Article(id=1149741818809594232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0133-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1803, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=1700323200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410774, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410774, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741819103195513, articleId=1149741818809594232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Temperature variation characteristics of double fuel-pool fire in fan cavity based on software FDS, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pool fire caused by fuel leakage seriously threatens engine operation and aircraft safety. To deeply understand the complicated physical mechanisms of pool fire in engine fan cavities,temperature variation characteristics of double fuel pool fire were investigated. Firstly,the physical and numerical models of the CFM56-7B engine fan cavity were established based on the software FDS. Secondly,simulated temperature variations of single fuel pool fire were validated against measurements of the Trent 800 engine fan cavity,and then grid independence was analyzed. Finally,the fire development process and temperature variation characteristics of double fuel pools were analyzed within the fan cavity using several detectors and slices. The results indicated two phases for temperature variation of the double fuel-pool fire in the engine cavity,including an increment state and a quasi-steady state. Moreover,temperature variation magnitude was affected by distances between the detectors and the fuel pools. Fuel-pool fire flame propagation inclined to the left side of the fan cavity,causing an increment of fire temperature on the left side. Plume floating,flame fusion,fusion expansion,and full flame coalescences were observed in the axial direction of the cavity.

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航空发动机燃油泄漏形成的油池火威胁发动机运行和飞机安全,为描述风扇舱内油池火复杂的物理传播过程,开展双油池火温度变化特征的研究。首先,基于火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)建立CFM56-7B发动机风扇舱物理计算模型;然后,比较Trent 800发动机风扇舱单油池火温度计算值与试验值,验证网格独立性;最后,借助探测器和切片分析舱内双油池火的发展过程和温度变化特征。结果表明:双油池火温度在舱内环向上经历增加和振荡准稳态2个变化阶段,其变化幅度与探测器和油池的间距相关;油池火向左偏斜现象导致左半边温度较高;火焰在轴向上经历火羽流上浮、火焰开始融合、融合扩大和完全融合等阶段。

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程关兵 (1977—),男,湖北麻城人,博士,副教授,主要从事动力装置中的燃烧机制方面的研究。E-mail:

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程关兵 (1977—),男,湖北麻城人,博士,副教授,主要从事动力装置中的燃烧机制方面的研究。E-mail:

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程关兵 (1977—),男,湖北麻城人,博士,副教授,主要从事动力装置中的燃烧机制方面的研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818809594232, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Physical model of Trent 800 engine fan cavity, figureFileSmall=Xo0Dj+4ozx693btLXHTRrw==, figureFileBig=P/CXeSy3OrX6Ll/r69qAhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122953309892793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818809594232, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Trent 800 发动机风扇舱的物理模型, figureFileSmall=Xo0Dj+4ozx693btLXHTRrw==, figureFileBig=P/CXeSy3OrX6Ll/r69qAhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122953389584570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818809594232, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparisons between the temperature simulated by the current model and these measured in literatures [9-10], figureFileSmall=/y/AAeI+Z3/d+sMrIS1reA==, figureFileBig=pAyFpf4uX92BAeIB4NchqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122953498636475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, 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基于FDS的风扇舱双油池火温度变化特征
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程关兵 1, 2 , 叶豪辉 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 133-139
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 133-139
基于FDS的风扇舱双油池火温度变化特征
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程关兵1, 2 , 叶豪辉1
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2 中国民航大学 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室,天津 300300
  • 程关兵 (1977—),男,湖北麻城人,博士,副教授,主要从事动力装置中的燃烧机制方面的研究。E-mail:

Temperature variation characteristics of double fuel-pool fire in fan cavity based on software FDS
Guanbing CHENG1, 2 , Haohui YE1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Aeronautical Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1803
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航空发动机燃油泄漏形成的油池火威胁发动机运行和飞机安全,为描述风扇舱内油池火复杂的物理传播过程,开展双油池火温度变化特征的研究。首先,基于火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)建立CFM56-7B发动机风扇舱物理计算模型;然后,比较Trent 800发动机风扇舱单油池火温度计算值与试验值,验证网格独立性;最后,借助探测器和切片分析舱内双油池火的发展过程和温度变化特征。结果表明:双油池火温度在舱内环向上经历增加和振荡准稳态2个变化阶段,其变化幅度与探测器和油池的间距相关;油池火向左偏斜现象导致左半边温度较高;火焰在轴向上经历火羽流上浮、火焰开始融合、融合扩大和完全融合等阶段。

火灾动力学模拟(FDS)  /  风扇舱  /  双油池火  /  温度变化特征  /  发动机

Pool fire caused by fuel leakage seriously threatens engine operation and aircraft safety. To deeply understand the complicated physical mechanisms of pool fire in engine fan cavities,temperature variation characteristics of double fuel pool fire were investigated. Firstly,the physical and numerical models of the CFM56-7B engine fan cavity were established based on the software FDS. Secondly,simulated temperature variations of single fuel pool fire were validated against measurements of the Trent 800 engine fan cavity,and then grid independence was analyzed. Finally,the fire development process and temperature variation characteristics of double fuel pools were analyzed within the fan cavity using several detectors and slices. The results indicated two phases for temperature variation of the double fuel-pool fire in the engine cavity,including an increment state and a quasi-steady state. Moreover,temperature variation magnitude was affected by distances between the detectors and the fuel pools. Fuel-pool fire flame propagation inclined to the left side of the fan cavity,causing an increment of fire temperature on the left side. Plume floating,flame fusion,fusion expansion,and full flame coalescences were observed in the axial direction of the cavity.

fire dynamic simulator(FDS)  /  fan cavity  /  double fuel pool fire  /  temperature variation characteristics  /  engine
程关兵, 叶豪辉. 基于FDS的风扇舱双油池火温度变化特征. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1803
Guanbing CHENG, Haohui YE. Temperature variation characteristics of double fuel-pool fire in fan cavity based on software FDS[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1803
飞机发动机携带大量优质航空燃油、液压油和滑油,来保证发动机、工作系统及其零部件可靠工作[1]。据统计,航空火灾事故约占航空事故的9%,飞机发动机一旦发生火灾事故,其致死率极高[2]。发动机火灾多表现为燃油聚集型油池火事故。以航空燃油为例,在机械磨损和振动情况下,燃油泄漏会在机舱(如风扇舱和吊舱)底部形成单、双或多个油池。燃油遇到高温表面、电火花或者明火时,可能被引燃而形成油池火。在外界风速、风向和舱内附件影响下,燃烧强度增加,油池火蔓延速率提高,破坏飞机和发动机结构完整性,威胁飞机发动机的运行安全。因此,探究飞机发动机风扇舱内燃油聚集形成油池火的发展过程及舱内温度变化特征具有重要意义。
针对聚集性油液火灾,国内外航空公司、局方和飞机发动机设计部门在飞机和发动机火警探测、防火和灭火等系统制定了严格的操作程序和适航标准。学者们则采用试验和数值仿真模拟的方法,开展了飞机和发动机火灾成因[3-8]、发展机制[3-8]以及耐火/防火试验[5-8]等方面的研究。另外,在发动机火灾试验方面,MULLENDER[9]和MOSS[10]等还搭建了Trent 800风扇舱1/2缩比尺寸防火试验台,利用风扇舱底部、轴向方向布置的多个热电偶,分析舱内单油池火蔓延过程中的温度分布情况。考虑到发动机实体火灾试验成本太高,且试验过程极其危险,较多学者借助诸如火灾动力学模拟(Fire Dynamic Simulator,FDS)软件来还原不同场景的火灾事故,并通过分析油池火温度、速度、灭火性能、热流密度、有毒气体浓度和闪络时间等参数变化,验证FDS[11]、Vulcan[12]和SMARTFIRE[13]等火灾仿真软件的可靠性。此外,也有部分学者分析了侧风[14-15]、油池间距[16]、油池形状[17]和障碍物[18]对隧道内双油池火动力学特性的影响,证实了双油池条件下,油池间辐射传热和热反馈会对油池热释放速率产生影响[19]
上述学者主要分析了飞机发动机机舱单油池火和隧道双油池火发展过程和蔓延特征,而有关尺寸相对较小的飞机发动机风扇舱内双或多油池火蔓延特征方面的研究鲜有报道,且在通风、部附件和电子线束等因素影响下,双油池火蔓延过程和火焰传播物理机制复杂。鉴于此,笔者将采用FDS仿真软件,分别建立CFM56-7B和Trent 800发动机风扇舱油池火的物理计算模型,分析双油池火在CFM56-7B发动机风扇舱内环向和轴向的蔓延发展过程,揭示其温度变化特征,以期为航空发动机火警探测和灭火系统的设计、布局和优化提供依据。
建立CFM56-7B风扇舱的三维物理模型,如图1所示。OX是风扇舱轴向方向,OYOZ均为该舱的径向方向。该舱主要由直径为1.8 m的内环和直径为2.6 m的外环组成。风扇舱轴向长度为1.0 m,内外环间距为0.4 m。在外环底部X=0.35 m和X=0.65 m 处设置了2个正方形油池,2个油池间的距离为0.1 m,油池边长为0.2 m。
在FDS软件中建立CFM56-7B风扇舱计算模型如图2所示。计算过程中分别采用大涡模拟模型和混合分数扩散火焰的燃烧模型;计算域为2.6 m×2.6 m×2.6 m,计算网格为正六面体网格。经过网格独立性验证后,网格边长尺寸确定为0.008 m,网格数量约为1 320万。
发动机风扇舱整流罩在关闭时,风扇舱前后壁面在计算过程中可近似为开口边界,流体根据局部压力梯度流入与流出计算域;发动机风扇舱内流体流动需遵守质量、动量、能量和组分等守恒方程,混合气体视为理想气体;风扇舱的内外环壁面设置为绝热壁面;初始条件设定为:初始温度300 K,初始压力条件101.325 kPa。模拟计算时间为120 s,起始时间为0 s,结束时间为120 s,时间步长增量为3。
为记录油池火蔓延过程中温度在环腔内的变化过程,模型中设置了多个探测器和切片。图2中圆点为风扇舱内探测器安装的位置。在风扇舱内环与外环之间每隔60°安装3组,共15个探测器,用以记录舱内油池火温度的变化过程,其中,每个探测器离风扇舱外环的距离为0.27 m。
风扇舱内4个切片(S1、S2、S3和S4)安装位置如图3所示。分别在YOZ平面轴向X=0.3 、0.5 和0.7 m处添加垂直于风扇舱轴向的切片S1、S2和S3,用于获得油池火的周向温度云图。此外,在风扇舱XOZ方向Y=1.3 m处添加切片S4,用于记录油池火在发动机轴向上的发展过程。
文中所用燃料为航空煤油,其主要由不同石油烃类、少量非烃类和添加剂组成,成分十分复杂。通过查阅相关手册[20],航空煤油的化学分子式为C14H30,摩尔质量为198 kg/kmol,密度为803 kg/m3,闪点为38 ℃,燃烧速率0.054 kg/(m2·s),热释放速率2 320 kW/m2,燃烧热为43 000 kJ/kg。燃烧过程中每消耗单位质量氧气释放的热量为12 700 kJ/kg,一氧化碳生成率为0.012,碳颗粒生成率为0.042。
目前,有关发动机风扇舱双油池火灾试验鲜有报道,文中仅以Trent 800发动机风扇舱火灾试验结果作为后续分析的基础。根据MULLENDER[9]和MOSS[10]等搭建的防火试验台,文中建立同等尺寸的物理模型,如图4所示。Trent 800发动机风扇舱主要由内环直径为1.2 m和外环直径为1.5 m的2个环筒构成,风扇舱轴向长度为85 cm。该环腔忽略了管路和电子线路的影响,只保留了附件齿轮箱、电子控制组件和滑油冷却器等附件。在试验台中,在距离风扇舱底部顺时针方向60、120和150°共 3个位置上布置了热电偶,用于测量温度。在每个位置的轴向方向布置了8个热电偶,各热电偶距离风扇舱内壁的距离分别为37.5 cm和75 cm。试验中所选燃料为丙烷,火源功率为100 kW。文中在该风扇舱物理计算模型的上述3个位置添加了探测器和切片,以获得油池火蔓延过程中的温度分布情况。
图4中,附件齿轮箱和油池位于环腔底部,滑油冷却器和控制组件分别位于环腔内环筒外壁面左右两侧。油池面积为128 cm2,燃料为丙烷,火源功率设定为100 kW。环腔上部沿中间轴线对称各有入射角为45°的通风口。
在FDS中,通常根据无量值相关性D*x计算浮力火灾最合适的网格大小。D*为火源的特征直径,δx为单元格大小。
当量火源直径的计算公式如下:
D * = Q ρ 0 C P ( 273 + t 0 ) g 2 5
式中:Q为火源热释放速率,kW/m2;ρ0为空气密度,取1.204 kg/m3;Cp为空气定压比热容,取1.005 kJ/(kg·K);t0为环境温度,取27 ℃;g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2
依据Trent 800发动机风扇舱火灾试验结果,文中网格独立性验证过程中火源当量直径为0.38 m。参考FDS用户手册[21],通常认为在D*/δx的比值介于4~16之间时,计算结果相对准确,δx取值 0.001 8~0.102 m。 因此,文中选择4组正六面体网格,其边长分别为0.005 、0.008 、0.01 和0.02 m。
4组网格尺寸条件下沿Trent 800发动机风扇舱底部60、120和150°处,距环腔内壁面37.5 和75 cm等2个位置的温度轴向变化情况如图5所示。由图5a图5b可知:在沿风扇舱底部60°处距环腔内壁面37.5和75 cm位置处,网格尺寸为0.005和0.02 m 时,仿真计算温度与试验测量的温度值大多相差较大,表明网格质量较差;在风扇舱轴向方向上,网格尺寸为0.008和0.01 m的计算温度值与试验结果多数吻合较好,但在距环腔内壁面75 cm处,在风扇舱轴向中后部网格尺寸为0.01 m的计算温度值与试验值差异明显。由图5c图5d可知:在风扇舱底部120°处距环腔内壁面37.5 cm位置处,网格尺寸为0.008 和0.01 m时所计算的温度值与试验结果多数吻合较好,但在距环腔内壁面75 cm处,在风扇舱轴向中前部,网格尺寸为0.01 m的温度值与试验结果差值较大。当网格尺寸为0.005 和0.02 m时,两位置处仿真计算结果均与试验结果大多数差异较大,网格质量相对较差。由图5e图5f可知:在风扇舱底部150°处距环腔内壁面37.5 cm处,4组网格尺寸所计算出的温度值与试验值有一定的差异。当网格为0.02 和0.005 m时,计算温度值在舱内轴向方向中部或中后部与试验值基本一致;当网格尺寸为0.008 和0.01 m时,在风扇舱轴向前后端所计算的温度值与试验结果基本吻合,但中部二者差异较大。在距环腔内壁面75 cm处,4组网格尺寸仿真结果与试验值均有较大差异。
对比分析4组网格尺寸条件下计算所得的温度与试验结果可知:网格边长为0.005 和0.02 m条件下计算所得的温度多数低于试验值,网格划分质量较差,计算结果可靠度不高。在网格边长为0.01 m时计算所得的温度与试验结果大体一致,但在网格尺寸为0.008 m条件下计算的温度值在环腔内与试验结果吻合度最高。因此,在考虑仿真结果与试验数据吻合程度、计算精度和成本条件下,文中拟采用网格尺寸为0.008 m×0.008 m×0.008 m。
以涡扇发动机CFM56-7B风扇舱为例,查阅发动机相关资料[1]并建立其物理计算模型。为记录双油池火温度在舱内环面上的变化情况,在风扇舱内径向和轴向上设置了多个探测器。在位于风扇舱底部轴向方向X=0.3、0.5和0.7 m共 3个位置添加垂直于发动机轴线方向的温度切片S1、S2和S3,以获取切片上油池火温度的变化情况。切片上沿风扇舱底部开始顺时针方向0、60、120、180、240和300°等位置处各布置探测器。2油池放在风扇舱外圆柱下方轴向X=0.35 和0.65 m位置处。该发动机风扇舱内3个切片位置处、由探测器记录油池火在环面上温度变化如图6所示。切片S2和S3上油池火在35 s时刻的温度云图如图7所示。
图6可知:油池火在风扇舱内环面上温度经历了增加和振荡准稳态2个阶段。在前1阶段,油池火温度逐步上升,但增加幅度与探测器和油池间的距离相关。在后1阶段,油池火温度在一定范围内以某个温度值上下振荡变化的准稳态情况。由图6图7可知:油池火在风扇舱内的蔓延过程中火焰向左偏斜,这是因为舱内流场分布不均引起的。因此,油池火偏斜导致了切片上风扇舱内左半边(0、60和120°等位置)的油池火温度均高于右半边(180、240和300°等位置)的温度。
图3图6a图6c可知:切片S1和S3的位置对称于切片S2,探测器在切片S1和S3位置处记录的油池火温度有相似的变化特征。以切片S1和图6a为例,风扇舱内底部探测器靠近左边油池,油池火温度急剧上升,最高温度约为250 ℃;因油池火在舱内向左传播,火焰绕过切片S1舱内底部探测器,其温度急剧下降。在沿舱内底部顺时针60°位置处,因对流传导作用,油池火温度在约25 s内缓慢增加后快速增加到约450 ℃,这表明油池火已蔓延到该位置处。随后油池火温度在200 ~500 ℃间振荡变化,其平均温度值约为300 ℃。在沿舱内底部顺时针120°位置处,因该位置离底部油池相对较远,油池火温度先经历约45 s缓慢增加阶段后,温度最高值约为150 ℃。随后油池火温度在100到200 ℃间呈现小幅振荡变化的准稳态情况。因油池火离风扇舱顶部(顺时针180°)和右侧部分(顺时针240和300°)等位置相对较远以及火焰在舱内左偏斜的缘故,由探测器记录这些位置处的油池火温度也相对较低。
图6b图7可知:对于切片S2,风扇舱内底部因靠近左右2个油池,油池火温度快速上升,其最高温度约为550 ℃;但随后因火焰在舱内左倾而温度急剧下降。在沿舱内底部顺时针60和120°位置处,因探测器离两油池较远,油池火温度在经历约45 s缓慢增加阶段后,在100到200 ℃间表现为振荡变化的准稳态情况。同样,因风扇舱顶部和右侧部分等位置离左右油池相对较远以及火焰在舱内左偏斜的缘故,其对应的油池火温度也相对较低。
此外,文中在CFM56-7B风扇舱内轴向方向Y=1.3 m 处添加了切片S4,以便记录双油池火温度在舱内轴线方向上的变化情况。油池火温度在舱内轴向0~35 s内的变化情况如图8所示。由图8a可知:火羽流在热浮力驱动下到达风扇舱内圆柱面的底部,左右油池火火焰相互作用而开始融合。随着油池火热释放速率不断增加,两油池火进一步融合,火焰开始沿风扇舱内环外圆柱面轴线方向的两侧和中间发展,如图8b所示。随后,2油池火融合区域进一步扩大。由图8c可知:油池火火焰在风扇舱内环外圆柱面底部中间已完全融合,其变化已接近于单油池火的蔓延过程。由图6图7可知:双油池火在舱内均出现向左倾斜传播的情况,因此,在切片S4上,图8d中只能观察到双油池火温度云图的下半部分。
1) 双油池火在CFM56-7B发动机风扇舱内环面上温度经历了逐步增加和振荡准稳态2个变化阶段,探测器和油池间的距离影响油池火温度增加和振荡变化的幅度;火焰左倾蔓延现象可导致风扇舱内左侧的油池火温度升高。
2) 随着热释放速率提高,双油池火火焰在风扇舱轴向上经历了火羽流上浮、开始融合、融合扩大和完全融合等阶段。
3) 未来可搭建航空发动机火灾实体试验台,开展机舱油池火蔓延特性方面的研究,进一步完善和优化当前计算结果。
  • 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室开放基金资助(RZH2020-KF-06)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1803
  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-17
  • 修回日期:2023-11-19
基金
民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室开放基金资助(RZH2020-KF-06)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
    2 中国民航大学 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室,天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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