Article(id=1149741817735857048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0179-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2333, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690992000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-03, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410517, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410517, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410517, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741818008486813, articleId=1149741817735857048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on flame image recognition of chemical industrial park fires based on convolutional neural network, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to discover fire accidents in chemical industrial parks in time and reduce accident losses,this study used CNN to establish a real-time fire detection system for chemical industrial parks. Based on CNN,the YOLOv5 algorithm was used to calculate chemical industrial park fire data sets and ordinary fire data sets. The loss value,recall rate,precision and mean average precision of the two data sets were compared. Among them,the loss value and recall rate of the chemical industrial park fire data set are slightly lower,but the precision and mean average precision were higher than that of an ordinary fire data set,which shows the feasibility of detecting fire. In addition,based on fire detection results,this study further designed the flame image recognition software system for the chemical industry park with the help of the PyQt5 program framework,realized the application of fire image and video recognition in the chemical park,and expanded the application scope of the method. The results show that the YOLOv5 target detection algorithm based on convolutional neural network can detect fires in chemical industrial parks in real-time. This detection method is portable,and the results are reliable,which can help improving the safety management level of the chemical industrial park.

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为及时发现化工园区火灾事故,降低事故损失,利用卷积神经网络(CNN)建立化工园区火灾实时检测系统。基于CNN-YOLOv5算法训练化工园区火灾数据集和普通火灾数据集,分析对比2个数据集的损失值、召回率、精度和类别平均精度。其中,化工园区火灾数据集的损失值和召回率略低,但精度和类别平均精度高于普通火灾数据集,证明通过CNN检测化工园区火灾的可行性。结果表明:基于火灾检测结果,借助PyQt5程序框架设计化工园区火焰图像识别软件系统,可实现对化工园区火灾火焰图像和视频的识别应用,扩大该方法适用范围。基于CNN的YOLOv5目标检测算法可以实时检测化工园区火灾,其检测方法具有便携性、检测结果具有可靠性,可提高化工园区的安全管理水平。

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张术琳 (1992—),女,山东烟台人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿井热动力灾害防治、爆炸安全防护技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

鲁义,教授

施式亮,教授

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张术琳 (1992—),女,山东烟台人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿井热动力灾害防治、爆炸安全防护技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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张术琳 (1992—),女,山东烟台人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿井热动力灾害防治、爆炸安全防护技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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鲁义,教授

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施式亮,教授

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施式亮,教授

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基于CNN的化工园区火灾火焰图像识别研究
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张术琳 1 , 张亚楠 1 , 田超 1, 2 , 严翔 1 , 鲁义 1 , 施式亮 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 179-186
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 179-186
基于CNN的化工园区火灾火焰图像识别研究
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张术琳1 , 张亚楠1, 田超1, 2, 严翔1, 鲁义1, 施式亮1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2 重庆大学 资源与安全学院,重庆 400044
  • 张术琳 (1992—),女,山东烟台人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿井热动力灾害防治、爆炸安全防护技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

    鲁义,教授

    施式亮,教授

Study on flame image recognition of chemical industrial park fires based on convolutional neural network
Shulin ZHANG1 , Ya'nan ZHANG1, Chao TIAN1, 2, Xiang YAN1, Yi LU1, Shiliang SHI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
  • 2 School of Resources and Safety Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2333
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为及时发现化工园区火灾事故,降低事故损失,利用卷积神经网络(CNN)建立化工园区火灾实时检测系统。基于CNN-YOLOv5算法训练化工园区火灾数据集和普通火灾数据集,分析对比2个数据集的损失值、召回率、精度和类别平均精度。其中,化工园区火灾数据集的损失值和召回率略低,但精度和类别平均精度高于普通火灾数据集,证明通过CNN检测化工园区火灾的可行性。结果表明:基于火灾检测结果,借助PyQt5程序框架设计化工园区火焰图像识别软件系统,可实现对化工园区火灾火焰图像和视频的识别应用,扩大该方法适用范围。基于CNN的YOLOv5目标检测算法可以实时检测化工园区火灾,其检测方法具有便携性、检测结果具有可靠性,可提高化工园区的安全管理水平。

化工园区  /  火灾火焰  /  图像识别  /  卷积神经网络(CNN)  /  YOLOv5算法  /  火灾数据集

In order to discover fire accidents in chemical industrial parks in time and reduce accident losses,this study used CNN to establish a real-time fire detection system for chemical industrial parks. Based on CNN,the YOLOv5 algorithm was used to calculate chemical industrial park fire data sets and ordinary fire data sets. The loss value,recall rate,precision and mean average precision of the two data sets were compared. Among them,the loss value and recall rate of the chemical industrial park fire data set are slightly lower,but the precision and mean average precision were higher than that of an ordinary fire data set,which shows the feasibility of detecting fire. In addition,based on fire detection results,this study further designed the flame image recognition software system for the chemical industry park with the help of the PyQt5 program framework,realized the application of fire image and video recognition in the chemical park,and expanded the application scope of the method. The results show that the YOLOv5 target detection algorithm based on convolutional neural network can detect fires in chemical industrial parks in real-time. This detection method is portable,and the results are reliable,which can help improving the safety management level of the chemical industrial park.

chemical industrial park  /  fire flame  /  image recognition  /  convolutional neural networks  /  YOLOv5 algorithm  /  fire data set
张术琳, 张亚楠, 田超, 严翔, 鲁义, 施式亮. 基于CNN的化工园区火灾火焰图像识别研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 179 -186 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2333
Shulin ZHANG, Ya'nan ZHANG, Chao TIAN, Xiang YAN, Yi LU, Shiliang SHI. Study on flame image recognition of chemical industrial park fires based on convolutional neural network[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 179 -186 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2333
化工园区易燃、易爆、有毒等重大危险源众多,安全风险高度集中,各类重大安全生产和环境污染事故不断发生。在我国各类化工安全事故中,火灾爆炸事故具有普遍、多发的特点,此外,化工园区聚集规模明显,单一突发火灾爆炸事故极易引发多米诺效应[1]。由于近5年化工事故后果尚未经文献总结,笔者根据应急部门通告,对2017—2021年我国化工事故进行了不完全总结。据统计,2017—2021年每年化工事故数量依次为219、176、164、127、122起,相应死亡人数依次为266、223、274、157、150人[2-3]
频繁发生的化工事故不仅造成人员伤亡和社会经济损失,而且带来极为负面的社会影响[4]。化工园区火灾预防能力急需提高。我国《“十四五”危险化学品安全生产规划方案》[5]明确指出,要“推进危险化学品安全风险监测预警系统、安全生产监管信息平台迭代升级。推动强化安全风险辨识和评估,提高安全风险管控能力。”因此,研究并建立智能化化工园区火灾检测系统,对化工园区的绿色、安全发展具有重要意义。
传统的火灾检测技术主要依靠火焰的物理特征进行检测。田佳霖[6]利用火焰面积扩散特性、闪烁特性和圆形度3种火焰动态特征进行火灾的检测。蔺瑞等[7]从火灾区域中提取动态混合纹理特征,并利用极限学习机有效区分火焰色运动物体和真实火灾,提高了火灾分类精度。KONG Seonggon等[8]提出一种火灾火焰检测的视觉分析技术,根据对火焰大小、颜色和运动等物理特征判断火焰是否存在,并使用逻辑回归法和时间平滑法划分火焰区域。
除传统的检测方式外,还有基于计算机技术的图像型火灾检测方法。刘俊等[9]基于YOLOv3算法,采用K-means算法对高速公路火灾作聚类分析,实现高速公路火灾的准确检测。赵媛媛等[10]改进YOLOv3算法,并在目标检测阶段利用K-means聚类算法优化多尺度先验框,提高了小范围火焰区域的识别能力。刘全义等[11]评估对比6种机器学习算法对双参数火灾探测模型的运算结果,发现在输入为双特征参数时,k近邻算法的分类准确度最高。
传统的火灾检测主要基于火焰物理性质来判断火灾是否发生,火焰的物理性质是人为规定的,所以通过火焰物理性质检测的结果存在检测准确率低、鲁棒性弱的问题[12]。学者们已对智能化火灾检测技术进行多年研究,但早期大多依赖经验阈值,算法能力较差。现有智能化检测技术方式无法同时满足检测准确率高、误报率低且实时检测的需求,火灾检测的各项性能有待提升[13]
因此,笔者拟采用卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks,CNN)提取化工园区火灾火焰的特征,选择运算速度最快、检测精度最高的YOLOv5算法对化工园区火灾数据集和普通火灾数据集进行训练,并对比算法计算后2个数据集的损失值、召回率、精度和类别平均精度,判断基于CNN的YOLOv5目标检测算法检测化工园区火灾的检测结果的实时性、准确性和可靠性。最终通过PyQt5设计出化工园区火焰图像识别系统,及时预防化工园区火灾的发生。
1998年,LECUN等[14]提出了CNN,基于CNN结构,KRIZHEVSKY[15]、ZEILER[16]、SIMONYAN [17]、SZEGEDY[18]、HE Kaiming[19]等不断改进优化,设计出AlexNet[15]、ZFNet[16]、VGGNet[17]、GoogleNet[18]和ResNet [19]等著名的网络框架,不仅极大地提高了图片分类的准确率,而且还缩短了检测时间,摆脱了传统检测方法的困境[20-21]。与传统的提取特征方法不同,CNN依靠大量数据,进行大规模训练学习,以实现更高精度的分类识别,它是一种在计算机视觉网络应用程序中最常用且性能极佳的神经网络[20-21]图1为CNN的基本结构。
将化工园区火灾火焰图像输入至CNN中,首先进行卷积运算,即使用可训练的卷积核对图像进行特征扫描,并转化为像素矩阵[22],其计算公式[23]如下:
y j l = i M j W i j l x i j l - 1 + b j l
式中: y j l为网格中第l层第j个特征图的卷积运算结果;Mj为输入特征图的集合; W i j l为卷积核权重; x i j l - 1为第 l - 1层输出的结果; b j l为第l层的偏置。
1943年,MCCULLOCH等[24]基于神经元的生理特征,建立了单个神经元的数学模型,模型中提出了激活函数的概念。激活函数的引入使得CNN可以将化工园区火灾火焰数据从非线性空间映射到线性空间,使得数据可以更好地被分类[25]。激活函数主要包括Sigmoid函数、双曲正切函数和线性整流函数,公式依次如下[23]:
s i g m o i d ( x ) = 1 1 + e x p ( - x )
t a n h ( x ) = e x p ( x ) - e x p ( - x ) e x p ( x ) + e x p ( - x )
r e L U ( x ) = m a x ( 0 x )
1980年,FUKUSHIMA等[26]提出了一个包含卷积层、池化层的神经网络结构。池化层实现了CNN对卷积层输出的特征图选择和信息过滤功能,有效增强了模型检测的泛化能力[27]。池化主要分为最大池化和平均池化,表达式分别如下[23]:
Z j l = m a x i K j y i l - 1
Z j l = 1 | K j | i K j y i l - 1
式中: Z j l为第l层特征图中第j个池化操作的结果; K j为特征图中第j个池化窗口; y i l - 1为第 l - 1层特征图的池化窗口中第i个输出结果,即第l层的输入值。
根据结构和训练方式的不同,目标检测算法可分为One-stage和Two-stage 2类。相比而言,One-stage目标检测算法的检测精度和召回效果不如Two-stage目标检测算法,但One-stage算法更简单、推理速度更快、实时检测效果好,可以完成端对端的目标检测[28-29]。本文需对化工园区火灾火焰图像进行实时和准确检测,对算法的速度有更高的要求,因此,选择使用One-stage目标检测算法。
YOLO是第一个被提出的One-stage目标检测器,可以实现对整幅图像和摄像头输入图像的实时检测[30]。2020年6月,GLENN Jocher等在GitHub上公开了YOLOv5的算法代码。在YOLO系列算法中,YOLOv5更加轻量化,模型权重文件更小,达到了检测速度与检测精度的最优平衡[31]。YOLOv5包括4种网格结构,分别是YOLOv5s、YOLOv5m、YOLOv5l、YOLOv5x。4种网格结构性能参数对比如图2所示[31]
其中,YOLOv5s是网络深度最小、特征图宽度最小的网络,网络更加轻量级,识别速度可以达到140 帧/s。因此,在目标检测算法的选择方面,本文选择YOLOv5s网格结构进行训练测试。
化工园区火灾检测训练与测试需要相应硬件条件的支撑。文中所使用的计算机操作系统为window10-64,使用的GPU为NVIDIA GEFORCE CTX1050Ti,算法在PyCharm集成开发环境下运行,利用Python 3.8.5语言和PyTorch框架进行编译与实施,最后通过Tensorboard进行可视化操作。
火灾数据集的质量和数量在很大程度上会影响目标检测模型的精度。目前没有公认体量大并且权威的化工园区火灾数据集,因此需要自主制作。文中所使用的图片数据来自百度图片、微软图片以及Google图片,搜索关键字为化工火灾、化工园区火灾以及化工火灾爆炸。受上述主流搜索引擎上传相关图片数量限制,试验中制作的化工园区火灾数据集一共包括277张图片,其中训练集有167张,验证集55张,测试集55张,以3∶1∶1分布。同时,笔者还设置了对照组,即普通火灾数据集。普通火灾图片获取方便,有现成的数据集,因此,只需选取与化工园区火灾数据集数量相同的图片,并用labeling软件手动标注图片中着火区域,生成对应的txt格式的文件。构建的2个数据集部分图像如图3所示。
为评估CNN加载2个数据集后的训练结果,选取深度学习中常用的指标,即损失值、召回率、精度和类别平均精度作为评价指标。
其中,损失值越小表示化工园区火灾检测模型的泛化能力越好。召回率体现了化工园区火灾检测的全面性,精度和类别平均精度体现了化工园区火灾检测的准确性,召回率、精度和类别平均精度的数值越大表示检测性能越好。
基于控制变量法,在批量和初始学习率最优的情况下对2个火灾数据集分别进行训练模拟。根据训练所得结果,分别对比分析训练后2个火灾数据集的损失值(图4)、召回率(图5)和精度(图6)。可以发现,2个数据集的损失值、召回率和精度都随着训练轮数的增加而不断收敛,在历经100个训练轮数后,3类曲线都趋于稳定,成功收敛。
从损失值来看,随着训练轮数的增加,普通火灾数据集和化工园区火灾数据集损失值都迅速下降,逐渐趋于稳定。其中,化工园区火灾数据集损失值稳定在0.023,高于普通火灾数据集稳定后的损失值0.013。从召回率来看,2个数据集召回率波动较大,随着训练轮数增加召回率出现毛刺现象,但之后也逐渐平缓。化工园区火灾数据集的召回率最后在0.55上下波动,普通火灾数据集的召回率在0.60上下波动,化工园区火灾数据集召回率略低于普通火灾召回率,但相差不大。从精度来看,随着训练轮数增加,2个数据集的精度不断提高。化工园区火灾数据集的精度在63%左右浮动,普通火灾数据集的精度在53%左右浮动。化工园区火灾数据集的精度高于普通火灾数据集精度。
化工园区火灾数据集干扰因素较多,损失值和召回率自然不如普通火灾数据集。但化工园区火灾燃烧介质大多为易燃、易爆、有毒的危险化学品(甲烷、乙炔、磷化物等),与普通火灾的燃烧介质(木材、棉麻、纸张等)性质有很大区别,所以化工园区火灾火焰更加明亮,颜色偏白,如图7所示。所以,普通火灾数据集的检测结果不如化工火灾数据集所得的结果准确、细节,化工园区火灾数据集在检测精度上更胜一筹。
在机器学习中的目标检测领域,平均精度(Average Precision,AP)是十分重要的衡量指标。AP为以精度为纵轴,召回率为横轴所绘制图像面积的大小,AP[32]的计算公式如下:
A P = e = 1 E P ( e ) ( R ( e ) - R ( e - 1 ) )
式中:P为精度;R为召回率;E为数据总量;e为样本点的索引。
在AP的基础上,COCO评测[33]引入了类别平均精度(mean Average Precision,mAP),即评估模型在不同交并比时的AP值。多个类别的AP值进行综合加权平均得到mAP。目前mAP作为评价指标被广泛应用于目标检测。mAP[32]计算公式如下:
m A P = 1 n × n N A P ( e )
经计算,普通火灾数据集的mAP为0.583,化工园区火灾数据集的mAP为0.672。
图8为经2个训练集训练后的2个算法模型对普通火灾和化工火灾的检测代表结果。试验结果证明:基于化工园区火灾算法数据集训练后的CNN-YOLOv5目标检测算法能够较好地检测和识别化工园区火灾,且检测准确率高。
PyQt5是图形程序框架Qt5的Python语言实现,它可以快速实现界面开发的功能,包括界面设计、布局管理以及业务逻辑的实现。为了提升化工园区火灾识别的便携性及适用范围,基于火灾检测结果,采用PyQt5设计一款化工园区火焰识别软件系统。
该系统所需硬件系统包括火焰图像采集系统、5G通信系统、软件实时监测系统。火焰图像采集系统中化工园区火灾火焰不仅可以通过摄像头实时采集,也可由工作人员自主上传。采集的图像、视频通过5G通信网络输入至装有GPU处理器的电脑中,进一步完成图像、视频进行压缩和编码。工作人员可对电脑中装有化工园区火焰识别软件系统进行操作,选择所需功能,实现化工园区火灾火焰的检测,最后系统自动将检测结果进行编号并储存在电脑文件夹中。
图9为化工园区火焰识别软件系统的运行流程图,软件系统的系统主界面如图10所示。界面包含图像识别和视频识别2大类,图像识别有上传图像与识别图像模块;视频识别有摄像头实时识别、视频文件识别以及停止识别模块。
当打开识别系统后,可连接摄像头自动进行实时识别,也可自行上传图像、视频识别,点击对应功能,基于CNN的YOLOv5算法便会自动对火焰图像采集系统采集的图片、视频进行处理,并显示火源的检测框,最后保存检测结果。检测结果如图11所示。
1) 自主构建化工园区火灾数据集,通过CNN对构建的化工园区火灾数据集和已有的普通火灾数据集进行训练,结果表明:化工园区火灾数据集的损失值和召回率略差于普通火灾数据集的损失值和召回率,但化工园区火灾数据集精度和mAP要大于普通火灾数据集的精度和mAP。化工园区火灾数据集干扰因素较多,导致损失值和召回率较差,但化工园区火灾和普通火灾的燃烧介质不同,因此,化工园区数据集检测结果更加精确。
2) 基于PyQt5进行化工园区火焰图像识别软件系统开发,利用软件对获取的视频图像进行算法计算,显示监测画面上的火灾区域并发出预警,该软件系统可实现对化工园区火灾的实时检测。
3) 笔者所提方法算法能力强、鲁棒性更高、检测速度快、精确度好,成功推动互联网与危险化工安全风险防控的融合,实现园区实时风险监控预警,为预防化工园区火灾、降低事故损失提供有效的解决方案。
  • 湖南省重点研发计划资助项目(2022GK2042)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助(2023JJ40292)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(22C0240)
  • 湖南科技大学博士后科研基金资助(E62203)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2333
  • 接收时间:2023-08-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-03
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
基金
湖南省重点研发计划资助项目(2022GK2042)
湖南省自然科学基金资助(2023JJ40292)
湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(22C0240)
湖南科技大学博士后科研基金资助(E62203)
作者信息
    1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2 重庆大学 资源与安全学院,重庆 400044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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