低。

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罗 霜 (1990—),男,重庆人,博士,讲师,主要从事驾驶行为与车辆动力学等方面的研究。E-mail:

邵毅明,教授

徐进,教授

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城市道路下分心行为对驾驶员驾驶绩效的影响
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罗霜 1 , 易鑫鑫 2 , 邵毅明 1 , 徐进 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(1): 70-76
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(1): 70-76
城市道路下分心行为对驾驶员驾驶绩效的影响
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罗霜1 , 易鑫鑫2, 邵毅明1, 徐进1
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学 交通运输学院,重庆 400074
  • 2 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司,重庆 400023
  • 罗 霜 (1990—),男,重庆人,博士,讲师,主要从事驾驶行为与车辆动力学等方面的研究。E-mail:

    邵毅明,教授

    徐进,教授

Influences of distracted behaviors on driving performance of drivers in city
Shuang LUO1 , Xinxin YI2, Yiming SHAO1, Jin XU1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Traffic & Transportation,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China
  • 2 Chongqing Chang'an Automobile Company Limited,Chongqing 400023,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0175
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为探究城市道路条件下常见驾驶分心行为对驾驶绩效的影响,以16名青年志愿者为被试,开展实车驾驶试验,测量车辆纵向和横向行驶参数,对比分析正常驾驶和分心驾驶状态下的驾驶绩效,并探讨驾驶经验的影响。结果表明:3种分心行为均使横向加速度标准差和纵向加速度标准差增加,而使速度均值降低,说明驾驶员通过速度和转向控制补偿分心状态下的驾驶绩效;交谈对速度均值和纵向加速度均值、阅读广告对速度标准差和横向加速度均值具有显著性影响(p<0.05);接听电话时,经验驾驶员速度标准差明显高于新手(p=0.021);接听电话和阅读广告次任务下,经验驾驶员的横向加速度均值均明显较高(p=0.003,p=0.004),说明经验丰富的驾驶员受分心行为的影响程度更低。

城市道路  /  分心行为  /  驾驶员  /  驾驶绩效  /  实车试验

To investigate influences of common distracted driving behaviors on driving performance in the urban environment,three secondary tasks were designed. Sixteen young subjects were recruited. The driving tests were conducted under real conditions. Vehicle longitudinal and lateral driving parameters were measured. The driving performances under normal driving and distracted driving conditions were compared and analyzed,and the influences of driving age on these performances were also discussed. The results show that compared to the normal driving,in all 3 distracted conditions,the standard deviation of longitudinal acceleration and the standard deviation of lateral acceleration increase while vehicle speed decreases. This indicates that drivers compensate for driving performance by speed and maneuver while distracted. The mean speed and the mean longitudinal acceleration are significantly influenced by the talking task,while the standard deviation of speed and the mean lateral acceleration are significantly influenced by reading the advertisement (p<0.05). The standard deviation of speed is significantly higher for experienced drivers compared to novices in the phoning condition (p=0.021). During phoning and advertisement reading tasks,the mean lateral acceleration is significantly higher for experienced drivers compared to novices (p=0.003,p=0.004). This means the experienced drivers are less affected by distracting behaviors.

urban road  /  distracted behavior  /  driver  /  driving performance  /  real driving test
罗霜, 易鑫鑫, 邵毅明, 徐进. 城市道路下分心行为对驾驶员驾驶绩效的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0175
Shuang LUO, Xinxin YI, Yiming SHAO, Jin XU. Influences of distracted behaviors on driving performance of drivers in city[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0175
分心驾驶是指驾驶员进行转移驾驶注意力的活动,包括接打电话、收发短信/微信、进食/喝水、与同车乘客交谈、操纵导航系统等[1-2],即让其注意力偏离安全驾驶的行为。据统计,2012—2021年美国有超过32 000人丧生于驾驶员分心所致的车祸中[3]。分心驾驶已成为常见不良驾驶、危险驾驶行为,严重影响行车安全。
使用手机、聊天、张望等是常见的驾驶分心行为,将对车辆速度、加速度等驾驶绩效指标造成明显影响。PAWAR等[4]通过城市道路模拟驾驶试验发现,驾驶员打电话时路过交叉口的减速度会增加;HAQUE等[5]认为,车辆在换道接受间隙之前的减速强度会提高;ZATMEH-KANJ等[6]发现小车头时距跟驰情况下的减速度会降低,增加了行车风险。不少研究均表明:驾驶员分心时的行驶平均速度会明显降低,这可能是来自于驾驶员本能的风险补偿行为[57-8]。免提通话其实和手持手机通话的风险同样大,两者对驾驶绩效的负面影响相似,因为驾驶人很可能意识不到自己处于分心状态[9]。CHARLTON[10]、CHOUDHARY等[11]发现驾驶人和车内交谈像是可以预料的,这种行为危险性很低。但这会明显增加超速的次数[12]。BASSANI等[13]在乡村高速公路上开展了驾驶模拟试验,发现驾驶员分心时的速度和速度偏差值低于正常驾驶,同时,他们的横向控制能力方面也明显减弱。上述分心驾驶成果均来源于驾驶模拟试验[4-810-13],尽管这与实车试验有一定相似性,但仍存在较大差异[14-15]。马勇等[16]通过高速公路实车驾驶试验发现,驾驶人在视觉和认知分心时车道偏离比正常驾驶明显偏大,且随着分心时长的增加而增加。EBNALI等[17]发现思考车载收音机播放的新闻内容将显著降低驾驶员的平均行驶速度、在不安全区域的行驶时间和超车次数。但这是研究高速公路上的分心行为,而在复杂城市道路场景下的实车分心驾驶试验数据相对较少。
青年驾驶员在车祸中占很大比例,一方面是由于经验不足,另一方面是因为他们在驾驶过程中容易分心[18]。据报道,23~28岁的驾驶员在开车时打电话的频率比17~22岁的驾驶员更高,而25~34岁的驾驶员比35岁以上的接电话意图更强烈[19]。驾驶员在使用手机时会降低车速以补偿追尾风险[57-8],但年轻驾驶员补偿较少,纵向控制较低,且缺乏经验的年轻驾驶员在使用手机期间的表现恶化程度更高[20]。鉴于此,笔者拟以青年驾驶员为研究对象,组织开展复杂城市道路条件下的分心驾驶实车试验,采用统计分析方法研究驾驶员接听电话、阅读广告和交谈分心行为对驾驶绩效的影响,并探讨不同次任务下驾驶经验对驾驶绩效指标的影响,以期改善青年驾驶员的驾驶行为,为分心预警系统提供数据支撑。
实车试验招募16名青年驾驶志愿者,其中,男性11名,女性5名,年龄20~32岁,驾龄1~8年。通过前期交流得知,驾龄在2年及以下的被试累计驾驶里程偏低,而驾龄在2年以上的被试总驾驶里程普遍超过5 000km,因此,将前者称为新手驾驶员(平均驾龄1.8年),后者为经验驾驶员(平均驾龄6.4年)。这样划分,新手与经验驾驶员刚好各8人。 所有被试身体状况良好,无心脑血管疾病,裸眼或矫正视力不低于5.0。试验前,每名被试充分了解试验内容,并签署了知情同意书。
采用Mobileye车道偏离-碰撞预警系统测量车辆横向偏移量、运行速度;采用惯性导航平台Speedbox记录车辆行驶轨迹、速度、纵/横向加速度等数据,与Mobileye联合使用能够保证一定的数据冗余量和数据安全。试验使用2台高分辨率的行车记录仪:一台记录车外城市道路交通环境,有助于解释异常数据出现的原因,并正确剔除异常值;另一台记录驾驶员的分心驾驶行为,以便截取试验后处理数据。选择某品牌的城市SUV作为试验车,该车空间大,方便布置、安装多种试验仪器,并能容纳多名跟车测试人员(试验中随时检查各项仪器的连接情况以及数据的存储情况,若有问题及时处理)。
试验选择驾驶中常见且相对不太危险的分心行为作为次任务,具体如下:
1) 接听电话。驾驶员察觉到来电后接通电话,并通过车载蓝牙系统与车外人员进行1~2min的免提通话,围绕日常生活随机交流。
2) 阅读广告宣传语。广告语“道路千万条,安全第一条”位于道路右侧,距离信号灯交叉口后方约300m,且以横幅形式呈现。经过目标红绿灯后,试验人员提醒被试前方有广告标语,并要求被试看到之后将其读出来。
3) 与同车乘客交谈。车上的试验员与驾驶员围绕工作生活以及个人问题进行自由聊天,时间1~2min。
在重庆市南岸区渝南分流道上以汇龙路南段公交站-巴南大道路口-汇龙路南段公交站路段作为测试地点,设计时速60km,总里程约7.4km,包含5个红绿灯,如图1所示。该测试区段为双向 6车道、路面宽敞、车流量适中,道路上方无遮挡,能较好地获取车辆运行数据。次任务执行点位如图1所示,3处分心驾驶测试路段左侧均为植物隔离带,而右侧为人行道及建筑物。
为比较正常驾驶和分心场景下的驾驶绩效差异,要求每位驾驶员在测试路线上行驶2圈。第1圈,驾驶员不执行任何次任务;第2圈,驾驶员按照“接听电话—阅读广告—与乘客交谈”的顺序执行次任务。
实车试验均是在工作日白天的非早晚高峰时段开展,以避免早晚高峰拥堵的城市道路交通对测试结果的影响。此外,在同一路段上的分心驾驶和正常驾驶的时间间隔一般不超过20min,所以认为2次驾驶任务到达同一地点时的交通量基本保持不变。同一路段上,正常驾驶和分心驾驶状态下除次任务外的其他因素,如道路条件、交通信号、限速条件等几乎一致。因此,驾驶绩效的差异最有可能是由分心驾驶行为所引起。
试验过程中,采集车辆行驶速度、纵向加速度、横向加速度以及车辆相对于车道的横向位置数据,根据行车记录仪视频图像,截取免提电话路段I、阅读广告路段II、交谈路段III上采集到的正常驾驶和分心驾驶状态下的试验数据以作后续对比分析,并采用Savitzky-Golay滤波方法[21]降噪处理截取的试验数据。
驾驶绩效主要包括速度、加速度、横向偏移量、车头时距等指标[2];本文选择速度均值及标准差、纵向加速度均值及标准差、横向加速度均值及标准差、横向偏移量均值及标准差来研究驾驶分心行为的影响。速度均值和速度标准差分别是指驾驶员在执行一次分心驾驶任务(或正常驾驶)路段内所有瞬时速度的平均值和标准差。其余指标均值及标准差的定义与此类似,这里不再赘述。
采用Shapiro-Wilk正态检验驾驶绩效指标样本,发现速度均值、横向加速度均值及标准差,以及横向偏移量标准差服从正态分布,于是这4项指标采用独立样本t检验,而其余驾驶绩效指标采用Mann-Whitney U检验分析正常驾驶和分心驾驶是否存在显著性差异。
正常驾驶与不同次任务下的速度均值与标准差箱线图如图2所示。相对于正常驾驶,驾驶员在接听电话、阅读广告和交谈的次任务下,速度均值的平均值分别降低9.2%、7.2%和13.3%,由于驾驶员意识到分心行为会增加行车风险,欲通过降低车速来保持安全驾驶状态。交谈次任务与正常驾驶过程中的速度均值存在显著性差异(p<0.05),而接听电话和阅读广告对速度均值无明显影响。
与正常驾驶相比,接听电话使平均速度标准差降低32.05%,交谈分心使其下降约6.1%;阅读广告显著增加了速度标准差(p<0.05),其平均值增幅约为77.81%。这表明在阅读广告过程中驾驶员对车辆速度的控制范围波动较大,可能是由于驾驶员欲通过降低车速来看清广告标语并保证行车安全,完成阅读广告之后又提速行驶,在此期间的加、减速行为比较明显。
纵向加速度均值及标准差如图3所示。在接听电话和阅读广告路段,驾驶员主要保持减速行驶状态,而分心行为基本不改变车辆的加减速状态;在交谈路段,从纵向加速度均值的下四分位数可知:正常驾驶时车辆大多加速行驶,而在和乘客交谈时,部分车辆由加速状态转变为减速,即驾驶员减弱了对油门的控制或增强了对制动踏板的控制。
纵向加速度均值的变化趋势与速度标准差一致,接听电话和交谈分心驾驶次任务使纵向加速度均值的平均值分别下降约13.04%、28.57%,而阅读广告使其增大约23.53%。3种次任务状态下的车辆平均纵向加速度标准差均比正常驾驶时要低,接听电话、阅读广告和交谈分别使其下降20.6%、6%、7.94%。与正常驾驶相比,交谈会明显影响车辆纵向加速度均值(p<0.05),分心行为不会使纵向加速度标准差产生显著性差异。
接听电话和阅读广告分别使横向加速度均值的平均值较正常驾驶状态减少18.5%和34.5%,且阅读广告对横向加速度均值有显著性影响(p<0.05);在与乘客交谈的路段,正常驾驶期间的横向加速度均值的平均值为0.005m/s2,而交谈时为0.07 m/s2,平均值由正变为负,变化15.8%,如图4所示。相较于正常驾驶,3种分心驾驶次任务均减小平均横向加速度标准差,接听电话、阅读广告和交谈分别使其下降33.3%、19.4%和25%。所以阅读广告对横向加速度均值影响最大,而横向加速度标准最容易受到接听电话的影响。
横向偏移量均值及标准差如图5所示。相较于正常驾驶,接听电话和阅读广告次任务都会使车辆横向偏移量均值的平均值和横向偏移量标准差的平均值减小,而交谈使两者增大。接听电话时,横向偏移量均值及标准差的平均值分别降低24.59%和20.55%;阅读广告期间,此2项指标的平均值分别降低6.38%和3.68%;交谈分心状态下两者分别增大2.9%和2.4%。由图5可知:除交谈状态下的横向偏移量均值外,分心驾驶行为会减小横向偏移量的波动幅度。接听电话使车辆横向偏移量均值及其标准差的降低程度最大,但也未造成显著性差异(p>0.05),而其余2种分心驾驶行为对此几乎没有影响。这表明驾驶员在接听电话时下意识地增强了对车辆横向运动的控制能力,以保证车辆不偏离车道,提升驾驶安全。
按照驾龄对驾驶员分组,研究驾驶员在分心状态下个人因素对驾驶绩效的影响。取显著性水平α=0.05,统计分析驾驶绩效样本数据,发现驾驶员在接听电话时,速度标准差(p=0.021)、纵向加速度均值(p=0.005)和横向加速度均值(p=0.003)在驾龄上存在显著差异性;在阅读广告时纵向加速度标准差(p=0.046)、横向加速度均值(p=0.004)在驾龄上存在显著差异性;其余驾驶绩效指标在驾龄上不存在显著性差异。
在执行接听电话分心任务时,经验驾驶员的车辆速度标准差平均秩为11.25,比新手驾驶员高5.5;前者的速度标准差主要在在4~8km/h,而对于后者,超过1/2的速度标准差在5km/h,且最大值仅5.9 km/h,接听电话分心下的速度标准差对比如图6所示。由图6可知:驾龄长的驾驶员在接听电话分心驾驶任务中的速度标准差明显大于新手驾驶员,即速度变化范围较大,这也说明经验丰富的驾驶员受分心任务的影响较小。
接听电话分心下的纵向加速度均值对比如图7所示。由图7可知:新手驾驶员的车辆纵向加速度均值的平均秩高于经验驾驶员,这主要是由于一部分新手驾驶在分心过程中处于加速状态,其纵向加速度为正值,而经验驾驶员在分心驾驶过程中均处于减速状态,其纵向加速度为负值。这表明经验驾驶员更能意识到分心驾驶的潜在风险,通过降速行为来保证驾驶安全。
在阅读广告时,半数以上的新手驾驶员的纵向加速度标准差集中在0.2~0.5m/s2,而经验驾驶员则分布在0.25~0.8 m/s2,且后者明显大于前者,如图8所示。这表明经验驾驶员在此种分心状态下加速度的变化区间较大,而由图3可知:阅读广告时驾驶员均处于减速状态,即经验丰富的驾驶员在阅读广告时减速度变化范围更大。
在接听电话和阅读广告分心驾驶任务中,经验驾驶员的横向加速度均值明显高于新手驾驶员,如图9所示。这可能是由于经验驾驶员的车速略高于新手驾驶员(虽然车速略高,但无显著性差异),根据汽车操纵动力学模型[22]可知:即使方向盘转角相同,车速越高,车辆横向加速度越大;经验驾驶员在分心过程中变换车道的次数高于新手驾驶员。部分被试的“里程-横向偏移量”曲线如图10所示,紧邻次任务点位上游的红绿灯处为0里程点,以至于经验驾驶员横向加速度较大。
1) 在所有次任务下,车辆行驶速度均有不同程度降低;驾驶员在与同车乘客交谈时,车辆纵向加速度均值比正常驾驶状态更低,表明驾驶员欲通过降低车速补偿驾驶绩效,但这种补偿行为还不足以抵消分心所致的碰撞风险;阅读广告时,车辆速度标准差增大,表明驾驶员对车辆的纵向控制能力有所降低;分心驾驶与正常驾驶在前述驾驶绩效指标上均具有显著性差异。
2) 接听电话(阅读广告)分心驾驶状态下,经验驾驶员速度标准差(纵向加速度标准差)明显高于新手驾驶员;在这2种分心任务下,经验驾驶员的横向加速度均值均明显较高,这是由于经验驾驶员在分心过程存在换道行为,说明驾驶员经验丰富,则受分心行为的影响较小。
3) 由于条件受限,此研究尚较浅显,在以后的研究中可增加被试数量,探讨青年与中年、老年驾车者驾驶绩效的差异;被试预知的和突如其来的分心源对驾驶绩效、心电特性的影响差异,特别是刚受到干扰的那一小段时间内的差异。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金资助(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0794)
  • 重庆市教育委员会-高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT21022)
  • 重庆市研究生联合培养基地建设项目(JDLHPYJD2020028)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0175
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
基金
重庆市自然科学基金资助(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0794)
重庆市教育委员会-高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT21022)
重庆市研究生联合培养基地建设项目(JDLHPYJD2020028)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学 交通运输学院,重庆 400074
    2 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司,重庆 400023
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0175
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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