Article(id=1149741819140944250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0085-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692288000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-18, revisedDate=1700323200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410853, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410853, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741819409379708, articleId=1149741819140944250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research progress on prevention and control of mine earthquake and rock burst, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mine tremors and rock bursts are hot,difficult,and bottleneck problems that need to be solved urgently in the mining field. In order to effectively control mine tremors and rock bursts,the definition and classification of mine tremors,the hypothesis of mine pressure and the prevention and control technologies of mine tremors and rock bursts were summarized. And the theory of roof-cutting and pressure-relief was reviewed. Then,its application in abandoned stope disposal and pressure unloading mining of medium-thick gold mines and gob-side entry retaining laneway of medium-thick and below coal mines were introduced,and its difference with 110 working method was compared. Based on this,the definition of mine tremors was given,and it was pointed out that the occurrence conditions of mine tremors are similar to those of rock bursts. Therefore,the controlled blasting and groove caving technology of a deep-buried hard roof plate was put forward for thick ore body mining. The summary shows that the technology of controlled blasting groove caving is still the main method to release and transfer high underground pressure in the prevention and control of mine tremors and rock bursts in the future,it can also simplify the "masonry beam" of deep-buried thick orebody into a spring rock beam bearing system.

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矿震与冲击地压是采矿领域亟待解决的热点、难点和瓶颈问题,为了有效控制矿震与冲击地压,综述矿震定义与分类、矿压假说及矿震与冲击地压防治技术,回顾切顶卸压理论及其在中厚金矿采空区处理与卸压开采、中厚及以下煤矿沿空留巷中的应用,并比较其与110工法的差异。据此,给出矿震定义,指出矿震与冲击地压发生的条件类似,针对厚矿体开采提出深埋坚硬顶板控制爆破切槽放顶技术。研究表明:控制爆破切槽放顶技术仍然是未来矿震与冲击地压防治中释放并转移高地压的主要方法,它还可将深埋厚矿体的“砌体梁”简化成弹簧岩梁承载体系。

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李俊平 (1969—),男,湖北应城人,博士,教授,主要从事采空区处理与卸压开采、特殊矿体机械化开采工艺等方面的研究。E-mail:

冯嘉禹,讲师

王海泉,讲师

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注:1-上巷煤柱;2-切顶堆石坝;3-下巷煤柱;4-覆岩;5-煤层。

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矿震与冲击地压防治研究进展
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李俊平 1 , 管婷婷 1 , 冯嘉禹 2 , 王海泉 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 85-93
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 85-93
矿震与冲击地压防治研究进展
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李俊平1 , 管婷婷1, 冯嘉禹2, 王海泉1
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 陕西有色金属集团有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710075
  • 李俊平 (1969—),男,湖北应城人,博士,教授,主要从事采空区处理与卸压开采、特殊矿体机械化开采工艺等方面的研究。E-mail:

    冯嘉禹,讲师

    王海泉,讲师

Research progress on prevention and control of mine earthquake and rock burst
Junping LI1 , Tingting GUAN1, Jiayu FENG2, Haiquan WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 Shaanxi Non-ferrous Metal Group Co.,Ltd.,Xi'an Shaanxi 710075,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0103
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矿震与冲击地压是采矿领域亟待解决的热点、难点和瓶颈问题,为了有效控制矿震与冲击地压,综述矿震定义与分类、矿压假说及矿震与冲击地压防治技术,回顾切顶卸压理论及其在中厚金矿采空区处理与卸压开采、中厚及以下煤矿沿空留巷中的应用,并比较其与110工法的差异。据此,给出矿震定义,指出矿震与冲击地压发生的条件类似,针对厚矿体开采提出深埋坚硬顶板控制爆破切槽放顶技术。研究表明:控制爆破切槽放顶技术仍然是未来矿震与冲击地压防治中释放并转移高地压的主要方法,它还可将深埋厚矿体的“砌体梁”简化成弹簧岩梁承载体系。

矿震  /  冲击地压  /  切顶卸压理论  /  弹簧岩梁承载  /  地表沉陷

Mine tremors and rock bursts are hot,difficult,and bottleneck problems that need to be solved urgently in the mining field. In order to effectively control mine tremors and rock bursts,the definition and classification of mine tremors,the hypothesis of mine pressure and the prevention and control technologies of mine tremors and rock bursts were summarized. And the theory of roof-cutting and pressure-relief was reviewed. Then,its application in abandoned stope disposal and pressure unloading mining of medium-thick gold mines and gob-side entry retaining laneway of medium-thick and below coal mines were introduced,and its difference with 110 working method was compared. Based on this,the definition of mine tremors was given,and it was pointed out that the occurrence conditions of mine tremors are similar to those of rock bursts. Therefore,the controlled blasting and groove caving technology of a deep-buried hard roof plate was put forward for thick ore body mining. The summary shows that the technology of controlled blasting groove caving is still the main method to release and transfer high underground pressure in the prevention and control of mine tremors and rock bursts in the future,it can also simplify the "masonry beam" of deep-buried thick orebody into a spring rock beam bearing system.

mine tremors  /  rock burst  /  theory of roof-cutting and pressure-relief  /  spring rock beam bearing  /  surface subsidence
李俊平, 管婷婷, 冯嘉禹, 王海泉. 矿震与冲击地压防治研究进展. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0103
Junping LI, Tingting GUAN, Jiayu FENG, Haiquan WANG. Research progress on prevention and control of mine earthquake and rock burst[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0103
矿震与冲击地压是采矿领域亟待解决的热点、难点和瓶颈。1738年英国南斯坦福煤田首次记录到冲击地压与矿震,而我国1933年才在抚顺胜利煤矿记录到[1]。近百年来,由于矿产资源开采深度与地下空间面积不断增大,南非、俄罗斯、德国、美国、加拿大、印度、澳大利亚、波兰等多国[2-4]矿震与冲击地压频发,我国黑、吉、辽、京、冀、晋、鲁、豫、苏、皖、湘、赣、川、黔、陕、蒙、新等主要产煤地区及一些非煤矿山冲击地压或矿震的发生频次和危险程度也呈爆发式增长[5-6]
长期以来,矿震与冲击地压概念难以明确区分,尽管国内外学者已对矿震与冲击地压发生机制、破坏特征、监测预警及防治方法开展了大量研究,并取得了丰硕成果[1-12],但二者的差异性辨识还不透彻。由于二者定义区分模糊,目前还缺乏兼顾诱发原因、发生部位及发生机制的矿震定义,且兼顾二者的复合型灾害防控方法有待发展。
鉴于此,笔者借助综述矿震定义与分类、矿压假说及冲击地压与矿震防治技术,重新定义矿震概念,并结合切顶卸压理论及其应用回顾,提出厚矿体开采的深埋坚硬顶板的矿震与冲击地压治本方法,展望其参数设计及可能替代砌体梁理论的弹簧岩梁承载理论的研发方向。
从1994年到2009年,甚至到今天,国内外仍有很多学者[13-15]还认为:强支、强撑和强充是解决矿震或冲击地压的有效方式。黑龙江鸡西煤矿、宜昌磷矿、甘肃金川镍矿、湖北黄石金铜矿、安徽霍邱张庄铁矿等进入深部开采的实践已经证明:仅强充填、支架或矿柱强支撑、锚网强支护,若悬空面积较大,必然诱发顶板大面积突然冒落、矿柱错断与滑移等冲击地压灾害,导致采矿空间深部的坚硬岩体破断、滑移或断层活化等矿震。可见:冲击地压发生于采(掘)空间周边,将导致人员伤亡或设备、采矿结构损失,还可能诱发矿震。通常,矿震发生在采(掘)空间的深部围岩中,不会直接导致生产灾害,但其中释放的弹性应变能可能导致冲击地压或地表沉陷灾害。因此,冲击地压与矿震关系密切,二者既存在明显区别又紧密联系[5],这2定义不能等同使用[9]
国际上关于矿震的定义相对统一,认为矿震就是采矿活动诱发的地震。它是采矿活动引起的应力集中导致采(掘)空间深部围岩破断、滑移进而释放弹性应变能的过程,并伴随有冲击、震动或响声,这与岩体声发射/微震活动基本类似。但此定义未明晰矿震发生条件、发生机制[57-8],以致国内学者还将冲击地压与矿震混为一谈。例如:窦林名[6]、齐庆新[7]等将矿震定义为采矿活动与地应力场共同诱发的地震;康建旗[8]、张少泉[16-17]等认为,矿震是采矿活动扰动岩体快速释放弹性能的采矿诱发地震;惠乃玲等[18]指出,矿震是矿区区域应力场和采矿活动使采区及周围应力处于失调状态,从而导致局部积累的能量以冲击或重力等方式突然释放的岩层振动。总之,长期以来我国许多学者都未明确矿震与冲击地压的差异。
随着研究的深入开展,我国学者们对矿震的认识愈发清晰。王富奇等[19]指出矿震是由于重力应力或构造应力引起关键层破断并突然释放能量的岩层振动;窦林名等[20]不仅认为矿震是采掘过程对局部应力的一种响应,还认为发生矿震的本质是煤、岩体中存在高应力或应力差从而导致发生采动破裂型、巨厚覆岩型或高能型矿震;姜福兴等[9]将矿震分冲击地压诱发型、断层构造活化型、顶板运动型 3类,且将顶板运动型矿震又分为关键层断裂型、关键层回转型和关键层滑移型3种;白贤栖等[21]阐述矿震是由矿山开采引起煤层上方常见的白垩系巨厚层状砂岩组破断、滑移诱发的非天然地震活动;翟新献等[22]指出,煤层上覆巨厚砾岩层(主关键层)和厚层坚硬岩层(亚关键层)的断裂失稳是诱发综放工作面煤岩体发生大能量矿震甚至导致冲击地压的主要原因。事实上,煤矿巨厚覆岩型矿震与非煤矿山火成岩矿震或声发射/微震活动基本相似,无论关键层破断、滑移还是顶板运动型矿震,都发生在作业面深处而非作业面附近[22],并存在高应力或应力差[20]
综上所述,无论是冲击地压诱发型矿震、断层构造活化型矿震还是顶板运动型矿震,都必然存在高应力或高应力差,在采矿活动扰动下引起高应力硬岩突然破断,而松、软岩体在不太高的地压下就会发生变形或开裂,不能聚集过量的弹性变形能,也诱发不了矿震。因此,得出如下矿震定义:是采矿扰动引起高地压或高地压差的坚硬岩体突然破断,并释放弹性应变能的采矿诱发地震,它处于采(掘)空间的深部围岩中,不会直接危及安全生产,但可能与冲击地压相互诱发。矿震与冲击地压发生的充分必要条件类似岩爆,即发生对象必须是能聚集弹性应变能的坚硬岩体,还要赋存在高地压或高地压差的环境中。
随着采矿技术的不断进步,国内外出现了各种矿压假说,影响矿山压力与顶板管理进程的有压力拱和岩梁等假说。1936年IME在前人提出的压力拱概念及假说的基础上,完善了压力拱假说[15],将回采工作面前后的支承压力及其上覆平衡岩层当作压力拱。尽管能够应用工程力学的知识解释采矿空间的地压,但无法分析岩层变形、移动和破坏过程。鲁宾涅特较全面发展了岩梁的假说,并主张用连续介质力学研究矿山压力问题。
1954年库兹涅佐夫根据相似模拟试验及井下实测,提出了铰接岩块假说。他将采场上方岩层看作相互铰接的岩块梁,因此提出了支架、直接顶和基本顶相互作用的受力图,并认为基本顶断裂后仍与前方岩块保持铰接联系而形成三铰平衡拱,但未探讨岩块间的平衡条件。将岩层作为岩梁这一基本思想,至今在我国矿压研究中占有很重要地位[23]
20世纪60年代初期,砌体梁假说在我国得到发展。1981年钱鸣高[24]在鲁宾涅特提出的铰接岩块梁基础上发展了砌体梁理论。随后缪协兴[25]、钱鸣高[26]、黄庆享[27]等逐步完善了砌体梁理论,其中,缪协兴[25]、钱鸣高[26]等认为,采场围岩砌体梁结构模型并非仅指单纯的岩块堆砌,而是一个有机运动的围岩整体,既包括坚硬岩层变形、破断、失稳,也包括块与块、块与垫层、块与连续岩层的接触与铰合,还包括裂隙、离层、水和瓦斯流动等,可探索采场围岩变形、破坏、失稳引起的顶底板突水、瓦斯流动、基本顶来压、岩层移动和地表沉陷等地压显现规律。钱鸣高等[26]还提出了关键层概念,研究了关键层对覆岩全部或局部运动的控制作用,并按关键层影响覆岩运动分别将其称为岩层活动的主关键层、亚(次)关键层;黄庆享等[27]将砌体梁理论推广到浅埋煤层并分析了高位斜台阶岩梁的结构特征。1986年宋振骐[28]提出了实用矿山压力控制理论,亦称传递岩梁理论。该理论从岩层运动入手,将岩层看作一层一层的梁,分析岩层运动特点及支护参数与岩梁间的力学平衡关系,为顶板控制提供支护设计方法[28-29]。总体看,传递岩梁理论与砌体梁理论差别不明显,但后者发展更全面,不仅解决铰接岩块、支架与岩梁间的力学平衡问题,还深入研究砌体梁关键块的滑落失稳与回转变形(S-R稳定),识别了关键层,进而探索了采场围岩变形、破坏引起的突水、瓦斯流动、基本顶来压、岩层移动和地表沉陷等地压显现特征。
随着进入深部开采,在高地压或高地压差的作用下,未完全破断的“砌体”(裂隙带岩体)或其上部的岩梁可能破断,诱发矿震,进而冲击破坏支架、矿(煤)柱或壁,导致“砌体”、支架与岩梁间的力学平衡关系越来越复杂,迫切需要变革深部开采的矿震与冲击地压防治技术,从而发展和简化砌体梁理论,并彻底根治地表沉陷灾害。
矿震与冲击地压发生的充分必要条件是能聚集弹性应变能的坚硬岩体赋存在高地压或高地压差的环境中,因此,其控制的一般原则应包括弱化顶底板、顶板卸压和强力支护、支撑。姜福兴等[9]提出分类防控、源头减震、吸能抗震协同防控顶板运动型矿震,并针对顶板运动型矿震主要应用地面钻孔压裂、顶板深孔松动爆破等主动防控技术和巷道吸能支护、煤层钻孔等被动防控技术。翟新献等[21]针对煤层上覆巨厚砾岩层和厚层坚硬岩层,采用顶板深孔卸压、深孔松动爆破顶板、爆破断底和超前强支护顶板等防治方法。刘永强[30]、于斌[31]等分别运用水力压裂技术减小初期、周期来压步距。郭力[32]、齐庆新[33]等针对坚硬厚顶板,提高支撑强度、增大支撑宽度、预裂顶板并破断采空区顶板来防治矿震与冲击地压。另外,齐庆新等[34]还从冲击地压理论与模拟、监测与判识、区域或局部防控等方面分析了当前的不足,并结合实践提出源头防治思想,其实质还是防控或躲避高地压或高地压差。
总之,尽管采取的方法是释放部分高地压,或改变坚硬厚顶板的性能,或采纳吸能支护等吸收部分赋存的能量,但在深部开采条件下,都不足以充分释放并转移坚硬顶板的高地压,也不足以充分改善巨厚坚硬岩层的力学性能,自然很难完全有效地控制深部开采条件下坚硬厚覆岩的矿震与冲击地压,亟待创新冲击地压的控制新方法。
在陕西渭南东桐峪金矿,处理全面法开采遗留下的面积为4.3×105m2、倾角为25~30°、高为2m的采空区时,首次提出了控制爆破切槽放顶法,并依据金矿现场支护及施工条件,推导出切槽位置、切槽深度及切槽宽度等理论公式[1],从而形成了原创性的切顶卸压理论[35]。同时,在该矿采空区悬空顶板下,分别在966 、866 m水平区域沿走向实施了全长700 m、宽10 m的控制爆破切槽放顶,就地爆破堆筑成长约700 m、宽约10 m的接顶松石坝支撑顶板,控制了全矿整体地压;又借助局部沿走向、倾向实施的6 m宽控制爆破切槽放顶,控制了采场局部地压,充分回收了残留矿柱和底板残矿[1],如图1所示。如此回收残矿并处理采空区,延长了该矿服务年限6年,年产黄金1 t,避免了顶板冲击地压及地表沉陷灾害[1]。为了确保孔深1.94 m的凿岩、控制爆破安全,局部采取木支柱护顶,并加强采空区照明[1]。在辽宁凤城金凤黄金矿业有限公司等矿山,借助沿走向间隔50m的多个剖面上布置的顶、底板闭合或应力观测点,监测并绘制顶板最大闭合区或受拉区,也获得了切槽放顶的合理位置[1]
另外,李俊平等还应用切顶卸压理论,指导了黑龙江鸡西矿业集团杏花、城子河、张新等几个煤矿,直接在沿空留巷上部5~15 m处的采空区悬空顶板下,实施类似东桐峪金矿沿走向全长的控制爆破切槽放顶,堆筑成6~8 m宽的接顶堆石坝支撑顶板,如图2a所示,消除了鸡西矿业集团0.8~2.5 m厚煤层开采的沿空留巷大变形地压,实现了煤柱全采[1]。鸡西矿业集团的实践表明:滞后作业面50~60 m撤除矸石帮的单体液压柱及钢顶梁,接顶堆石坝能自稳并完好支撑顶板;适当加长钢顶梁,可避免爆破崩倒单体液压支柱,留巷返修率进一步从不足5%降低到不足3%。为了确保穿透2.8~3.5 m直接顶的凿岩安全,除了加强采空区照明外,凿岩前单体液压支柱、钢顶梁支护凿岩区顶板,装药连线后回撤支柱,并在作业面前方的下巷内安装一台7.5 kW轴流风机向凿岩区压入新风,确保安全排出聚集的溢出瓦斯或爆破废气。
张国锋等[36]基于切顶卸压理论提出了切缝法,后统称为110工法[37]。该方法避开悬空顶板下控制爆破切槽放顶,只沿工作面推进方向对沿空留巷的顶板实施一条缝的超前预裂爆破,定向切断留巷顶板与采空区顶板之间的应力传递,并借助切缝面两侧形成的顶板应力差及周期来压诱导采场顶板沿预裂面及时垮落成巷帮,如图2b所示[37-38]
由于110、N00工法在使用过程中既没有类似切顶卸压理论充分考虑切槽深度、宽度又没控制爆破堆坝,从图2b可见:切落体不仅不可能完全接顶,也不易自稳。中厚及以下煤层开采的实践表明:应用切缝法必须采纳钢拱架、强力恒阻支架等强力支撑矸石帮顶板,避免切落体垮塌[37-38];即使这样强力支撑,也常发生钢拱架严重弯曲等地压显现[39]。在甘肃华亭煤业、宁夏煤业集团等深埋或厚大煤层开采中应用切缝法的实践也表明:不仅难控制支撑体或煤柱变形、失稳,而且常导致巷道因顶板沉降、垮塌及底鼓而失稳,冲击地压及地表沉陷灾害频发。
显然,110工法因沿预裂缝垮落成的巷帮不易全部接顶,且自稳能力差,释放并转移覆岩高地压的效果远不及切顶卸压理论科学、实用。
由3.1和3.2节分析可知:矿震与冲击地压防治应该借助似弹簧结构的岩石接顶充填坝释放并转移高地压,尽可能消除坚硬岩体高地压或高地压差。由于在厚或特厚矿体开采的采空区悬空顶板下凿岩爆破,很难像3.1节那样确保接顶与施工安全,因此,针对厚或特厚煤层开采,基于切顶卸压理论,提出上覆岩体高位巷控制爆破切槽放顶技术。该技术的要点是:在矿体上部H(高位施工巷道与矿体顶板的距离)距离的覆岩中间隔一定距离A(高位巷的间距)施工高位巷道,依据施工安全和切顶卸压理论设计H及上向钻孔深度,借助在高位巷内对称起爆的多排下向、上向和水平钻孔释放部分覆岩高地压,并就地爆破堆筑成一定宽度(D)的接顶堆石坝支撑覆岩,如图3所示,转移覆岩残余高地压,尽可能消除上覆岩体的高地压或高地压差,并引起覆岩均匀沉降。该接顶堆石坝好似一组沿走向连续分布的弹簧支座,以便与上覆岩体构成弹簧岩梁承载体系。
图3中煤层厚10.5 m,切顶堆石坝距上、下巷煤柱分别为20 、10 m,覆岩厚600~1 000 m。
从其技术要点可见:切顶卸压理论已给出了H的设计方法,但AD及弹簧岩梁承载体系的覆岩运移力学行为和几何特征还有待深入研究。这也将是深部开采坚硬顶板下厚矿体时控制矿震与冲击地压,变革“砌体梁”理论,从而构建弹簧岩梁承载体系的理论基础。还可见:在高位巷道中凿岩、起爆较悬空顶板下施工更安全、方便,而且还能借助高位巷道方便、安全地布置瓦斯抽排管网。
从金属矿山自然崩落法采矿的经验可知:崩落O-X结构的两端三角板,相当于崩落了两高位施工巷道间的“砌体梁”两端拱脚,必然诱导砌块自然冒落充填采空区。因此,高位巷内控制爆破切槽放顶堆筑接顶堆石坝的效果如何,取决于对称布置的不同起爆段别的炮孔布置及实际施工的炮孔深度、倾角的精度;垮落带、裂隙带垮落充填采空区的效果如何,取决于两端三角厚板的破断爆破工艺。有必要依据精细爆破理论[40],研究炮孔深度、倾角精确控制方法及两端水平炮孔爆破三角厚板的工艺。
图3a所示,在沿采幅剖面间隔距离2条或 3条平行巷道中,同时控制爆破切槽放顶,不仅充分切断了“砌体”或其上部岩梁,就地堆筑成一定宽度的接顶堆石坝,而且还与上部完整覆岩构成弹簧岩梁承载体系(图4)。根据陕西东桐峪金矿实践[1],结合关键层弹塑性O-X破断[41]及岩梁弯矩拐点估算,5~10°倾角矿体开采时,沿倾向两端破断的三角板之间的中心距约为108m。因此,沿工作面宽度150~200m的长壁后退采场,需要沿工作面走向全长施工2条切槽放顶施工巷道;若工作面宽约300m,需要沿工作面走向全长施工3条切槽放顶施工巷道。按照10m厚煤层测算,施工高位巷道及其内控制爆破切槽放顶堆筑接顶支撑的松石坝,施工成本按照吨煤测算,150~300 m采宽分别需要5.6~4.2元/t。
由于爆破振动会诱导高位施工巷道之间的覆岩垮落带、裂隙带(砌体)充分垮落、充填采空区,从而大幅度减小顶板不接顶高度,也基本崩落了“砌体梁”,这使得弹簧岩梁承载体系不仅缓慢均匀下沉的空间很有限,也大幅度简化了“砌体”、支架与岩梁之间的力学平衡关系,将“砌体梁”理论简化成矿柱或支架简支、深部矿体固支及似弹簧堆石坝简支的静不定岩梁问题。这种简化是否成立,有待试验验证。
借助几条高位施工巷道内同时对称起爆的多排下向、水平、上向扇形孔爆破后,不仅在切槽放顶处就地控制爆破堆筑成支撑覆岩的接顶堆石坝,而且也爆破弱化了沿倾向O-X结构的两端三角板,诱导垮落带、裂隙带等砌体梁及时垮落充填采空区,因此,“砌体梁”就简化成弹簧岩梁承载体系。有必要研究如图4所示的承载体系,也有必要探索沿走向剖面上矿壁、支柱(架)与堆石坝的力学行为和覆岩运移的力学行为与几何特征,从而奠定弹簧岩梁承载体系的理论基础。
类似切顶卸压理论,尽管借助数值模拟或现场应力或位移实测可以确定高位施工巷道的间距,但每次设计时都建模并数值模拟很不方便,而且现场实测确定高位施工巷道间距恐怕也不能及时满足长壁后退采矿的卸压需要。尽管借助材料力学的静不定岩梁,在东桐峪金矿的力学条件下推导出火成岩巨厚岩梁切槽位置的理论设计公式[1],但这个公式针对煤矿的层状岩层可能缺乏实用性,还需要在弹塑性力学指导下借助关键层O-X破断[41]或梁弯曲等,推导两端破断的三角板之间的中心距,以此精确设计高位施工巷道之间的间距。
东桐峪金矿借助矿井空气动力学推导的切槽宽度[1],可能不足以满足特厚矿体(煤层)控制爆破筑坝的坝体自稳及传力需求,还需借助覆岩运移力学行为与几何特征确定经济可行的切槽宽度,也即接顶堆石坝的最小宽度D
从上覆岩体高位巷控制爆破切槽放顶技术的要点看,依据接顶堆石坝的最小宽度D和高位巷道离矿体顶板的距离H,借助精细爆破理论[41],可方便地确定下向倾斜深孔的角度及水平中深孔的深度。
施工效果监测评价,常用地表和井下沉降(位移)观测、应力或荷载观测及声发射/微震监测。近年来冲击地压和矿震防治中应用方便且效果较好的方法就是建立井下声发射/微震监测系统,实时监测卸压前后的顶板声发射/微震能量变化[16-1834]
由于高位巷控制爆破切槽放顶技术,既要防治深埋坚硬顶板中的矿震和作业面附近的冲击地压,也要预防地表沉陷灾害,因此,既需要合理布置井下声发射/微震能量监测系统,还要建立地表基岩沉降观测系统,以便实时监控覆岩能量及沉降变化,合理评价切槽放顶效果。
1) 未来矿震与冲击地压防治的主要研究方向仍然是借助似弹簧结构的爆破堆石接顶坝支撑覆岩,释放并转移高地压,尽可能消除坚硬岩体的高地压或高地压差。
2) 深部绿色卸压安全开采理论的最关键问题,是弹簧岩梁承载体系的覆岩运移力学行为和几何特征。
通过综述及分析,得到如下主要结论:
1) 明确矿震的定义。矿震是指采矿扰动引起高地压或高地压差的坚硬岩体突然破断,并释放弹性应变能的采矿诱发地震。它处于采(掘)空间的深部围岩中,不会直接危及安全生产,但可能与冲击地压相互诱发。
2) 矿震与冲击地压发生的充分必要条件类似岩爆,即发生对象必须是能聚集弹性应变能的坚硬岩体,还要赋存在高地压或高地压差的环境中。松软岩体在不太高的地压作用下,就会引发变形、破断、滑移,因而聚集不了矿震与冲击地压发生时所释放的弹性应变能。没有高地压或高地压差,诱发不了矿震与冲击地压。
3) 深埋坚硬顶板下高位巷控制爆破切槽放顶,不仅可堆筑支撑顶板的似弹簧接顶堆石坝,而且可诱导垮落带、裂隙带等砌体梁及时垮落、充填采空区,从而将“砌体梁”简化成弹簧岩梁承载体系。
特别感谢西安科技大学伍永平教授为本文写作提出宝贵建议。
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0103
  • 接收时间:2023-08-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-18
  • 修回日期:2023-11-19
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    1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 陕西有色金属集团有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710075
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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