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In order to effectively prevent and control fire accidents of hazardous chemical tanks during transportation,it is necessary to identify the type of tank fire quickly and correctly. The statistical data of domestic hazardous chemicals tanker fire accidents from 2013 to 2020 was analyzed with Python software. According to the characteristics of fire accidents,a regression model with multiple logistic regression theory was established. The three common fire types of hazardous chemicals tankers,namely,jet fire,pool fire and BLEVE(Boiled Liquid Evaporate Vapor Explosion)fire,were regarded as the categories of explained variables. Through the analysis of accident data,a total of 15 fire factors in five aspects,namely,space and road characteristics,time and meteorological characteristics,personnel factors,vehicle and equipment factors,and hazardous chemicals factors,were determined. A multiple logistic regression equation of fire probability of hazardous chemicals tankers was constructed,and the explicitness and accuracy of the equation were tested. The determined model was proved by examples. The probability of three types of fire in hazardous chemicals tankers was obtained. The accident prevention measures were proposed. The results show that it is the most likely a pool fire for a liquefied natural gas tanker,with a probability of 0.55. The second one is jet fire,and the last one is the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion fire. To reduce the probability of pool fires,measures such as improving the mechanical strength of the container and reducing the collision strength could be adopted to prevent leakage holes of large size in the container. Measures such as slowing down the leakage rate,controlling the leakage range and efficient scientific fire extinguishing are adopted to decrease sequences of tank fire.

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为有效防控危化品槽罐车火灾事故,准确判别槽罐车火灾类型,运用Python统计我国2013—2020年危化品槽罐车道路火灾案例;在确定火灾事故特征的基础上,将3种危化品槽罐车火灾类型(喷射火灾、池火灾与沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸火灾(BLEVE))作为被解释变量类别,确定空间与道路特征、时间与气象特征、人员因素、车辆及设备因素以及危化品因素5个方面共15项火灾因子;构建基于多项Logistic危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别模型;开展准确性检验和显著性检验以及实例应用,获得3种火灾类型的发生概率,并提出相应的火灾防治措施。结果表明:实例中液化天然气(LNG)罐车最有可能发生池火灾,其概率为0.55;其次为喷射火灾,BLEVE火灾的概率最小。采取提高危化品容器机械强度、减小碰撞强度等措施,可避免容器出现较大尺寸的泄漏孔,减少池火灾发生概率;采取减缓泄漏速度、控制泄漏范围、迅速合理灭火等应急措施可以减少LNG池火灾危害后果。

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刘 勇 (1984—),男,湖南宁乡人,博士,副教授,主要从事危化品道路运输安全、海泡石防火阻燃等方面的研究。E-mail:

施式亮,教授

鲁义,教授

王正武,教授

施星宇,副教授

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刘 勇 (1984—),男,湖南宁乡人,博士,副教授,主要从事危化品道路运输安全、海泡石防火阻燃等方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘 勇 (1984—),男,湖南宁乡人,博士,副教授,主要从事危化品道路运输安全、海泡石防火阻燃等方面的研究。E-mail:

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施式亮,教授

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施式亮,教授

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鲁义,教授

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鲁义,教授

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王正武,教授

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施星宇,副教授

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施星宇,副教授

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Geological Journal of China Universities, 2017, 23(2):366-372., articleTitle=Study on water source discrimination based on multinomial Logistic regression model using principal component analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168122770324988854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=11, pageStart=163, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=高博, 陈响, 单仔赫, journalName=中国安全生产科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高博, 陈响, 单仔赫, 等. 基于Logistic回归模型的大兴安岭地区林火发生概率预测研究[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2022, 18(11): 163-168., articleTitle=基于Logistic回归模型的大兴安岭地区林火发生概率预测研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168122770396292023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=11, pageStart=163, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=GAO Bo, CHEN Xiang, SHAN Zihe, journalName=Journal of Safety Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Bo, CHEN Xiang, SHAN Zihe, et al. 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label=图3, caption=事故发生道路类型, figureFileSmall=ScdMs7ItO40oMODObNIA2A==, figureFileBig=UyL5tlfIk8xnu+ZgCsd/YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122767368004503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Risk factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 危险因子
道路特征 道路类型、特殊路段情况、所属区域
时间与气象特征 季节、时段、天气
人员因素 年龄、疲劳情况、驾驶年限
车辆与设备因素 槽罐规模、安全附件状态、充装状态
危化品因素 运输质量、易燃易爆特性、压力状态
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767414141848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风险因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 危险因子
道路特征 道路类型、特殊路段情况、所属区域
时间与气象特征 季节、时段、天气
人员因素 年龄、疲劳情况、驾驶年限
车辆与设备因素 槽罐规模、安全附件状态、充装状态
危化品因素 运输质量、易燃易爆特性、压力状态
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767485445017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Explained variable definition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量符号 变量内容
Y=1 池火灾
Y=2 喷射火灾
Y=3 BLEVE火灾
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767560942490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

被解释变量定义表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量符号 变量内容
Y=1 池火灾
Y=2 喷射火灾
Y=3 BLEVE火灾
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767632245659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Explanatory variable coding and definition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别 变量内容及编码 变量定义
道路特征 道路类型X1 1=高速公路;2=国道;3=城市道路;4=县乡道路
特殊路段情况X2 0=否;1=是
所属区域X3 1=东北;2=东南;3=中部;4=西南;5=西北
时间与气
象特征
季节X4 1=春季;2=夏季;3=秋季;4=冬季
时段X5 1=凌晨;2=上午;3=下午;4=夜间
天气X6 1=晴天;2=多云;3=大雾;4=雨天;5=雪天
人员因素 年龄X7 1≤30岁;2=30~40岁;3=40~50岁;4≥50岁
疲劳情况X8 1=疲劳;0=正常
驾驶年限X9 1≤2年;2=2~5年;3=5~10年;4≥10年
车辆与设
备因素
槽罐规模X10 1=小型槽罐车;2=中型槽罐车;3=大型槽罐车
安全附件状况X11 0=正常;1=异常
充装状况X12 0=正常;1=过载
危化品
因素
运输质量X13 1≤10 t;2=10~20 t;3=20~30 t;4≥30 t
易燃易爆特性X14 1=是;0=否
压力状态X15 1=高压;2=常压
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767699354524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

解释变量编码与定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别 变量内容及编码 变量定义
道路特征 道路类型X1 1=高速公路;2=国道;3=城市道路;4=县乡道路
特殊路段情况X2 0=否;1=是
所属区域X3 1=东北;2=东南;3=中部;4=西南;5=西北
时间与气
象特征
季节X4 1=春季;2=夏季;3=秋季;4=冬季
时段X5 1=凌晨;2=上午;3=下午;4=夜间
天气X6 1=晴天;2=多云;3=大雾;4=雨天;5=雪天
人员因素 年龄X7 1≤30岁;2=30~40岁;3=40~50岁;4≥50岁
疲劳情况X8 1=疲劳;0=正常
驾驶年限X9 1≤2年;2=2~5年;3=5~10年;4≥10年
车辆与设
备因素
槽罐规模X10 1=小型槽罐车;2=中型槽罐车;3=大型槽罐车
安全附件状况X11 0=正常;1=异常
充装状况X12 0=正常;1=过载
危化品
因素
运输质量X13 1≤10 t;2=10~20 t;3=20~30 t;4≥30 t
易燃易爆特性X14 1=是;0=否
压力状态X15 1=高压;2=常压
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767791629213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Model regression analysis results when Y=1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释
变量
解释变量
及编码
自由
β 标准差 Wald P
Y=1 截距 α 1 1 1.526 0.652 3.424 0.000
X1 1 2.145 0.254 2.815 0.005
X2 1 -1.544 0.546 4.508 0.032
X3 1 3.215 0.468 10.253 0.001
X4 1 0.234 0.543 2.564 0.000
X5 1 -2.151 0.511 2.219 0.000
X6 1 1.129 0.169 8.451 0.041
X7 1 2.138 0.458 14.263 0.015
X8 1 2.548 0.365 10.885 0.023
X9 1 0.655 0.344 12.775 0.032
X10 1 -5.211 0.413 30.281 0.014
X11 1 6.321 0.405 14.794 0.016
X12 1 3.549 0.542 9.043 0.029
X13 1 0.986 0.807 0.054 0.041
X14 1 0.713 0.675 6.359 0.035
X15 1 2.689 0.487 13.309 0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767879709598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Y=1模型回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释
变量
解释变量
及编码
自由
β 标准差 Wald P
Y=1 截距 α 1 1 1.526 0.652 3.424 0.000
X1 1 2.145 0.254 2.815 0.005
X2 1 -1.544 0.546 4.508 0.032
X3 1 3.215 0.468 10.253 0.001
X4 1 0.234 0.543 2.564 0.000
X5 1 -2.151 0.511 2.219 0.000
X6 1 1.129 0.169 8.451 0.041
X7 1 2.138 0.458 14.263 0.015
X8 1 2.548 0.365 10.885 0.023
X9 1 0.655 0.344 12.775 0.032
X10 1 -5.211 0.413 30.281 0.014
X11 1 6.321 0.405 14.794 0.016
X12 1 3.549 0.542 9.043 0.029
X13 1 0.986 0.807 0.054 0.041
X14 1 0.713 0.675 6.359 0.035
X15 1 2.689 0.487 13.309 0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1168122767951012767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Model regression analysis results when Y=2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释
变量
解释变量
及编码
自由
β 标准差 Wald P
Y=2 截距α1 1 1.545 0.652 3.424 0.000
X1 1 1.204 0.254 2.815 0.015
X2 1 -0.583 0.546 4.508 0.024
X3 1 3.215 0.468 10.253 0.001
X4 1 0.234 0.543 2.564 0.002
X5 1 -2.151 0.511 2.219 0.000
X6 1 1.108 0.169 8.451 0.034
X7 1 -5.138 0.458 14.263 0.027
X8 1 2.548 0.365 10.885 0.023
X9 1 0.655 0.344 12.775 0.032
X10 1 3.241 0.413 30.281 0.014
X11 1 6.751 0.405 14.794 0.006
X12 1 3.549 0.542 9.043 0.029
X13 1 0.986 0.807 0.054 0.032
X14 1 0.713 0.675 6.359 0.015
X15 1 0.239 0.487 13.309 0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1168122768064258976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Y=2模型回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被解释
变量
解释变量
及编码
自由
β 标准差 Wald P
Y=2 截距α1 1 1.545 0.652 3.424 0.000
X1 1 1.204 0.254 2.815 0.015
X2 1 -0.583 0.546 4.508 0.024
X3 1 3.215 0.468 10.253 0.001
X4 1 0.234 0.543 2.564 0.002
X5 1 -2.151 0.511 2.219 0.000
X6 1 1.108 0.169 8.451 0.034
X7 1 -5.138 0.458 14.263 0.027
X8 1 2.548 0.365 10.885 0.023
X9 1 0.655 0.344 12.775 0.032
X10 1 3.241 0.413 30.281 0.014
X11 1 6.751 0.405 14.794 0.006
X12 1 3.549 0.542 9.043 0.029
X13 1 0.986 0.807 0.054 0.032
X14 1 0.713 0.675 6.359 0.015
X15 1 0.239 0.487 13.309 0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1168122768148145057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Test of significance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 拟合标准 似然比检验
-2对数似然值 卡方 自由度 显著性
仅有截距 525.071
最终类 123.322 401.749 10 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1168122768324305826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

判别模型显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 拟合标准 似然比检验
-2对数似然值 卡方 自由度 显著性
仅有截距 525.071
最终类 123.322 401.749 10 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1168122768466912163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Multiple Logistic model likelihood ratio test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应 模型拟合标准 似然比检验
简化模型的-2
对数似然值
卡方 自由度 显著性
α 1 123.322 0.000 0
X 1 120.198 7.079 2 0.029
X 2 133.986 20.867 4 0.000
X 3 125.192 12.074 4 0.017
X 4 243.987 32.665 6 0.002
X 5 147.562 23.513 2 <0.001
X 6 102.541 10.523 4 <0.001
X 7 203.324 9.658 4 0.001
X 8 105.452 25.124 4 0.012
X 9 112.325 65.856 2 0.021
X 10 132.548 12.035 2 0.002
X 11 153.256 24.507 4 <0.001
X 12 165.325 32.658 4 0.024
X 13 128.951 26.403 4 0.012
X 14 175.682 17.203 4 <0.001
X 15 193.514 11.352 4 0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1168122768643072932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741818562134952, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

多项Logistic模型似然比检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应 模型拟合标准 似然比检验
简化模型的-2
对数似然值
卡方 自由度 显著性
α 1 123.322 0.000 0
X 1 120.198 7.079 2 0.029
X 2 133.986 20.867 4 0.000
X 3 125.192 12.074 4 0.017
X 4 243.987 32.665 6 0.002
X 5 147.562 23.513 2 <0.001
X 6 102.541 10.523 4 <0.001
X 7 203.324 9.658 4 0.001
X 8 105.452 25.124 4 0.012
X 9 112.325 65.856 2 0.021
X 10 132.548 12.035 2 0.002
X 11 153.256 24.507 4 <0.001
X 12 165.325 32.658 4 0.024
X 13 128.951 26.403 4 0.012
X 14 175.682 17.203 4 <0.001
X 15 193.514 11.352 4 0.012
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基于多项Logistic的危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别
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刘勇 1, 2 , 李肖 1 , 施式亮 1 , 鲁义 1 , 王正武 3 , 施星宇 4
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(1): 231-237
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(1): 231-237
基于多项Logistic的危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别
全屏
刘勇1, 2 , 李肖1, 施式亮1, 鲁义1, 王正武3, 施星宇4
作者信息
  • 1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2 湖南科技大学 公共安全与应急管理研究院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 3 长沙理工大学 交通运输工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 4 长沙理工大学 电气与信息工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 刘 勇 (1984—),男,湖南宁乡人,博士,副教授,主要从事危化品道路运输安全、海泡石防火阻燃等方面的研究。E-mail:

    施式亮,教授

    鲁义,教授

    王正武,教授

    施星宇,副教授

Fire type discrimination of hazardous chemicals tanker based on multinomial Logistic
Yong LIU1, 2 , Xiao LI1, Shiliang SHI1, Yi LU1, Zhengwu WANG3, Xingyu SHI4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
  • 2 Institute of Public Security and Emergency Management,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
  • 3 School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering,Changsha University of Science & Technology,Changsha Hunan 410114,China
  • 4 School of Electrical & Information Engineering,Changsha University of Science & Technology,Changsha Hunan 410114,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1871
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为有效防控危化品槽罐车火灾事故,准确判别槽罐车火灾类型,运用Python统计我国2013—2020年危化品槽罐车道路火灾案例;在确定火灾事故特征的基础上,将3种危化品槽罐车火灾类型(喷射火灾、池火灾与沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸火灾(BLEVE))作为被解释变量类别,确定空间与道路特征、时间与气象特征、人员因素、车辆及设备因素以及危化品因素5个方面共15项火灾因子;构建基于多项Logistic危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别模型;开展准确性检验和显著性检验以及实例应用,获得3种火灾类型的发生概率,并提出相应的火灾防治措施。结果表明:实例中液化天然气(LNG)罐车最有可能发生池火灾,其概率为0.55;其次为喷射火灾,BLEVE火灾的概率最小。采取提高危化品容器机械强度、减小碰撞强度等措施,可避免容器出现较大尺寸的泄漏孔,减少池火灾发生概率;采取减缓泄漏速度、控制泄漏范围、迅速合理灭火等应急措施可以减少LNG池火灾危害后果。

多项Logistic  /  危化品  /  槽罐车  /  火灾类型判别  /  道路运输

In order to effectively prevent and control fire accidents of hazardous chemical tanks during transportation,it is necessary to identify the type of tank fire quickly and correctly. The statistical data of domestic hazardous chemicals tanker fire accidents from 2013 to 2020 was analyzed with Python software. According to the characteristics of fire accidents,a regression model with multiple logistic regression theory was established. The three common fire types of hazardous chemicals tankers,namely,jet fire,pool fire and BLEVE(Boiled Liquid Evaporate Vapor Explosion)fire,were regarded as the categories of explained variables. Through the analysis of accident data,a total of 15 fire factors in five aspects,namely,space and road characteristics,time and meteorological characteristics,personnel factors,vehicle and equipment factors,and hazardous chemicals factors,were determined. A multiple logistic regression equation of fire probability of hazardous chemicals tankers was constructed,and the explicitness and accuracy of the equation were tested. The determined model was proved by examples. The probability of three types of fire in hazardous chemicals tankers was obtained. The accident prevention measures were proposed. The results show that it is the most likely a pool fire for a liquefied natural gas tanker,with a probability of 0.55. The second one is jet fire,and the last one is the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion fire. To reduce the probability of pool fires,measures such as improving the mechanical strength of the container and reducing the collision strength could be adopted to prevent leakage holes of large size in the container. Measures such as slowing down the leakage rate,controlling the leakage range and efficient scientific fire extinguishing are adopted to decrease sequences of tank fire.

multiple Logistic regression  /  hazardous chemicals  /  tanker  /  fire type discrimination  /  highway transportation
刘勇, 李肖, 施式亮, 鲁义, 王正武, 施星宇. 基于多项Logistic的危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 231 -237 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1871
Yong LIU, Xiao LI, Shiliang SHI, Yi LU, Zhengwu WANG, Xingyu SHI. Fire type discrimination of hazardous chemicals tanker based on multinomial Logistic[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 231 -237 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1871
近年来,危化品道路运输企业数量和运输总量逐年增长。危化品道路运输量约占全部危险货物运输总量的70%[1]。槽罐车是液态危化品的主要载体,承担着绝大多数液态易燃易爆品的运输。在道路运输过程中,一旦防护或操作不当,极易导致槽罐车火灾事故发生[2-3]
危化品液体罐车在运输过程中,可能发生的火灾情形有3种,分别是喷射火灾、池火灾与沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸火灾(Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion,BLEVE)[4]。如何准确判断危化品槽罐车火灾类型及火灾后果,是防控槽罐车火灾的关键所在。其中,准确判断槽罐车火灾类型是危化品槽罐车火灾防治工作的前提。QIU Siqi[5]、鲁义[6]等研究了危化品运输车辆在不同路况下的事故发生率。冷源等[7]研究了易燃液态危化品道路运输燃爆事故演化概率。前人关于危化品道路运输事故类别和概率的研究大多停留在危化品道路运输事故风险,并未深入和细化到危化品槽罐车火灾领域。多项Logistic 回归模型以公式和概率的形式表现,判别结果更加直观,故常用于处理统计分析分类型解释变量,在事故分析领域得到广泛应用[8-9]。高博等[10]将Logistic模型用于自然灾害、交通事故风险评估与预测。然而,采用Logistic回归模型判定危化品槽罐车火灾类型的研究成果相对较少,无法为槽罐车火灾事故防控提供足够的理论支撑。
鉴于此,笔者拟以2013—2020年国内发生的危化品槽罐车火灾事故为研究对象,在分析火灾因子基础上,运用SPSS软件和多项Logistic回归模型建立危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别模型,并利用所得的判别模型检验原始样本,以期为危化品道路运输灾害防治提供参考。
在Python 3.9环境中访问石化事故分析与数据解读平台(原化学品事故信息网),使用requests.get()模拟真人访问事故信息页面;调用Beautiful Soup找到储存事故信息的页面标签,将我国2013—2020年危化品槽车(罐车)火灾信息及网页地址链接逐条储存到本地。经人工筛查、数据清洗等步骤,比对从新华网、人民网、中国危化品安全协会案例库中的事故信息,补充完善后共获得危化品槽罐车道路运输火灾事故403起。为建立火灾因子,从事故后果、发生时间、路段等方面分析事故特征。
统计2013—2020年危化品槽罐车火灾事故起数及伤亡人数,结果如图1所示。
图1可知:2013—2020年间,我国平均每年发生危化品槽罐车火灾51起,每起事故平均死亡率为0.618。尽管危化品槽罐车火灾规模不大,但其造成的伤亡后果较重,严重威胁到人民生命财产安全。根据事故发生月份,统计2013—2020年危化品槽罐车道路运输火灾数量,获得事故月份分布,如图2 所示。
图2可知:危化品槽罐车火灾事故月度分布不均匀。6、8、9、12月份危化品事故起数维持在较高水平;全年事故数量最高的月份为12月,44起;最少的是10月,仅有25起。危化品槽罐车火灾事故起数受我国节假日危险货物运输政策影响,特别是春运期间禁止危化品车辆驶入高速的政策,使得春运前危化品货运量激增,随之而来的危化品槽罐车火灾事故增加。将危化品槽罐车火灾事故根据事发路段公路类型统计,结果如图3所示。由图3可知:危化品槽罐车火灾事故在不同类型道路上均有发生,在高速公路上发生的事故数量最多。
结合危化品槽罐车火灾事故后果及时空分布特征,识别出5类共15项危化品槽罐车火灾风险因子,见表1
第1类为道路特征因素,包括道路类型、特殊路段情况和所属区域3个方面。不同的道路类型有着不同的道路设计速度标准,这限制了危化品槽罐车的最高行驶速度。在不同类型道路发生追尾碰撞事故产生的槽罐裂口面积各不相同。因此,确定高速公路、国道、城市道路、县乡道路作为道路类型因素。特殊路段如桥梁、隧道、长下坡或弯道的存在,是影响槽罐车火灾类型的因素。统计结果表明:槽罐车火灾在不同区域所表现出的火灾类型各有差别,将区域划分为东北、东南、中部、西南和西北5个部分。
第2类为时间与气象特征因素,包括季节、时段、天气3个方面。不同月份和时段的槽罐车火灾数量差别明显。将一年12个月划分成春季(2—4月)、夏季(5—7月)、秋季(8—10月)和冬季(11—次年1月)4个季节。将一天24 h划分成凌晨[0:00,6:00)、上午[6:00,12:00)、下午[12:00,18:00)和夜间[18:00,24:00) 4个时段。将天气划分为晴天、多云、大雾、雨天和雪天5种情况。
第3类为人员因素,包括年龄、疲劳情况和驾驶年限3个方面。根据驾驶员年龄大小划分为[20,30)、[30,40)、[40,50)、[50,60) 4个阶段;将驾驶员疲劳情况分成疲劳和正常2个状态。将驾驶员驾龄分为[1,2)、[2,5)、[5,10)、[10,30) 年4个阶段。
第4类为车辆与设备因素,包括槽罐规模、安全附件状态和充装状态3个方面。槽罐规模影响着车辆的操控性能,更大的槽罐要求驾驶员更高的驾驶技能。车辆和槽罐的安全附件状态影响着槽罐车泄漏的可能程度及后果,故考虑安全附件状态的正常或异常2个方面。充装状态会在一定程度上决定着槽罐车火灾的类型,故将充装状态划分为正常和过载2种情形。
第5类为危化品因素,包括运输质量,易燃易爆特性和压力状态3个方面。将危化品质量划分为[0,10)、[10,20) 、[20,30) 、[30,40) t等4个区间。将易燃易爆特性划分为是和否2个方面。将压力状态划分为常压和高压2个状态。
对于被解释变量有 j = 1,2 J类的回归模型,多项Logistic模型表达式为:
l n P ( y = j x ) P ( y = J x ) = α j + k = 1 K β j k x k
式中: P ( y = j x )为被解释变量的第j类概率; P ( y = J x )为解释变量为第 J ( J j )类的概率; α为截距; β为回归系数。
对于J个类别的回归模型,其中,第j类概率为:
P ( y = j x ) = e x p ( α j + k = 1 K β j k x k ) [ 1 + j = 1 J - 1 e x p ( α j + k = 1 K β j k x k ) ]
分别将危化品槽罐车3种类型火灾(喷射火灾、池火灾与BLEVE火灾)作为被解释变量类别,分别赋予其变量符号,见表2
结合危化品槽罐车道路运输火灾风险因子分析结果,确定道路特征、时间与气象特征、人员因素、车辆与设备因素以及危化品因素5个方面的变量类别与15个变量内容,具体变量编码及定义见表3
针对数值型变量、定序型与定类型变量的15个变量内容,在SPSS软件中用对应的计量尺度如标度变量、有序变量与名义变量处理。
采用混合逐步选择法,将编码后的危化品槽罐车火灾风险因子录入SPSS软件,运用多项Logistic回归分析模块,取显著性水平为0.05,将BLEVE火灾作为参照类别,分别得到Y=1和Y=2的模型的β系数、标准差、回归系数的检验Wald统计量及对应的概率P值,分别见表4表5
选择BLEVE火灾作为对照组,有 L o g i t P 3 = 0。池火灾相对于BLEVE火灾的概率比率的自然对数模型为:
L o g i t P 1 = 1.526 + 2.145 X 1 - 1.544 X 2 + 3.215 X 3 + 0.234 X 4 - 2.151 X 5 + 1.129 X 6 + 2.138 X 7 + 2.548 X 8 + 0.655 X 9 - 5.211 X 10 + 6.321 X 11 + 3.549 X 12 + 0.986 X 13 + 0.713 X 14 + 2.689 X 15
喷射火灾相对于BLEVE火灾的概率比率的自然对数模型:
L o g i t P 2 = 1.545 + 1.204 X 1 - 0.583 X 2 + 3.215 X 3 + 0.234 X 4 - 2.151 X 5 + 1.108 X 6 + 2.138 X 7 + 2.548 X 8 + 0.655 X 9 + 3.241 X 10 + 6.751 X 11 + 3.549 X 12 + 0.986 X 13 + 0.713 X 14 + 0.239 X 15
在建立多项Logistics回归判别模型后,需要检验判别模型的准确性和显著性。采用回归模型的拟合度量类 R 2指标作为判别模型预测准确性的评价指标。当类 R 2指标值趋近1时,表明该拟合模型能完美预测实际情况[2]。类 R 2指标选用Cox & Snell R 2统计量与Nagelkerke R 2统计量,有Cox & Snell R 2统计量为0.723,Nagelkerke R 2统计量为0.848。数据表明:建立的判别模型可以解释大部分信息,对变量变异程度解释能力较好,即该火灾类型判别模型准确性较高。
显著性检验是检验解释变量与 L o g i t P的拟合关系是否显著。将各系数为0,解释变量全体与 L o g i t P线性关系不显著作为0假设,确定解释变量显著性水平为0.05。采用似然比检验统计量作为显著性检验指标,若其观测值映射概率P在显著性水平以下,则拒绝0假设,即判别模型中解释变量系数并不全为0,亦即该模型与 L o g i t P之间的线性关系显著。判别模型显著性检验结果见表6
表6可知:模型显著性为0.001,小于显著性水平0.05,说明解释变量与广义 L o g i t P线性关系显著,即模型显著性通过检验。判别模型似然比检验统计量计算结果见表7。由表7可知:每个解释变量的显著水平都小于0.05,表现出很好的显著性。
基于多项Logistics的危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别模型通过准确性与显著性检验,说明该模型可用于判断危化品槽罐车的火灾类型。
结合具体工程实例,验证已建立的危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别模型,并提出火灾事故防治措施。
以湖南省某危险货物运输企业为例,该企业拥有第2、3、4类危险货物运输资质。某次LNG短途运输任务由该企业2名具有危险货物运输从业资格的驾押人员承担,2人年龄都是35岁,驾龄8年,驾驶前休息良好。该次运输任务中所运输危化品介质为LNG,质量为20 t。该段运输路线全部为高速公路,地势平坦,弯道较少,路况良好。路段位于湖南省中部,时间为春季,运输当天上午间歇出现小雨。槽罐车额定载重量为30 t,车辆制动与安全附件正常。
根据表3,为该实例中的数据取值,导入建立的多项Logistic回归模型,根据式(3)和式(4)计算危化品槽罐车发生3种类型火灾的概率。案例中的LNG槽罐车最有可能发生池火灾,其概率为0.55;其次为喷射火灾,概率为0.28;BLEVE火灾的概率最小,为0.17。计算结果与危险货物道路运输主管部门监管情况一致,证明文中所提模型具有一定的科学性和有效性。
针对发生可能性最大的LNG槽罐车池火灾,可从以下3个方面进行事故预防与控制措施。①选用更高机械强度的槽罐车容器材质、在紧急情况下合理制动降低碰撞强度,避免LNG槽罐车容器出现较大尺寸的泄漏孔,以减少池火灾发生概率。②配置合适的堵漏工具并制定有效的应急措施,事故发生后尽可能减缓泄漏速度和控制液池范围,同时防止出现外部引火源,以免发生大面积的流淌火灾。③确定适宜的火灾现场警戒范围、选择更为高效的泡沫灭火剂以及采取科学的泡沫喷射方法是减少LNG池火灾危害的重要手段。
虽然喷射火灾和BLEVE火灾的概率相对较小,但在衡量火灾风险时还应综合考虑其火灾后果严重程度并采取减弱事故后果的措施。
1) 文中建立的多项Logistics危化品槽罐车火灾类型判别模型通过了准确性与显著性检验,表明该模型适用于危化品槽罐车火灾类型的判别。
2) 实例验证结果表明:应用槽罐车火灾类型判别模型计算结果与危险货物道路运输主管部门监管情况一致,证明文中所提模型具有一定的科学性和有效性。
3) 该模型可判定危化品槽罐车火灾类型。危险货物道路运输主管部门和应急管理部门运用模型判别结果,可合理优化辖区内危化品槽罐车火灾应急救援力量部署,提升应急处置能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52074118)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(21A0306)
  • 湖南省交通科技项目(201920)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1871
  • 接收时间:2023-08-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-26
  • 修回日期:2023-11-13
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52074118)
湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(21A0306)
湖南省交通科技项目(201920)
作者信息
    1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2 湖南科技大学 公共安全与应急管理研究院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    3 长沙理工大学 交通运输工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
    4 长沙理工大学 电气与信息工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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