Article(id=1149741817542914413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0150-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0695, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691510400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-09, revisedDate=1700064000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410471, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410471, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=150, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741817740046702, articleId=1149741817542914413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on explosion suppression characteristics of water mist containing potassium compounds outside methane-air premixed area, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to recognize the explosion suppression ability of potassium-containing fine water mist in the scenario of gas leakage in urban comprehensive pipeline corridors,the explosion suppression tests were carried out with additive-containing fine water mist located outside the methane-air explosion area by a self-made explosion experimental system. The effects of pure water and fine water mist of three potassium compounds,namely potassium oxalate,potassium carbonate and potassium chloride,on the overpressure and overfire range of 9.5% methane-air explosion were analyzed. The results indicate that the critical explosion suppression atomization concentration range of pure water mist outside the methane-air premixed area is 320-480g/m3. The overpressure decrease rate under potassium oxalate-containing conditions showed a trend of NormalCDF (Normal Cumulative Distribution Function) with increasing mass concentration,and the optimum suppression concentration is 10%. When the atomization concentration is 480 g/m 3,D32 is 61.7 μm,the mass concentration of the compound is 10%,and the explosion suppression ability of water mist containing additives is greater than that of pure water mist. Among them,potassium oxalate has the strongest explosion suppression ability,followed by potassium carbonate and potassium chloride. The peak overpressure reduction rate is 2.32 times,1.88 times,and 1.53 times higher than that under pure water mist conditions,respectively. The range of overfire is reduced by 46.7%,40%,and 13.3%,respectively. Compared to potassium carbonate and potassium chloride,the potassium oxalate fine water mist outside the premixed area could absorb more heat and consume more active free radicals.

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为了解含钾细水雾在综合管廊燃气泄漏场景下的抑爆能力,采用自制的爆炸试验系统,开展含添加剂细水雾位于甲烷-空气爆炸区域外的抑爆试验,分析纯水及草酸钾、碳酸钾、氯化钾 3种含钾化合物细水雾对9.5%甲烷-空气爆炸超压与过火范围的影响。研究结果表明:纯水细水雾的临界抑爆雾化质量浓度区间为320~480 g/m3;含草酸钾条件下超压下降率随质量分数增加呈现正态累积分布函数(NormalCDF)变化,最佳抑爆质量分数为10%;当雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3、雾滴D32为61.7 μm、化合物质量分数为10%时,对应抑爆能力均大于纯水细水雾条件,其中,含草酸钾抑爆能力最强,其次为碳酸钾与氯化钾,峰值超压下降率较纯水细水雾条件分别提高2.32、1.88与1.53倍,过火范围分别缩减46.7%、40%与13.3%。相较于碳酸钾与氯化钾条件,爆炸气体预混区域外含草酸钾细水雾能够吸收更多的爆炸热量、消耗更多的活性自由基。

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王晓玲 (1980—),女,山西朔州人,硕士,副教授,主要从事城市安全、消防工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王晓玲 (1980—),女,山西朔州人,硕士,副教授,主要从事城市安全、消防工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王晓玲 (1980—),女,山西朔州人,硕士,副教授,主要从事城市安全、消防工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2019, 58: 8-16., articleTitle=Effects of a carbon monoxide-dominant gas mixture on the explosion and flame propagation behaviors of methane in air, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168123079038345502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741817542914413, awardId=2021ZD18, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省住建厅科技项目(2021ZD18), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168123075901006054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741817542914413, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168123075905200359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741817542914413, companyId=1168123075901006054, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Building Intelligence,Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 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Atomizing nozzle parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 粒径D32/μm 雾化角/
(°)
0.6 MPa 0.8 MPa 1.0 MPa
1号 89.5 77.9 61.7 90
2号 101.4 90.1 80.9 80
3号 103.8 94.0 83.9 100
), ArticleFig(id=1168123078753132827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741817542914413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

喷嘴雾化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 粒径D32/μm 雾化角/
(°)
0.6 MPa 0.8 MPa 1.0 MPa
1号 89.5 77.9 61.7 90
2号 101.4 90.1 80.9 80
3号 103.8 94.0 83.9 100
), ArticleFig(id=1168123078816047388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741817542914413, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Atomization parameters of experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加剂种类 喷嘴
个数
雾化质量浓
度/(g·m-3)
添加剂质
量分数/%
纯水
(无添加剂)
8 160(1排)
16 320(2排)
24 480(3排)
草酸钾 24 480(3排) 2.5、5、10、15、20
氯化钾 24 480(3排) 10
碳酸钾 24 480(3排) 10
), ArticleFig(id=1168123078899933469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741817542914413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

抑爆试验雾化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加剂种类 喷嘴
个数
雾化质量浓
度/(g·m-3)
添加剂质
量分数/%
纯水
(无添加剂)
8 160(1排)
16 320(2排)
24 480(3排)
草酸钾 24 480(3排) 2.5、5、10、15、20
氯化钾 24 480(3排) 10
碳酸钾 24 480(3排) 10
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甲烷-空气预混区外含钾细水雾抑爆特性研究
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王晓玲 1 , 刘震起 2, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 150-157
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 150-157
甲烷-空气预混区外含钾细水雾抑爆特性研究
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王晓玲1 , 刘震起2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 江苏建筑职业技术学院 建筑智能学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2 中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 3 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 王晓玲 (1980—),女,山西朔州人,硕士,副教授,主要从事城市安全、消防工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

Study on explosion suppression characteristics of water mist containing potassium compounds outside methane-air premixed area
Xiaoling WANG1 , Zhenqi LIU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Building Intelligence,Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 2 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 3 School of Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0695
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为了解含钾细水雾在综合管廊燃气泄漏场景下的抑爆能力,采用自制的爆炸试验系统,开展含添加剂细水雾位于甲烷-空气爆炸区域外的抑爆试验,分析纯水及草酸钾、碳酸钾、氯化钾 3种含钾化合物细水雾对9.5%甲烷-空气爆炸超压与过火范围的影响。研究结果表明:纯水细水雾的临界抑爆雾化质量浓度区间为320~480 g/m3;含草酸钾条件下超压下降率随质量分数增加呈现正态累积分布函数(NormalCDF)变化,最佳抑爆质量分数为10%;当雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3、雾滴D32为61.7 μm、化合物质量分数为10%时,对应抑爆能力均大于纯水细水雾条件,其中,含草酸钾抑爆能力最强,其次为碳酸钾与氯化钾,峰值超压下降率较纯水细水雾条件分别提高2.32、1.88与1.53倍,过火范围分别缩减46.7%、40%与13.3%。相较于碳酸钾与氯化钾条件,爆炸气体预混区域外含草酸钾细水雾能够吸收更多的爆炸热量、消耗更多的活性自由基。

甲烷-空气  /  含钾化合物  /  预混区域  /  细水雾  /  抑爆

In order to recognize the explosion suppression ability of potassium-containing fine water mist in the scenario of gas leakage in urban comprehensive pipeline corridors,the explosion suppression tests were carried out with additive-containing fine water mist located outside the methane-air explosion area by a self-made explosion experimental system. The effects of pure water and fine water mist of three potassium compounds,namely potassium oxalate,potassium carbonate and potassium chloride,on the overpressure and overfire range of 9.5% methane-air explosion were analyzed. The results indicate that the critical explosion suppression atomization concentration range of pure water mist outside the methane-air premixed area is 320-480g/m3. The overpressure decrease rate under potassium oxalate-containing conditions showed a trend of NormalCDF (Normal Cumulative Distribution Function) with increasing mass concentration,and the optimum suppression concentration is 10%. When the atomization concentration is 480 g/m 3,D32 is 61.7 μm,the mass concentration of the compound is 10%,and the explosion suppression ability of water mist containing additives is greater than that of pure water mist. Among them,potassium oxalate has the strongest explosion suppression ability,followed by potassium carbonate and potassium chloride. The peak overpressure reduction rate is 2.32 times,1.88 times,and 1.53 times higher than that under pure water mist conditions,respectively. The range of overfire is reduced by 46.7%,40%,and 13.3%,respectively. Compared to potassium carbonate and potassium chloride,the potassium oxalate fine water mist outside the premixed area could absorb more heat and consume more active free radicals.

methane-air  /  potassium compounds  /  premixed area  /  water mist  /  explosion suppression
王晓玲, 刘震起. 甲烷-空气预混区外含钾细水雾抑爆特性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 150 -157 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0695
Xiaoling WANG, Zhenqi LIU. Study on explosion suppression characteristics of water mist containing potassium compounds outside methane-air premixed area[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 150 -157 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0695
城市综合管廊燃气泄漏严重威胁公共安全,一旦发生爆炸,往往造成重大损失[1-2]。含碱金属细水雾抑爆是最受关注的主要抑爆方法之一[3-4]。认识综合管廊燃气泄漏条件下细水雾的抑爆能力,对于降低泄漏燃气爆炸的破坏性,保障城市综合管廊燃气安全具有重要意义。
针对含碱金属细水雾的抑爆效果,国内外学者开展了大量研究。2002年,CHELLIAH等[5]利用自主设计的燃烧器研究了甲烷预混燃烧在碱金属细水雾作用下的火焰结构变化特点,发现钾离子抑制火焰燃烧的效果约为钠离子的2倍。罗振敏等[6]通过试验发现,质量分数为8.34%的氯化钾细水雾具有突出的抑制甲烷爆炸的能力。ROOSENDANS等[7]开展试验,研究了质量分数为2%~6%的碳酸钾细水雾的抑爆效果,发现细水雾对预混区域内火焰及超压的抑制能力随溶液浓度的增加而升高。ZHANG Tianwei等[8]开展了质量分数为2%与5%的含钾盐细水雾的灭火试验,发现质量分数为5%的碳酸钾细水雾具有较高的抑制效果。杨克等[9]利用缩尺管路研究了质量分数为2%~6%的含草酸钾细水雾对预混区域内甲烷爆炸的抑制作用,发现2%的草酸钾抑爆能力最为显著。LIU Zhenqi等[10]利用20L球形爆炸系统,开展了质量分数为5%的含钾化合物细水雾的抑爆试验,发现草酸钾具有较其他添加剂更高的抑爆能力。以上研究表明:草酸钾、氯化钾与碳酸钾3种碱金属添加剂有助于提高纯水细水雾对甲烷的抑爆作用,且质量分数2%~10%时均具有较为突出的抑爆效果。但这些抑爆研究都是针对细水雾位于燃气预混区域内开展的。对于综合管廊内燃气泄漏并引发爆炸时,会出现燃气预混爆炸区与雾化区不在同一区域的情况,现有关于细水雾抑制具有一定初始强度的燃气爆炸的研究还不充分。
鉴于此,笔者拟采用自主设计的矩形可视爆炸管路试验系统,分别开展雾化区域位于甲烷-空气预混区域外时,纯水细水雾以及3种含钾化合物细水雾条件下的抑爆试验,研究雾化质量浓度、质量分数和添加剂种类对甲烷-空气爆炸传播特性的影响,以期掌握此类细水雾对预混区域外甲烷-空气爆炸的抑制能力,为城市综合管廊抑爆提供技术支撑。
试验系统参考综合管廊燃气舱结构设计,如图1所示,爆炸管路一端开口一端封闭,尺寸为200 mm×200 mm×3 000 mm,包括4个爆炸腔室,腔室1与4长500 mm,腔室2与3长1 000 mm,各腔室配有石英玻璃视窗,4号腔室末端开口,整体耐压强度为2.0 MPa。1号腔室为预混腔室,点火源位于1号腔室的密闭端。采用压力雾化喷洒细水雾,雾化区域长度为2.0 m。高速摄影仪分辨率和帧率分别设置为1 280×800 和2 000帧/s。数据采集系统主要包含控制主机、数据采集器和压力传感器。压力传感器灵敏度为0.069 mV/MPa,量程为0~2.0 MPa,5个压力传感器分别布置在图1中1~5号的位置,其中,1号测点距点火端0.25 m,其他各测点间距均为0.5 m。
试验选取压力雾化喷嘴喷洒细水雾。采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪测试了3种喷嘴雾化粒径,采用索特平均直径D32表示水雾粒径,见表1。3种喷嘴主要区别在于不同压力条件下的雾化粒径不同,雾化粒径是影响细水雾抑爆效果的重要因素。雾滴粒径越小,对应产生的抑爆能力越突出[311]。由此,选择1号喷嘴开展试验,雾化压力为1.0 MPa。
根据前期测试,雾化区域长度为1 m时抑爆效果较弱,为2 m时抑爆效果较为明显,故选择雾化区域长度为2 m,即雾化区域长度为预混区域长度的 4倍,以更好地考察抑爆作用下火焰形态及超压的变化特点。结合管路宽度及喷嘴有效雾化范围,试验系统雾化区每排喷嘴间隔0.25 m布置,布置方式如图2所示。
试验过程中,根据现有研究,一般位于2%~10%含草酸钾、氯化钾或碳酸钾细水雾抑爆效果较为突出,因此,选择2.5%、5%、10%、15%与20%共 5种质量分数,开展含草酸钾细水雾在预混区域外的抑爆试验。根据试验得到的最佳抑爆质量分数,对比3种不同添加剂细水雾抑爆性能。添加剂溶液均采用去离子水配制,主要参数见表2。爆炸腔室甲烷-空气混合气体的甲烷的体积分数为9.5%(用以表征最大爆炸强度),预混长度为0.5 m。试验初始环境温度为298 K,初始压力为0.1MPa,点火能量为5 J。
首先,采用铷磁铁将喷嘴管路布置在雾化区域内,铷磁铁固定雾化管路已通过爆炸稳定性测试,固定方法如图3所示。将雾化管路与雾化泵连接,确保雾化正常。随后,采用纯甲烷(99.9%)与干空气配制体积分数为9.5%的甲烷-空气混合气体备用。然后,将带有聚乙烯薄膜的铝板将1号腔室密封隔离。最后,对1号腔室抽真空至-0.095MPa,充入甲烷-空气预混气体,进气结束后静置20 min。
采用甲烷检测仪测定腔室内甲烷体积分数,确保腔室内预混气体分数误差小于±0.2%,将铝板取出,保留聚乙烯薄膜防止预混气体逸散。打开压力雾化装置并操作高能点火器点火,点火器同时自动触发高速摄影仪和压力传感器采集数据。试验结束后待腔室温度降至常温,立即清理管路。每组试验重复3次以确保爆炸试验的准确性,根据3次测定的数据制作超压及升压速率的误差曲线图。
图4为纯水细水雾在不同雾化质量浓度下各测点处超压的变化。由图4可知:各测点超压整体呈现M型趋势,这是由于爆炸压力的振荡传播导致管路内各测点峰值压力出现波动分布[12-13]。无水雾条件在测点2处取得最大超压,纯水细水雾条件均在测点4处取得最大超压。位于预混腔室的测点1不受雾化影响,但不同雾化条件下测点1处压力出现了一定差异,这是由于雾化条件影响了爆炸最大强度,测点1压力随之变化所致。雾化质量浓度为160 g/m3时,测点1、3、4处的爆炸超压高于无细水雾条件,说明位于预混区域外的细水雾在喷洒过程中产生了促进火焰传播的作用,这种现象与文献[14]中关于细水雾增强爆炸的结论相同。在雾化质量浓度为320 g/m3时,细水雾产生了一定的抑爆作用,试验过程中4处测点的超压低于无水雾条件,仅测点3处超压高于无水雾条件。雾化质量浓度增大至480 g/m3时,管路内各测点处超压均低于无水雾条件,测点2处超压与无水雾条件下降了15.43%,在测点4处对应峰值超压下降了13.8%。此处引入临界抑爆浓度定义,即细水雾在某一雾化质量浓度条件下,管路内所有测点压力均与无雾化条件下的爆炸压力相同,此时,该雾化质量浓度即为临界抑爆浓度。根据试验结果,雾化质量浓度为320 g/m3时,管路测点1、2、4、5处压力低于无水雾抑爆条件,测点3处测点压力高于无水雾抑爆条件,视为该雾化质量浓度具有增大爆炸强度的作用。雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3时,管路内所有测点压力均小于无水雾抑爆条件,爆炸强度整体减弱。可以确定,纯水细水雾的临界抑爆浓度位于320~ 480g/m3之间。
图5为不同质量分数草酸钾条件下爆炸超压分布情况,细水雾雾化质量浓度均为480 g/m3。由图5可知:管路内各测点超压分布趋势与图4相似,整体也呈现M形状。最大爆炸超压随草酸钾质量分数增加而降低,最小为20%条件下的0.132MPa。为便于对比抑爆效果,文中分析了管路内超压及其下降率随草酸钾质量分数变化关系,如图6所示(以无水雾条件为基准)。图6中,引入峰值超压下降率以量化对比不同条件下的抑爆能力。主要通过不同抑爆条件下的最大超压与无水雾条件下最大超压计算得到。计算公式为:
φ S = P 0 - P S P 0
式中;φs为抑爆条件峰值超压下降率;P0为基准条件下最大峰值超压(无水雾/纯水雾),MPa;PS为抑爆条件下最大峰值超压,MPa。
根据式(1)计算得到,与无水雾条件相比时,草酸钾5种质量分数(2.5%~20%)对应超压下降率分别为:17.6%、19.2%、35.8%、37.8%与38.8%;与480g/m3纯水条件相比时超压下降率分别为:4.3%、6.2%、25.5%、27.8%与29%。
图6可知:随着添加剂质量分数的增加,超压下降率随之提升并趋于稳定。5种质量分数抑爆条件下,超压下降率与质量分数的变化曲线呈现为斜S型,通过拟合,该曲线变化规律符合正态累积分布(Normal Cumulative Distribution Function,NormalCDF)函数。在草酸钾质量分数10%时,超压下降率的敏感性随质量分数增加而快速增加,质量分数由5%增加至10%,超压下降率增加约17%;质量分数由10%增至15%时,超压下降率仅增加2%,随着浓度增加,超压下降率基本持平,即爆炸超压不再有明显下降。综合考虑超压下降率及添加剂的经济成本,将10%作为草酸钾最佳抑爆浓度条件。因此,选择添加剂质量分数为10%开展不同添加剂抑爆效果对比试验。
另外,将图6中超压下降率变化趋势分为缓慢上升、快速上升与趋于稳定3个阶段,出现所述不同变化幅度应是由于细水雾抑爆能力逐渐趋于饱和所致。细水雾主要抑爆机制分为物理作用(吸热隔氧)与化学作用(消耗自由基)[15]。雾化质量浓度一定时,腔室内参与抑爆的雾滴也趋于某一固定数量。因此,不同质量分数下的细水雾在抑爆过程中吸收的热量相近,进而使得雾滴蒸发析出晶体的量随着质量分数增加而出现类似NormalCDF函数趋势,最终趋于某一定值;随着草酸钾晶体的熔融与汽化,其参与链式基元反应的自由基的量也出现类似NormalCDF函数变化趋势,进而使得超压下降率与质量分数的变化曲线呈现为先缓慢上升,随后快速上升,最后趋于稳定的现象。
图7为管路内不同添加剂种类和质量分数条件下燃气爆炸超压沿管路分布情况。由图7可知:雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3时,3种添加剂细水雾作用下的超压均显著低于无水雾条件,并且沿管路整体呈现波动下降趋势,超压最大值也均在雾化区域内的测点2处取得。对于雾化质量浓度为480g/m3、质量分数为10%的3种添加剂,抑爆条件下最大超压为0.165 MPa(氯化钾)、0.154 MPa(碳酸钾)与0.139 MPa(草酸钾),对应峰值超压下降率(较无水雾条件)为23.6%、28.9%与35.8%,分别为纯水细水雾(15.43%)条件下的1.53,1.88与2.32倍。
图8图4对应条件下各测点的升压速率。与图4中超压分布规律不同,图8中纯水条件下的升压速率曲线主要位于无水雾条件下方,沿管路呈现为波动下降的趋势。雾化质量浓度为160 g/m3时,测点1与测点3处升压速率高于无水雾条件;雾化质量浓度为320 g/m3时,测点3处升压速率与无水雾条件相同,其他4处测点升压速率均低于无水雾条件;雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3时,所有测点升压速率均低于雾化质量浓度320 g/m3条件,这与图4中得到的纯水细水雾临界抑爆浓度区间相同,即320~480 g/m3
对于雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3的含钾化合物细水雾条件,不同添加剂条件下升压速率分布如图9所示。整体升压速率显著低于无水雾条件,在测点2处取最大值后,沿管路表现为下降趋势。当雾化质量浓度为480g/m3、添加剂质量浓度为10%时,3种添加剂雾化条件下的升压速率在管路下游逐渐趋于一致,而对应峰值超压以草酸钾条件最低(图7),其与之对应的超压衰减程度也更高。可知同等条件下,氯化钾、碳酸钾与草酸钾细水雾的升压速率以草酸钾最低。
图10为不同雾化条件下爆炸火焰的形态及过火范围变化。由图10可知:与无细水雾条件相比,纯水细水雾及含钾化合物添加剂作用下的火焰传播距离均有所减少。无细水雾条件下的火焰在管路中主要呈现指形形态(图10a)。随着传播距离的增加,指形火焰前锋区域由于火焰自身的不稳定性逐渐模糊并发生变形[16-17],过火范围约3.0 m。在预混区域外部布置纯水细水雾时(图10b),火焰前锋整体也呈现为指形形态,与无水雾条件相似。其中,爆炸过程中出现的点状火焰应是由于火焰遇液滴产生的不充分燃烧所致。纯水细水雾条件下,火焰在132 ms时传播至最远距离,过火范围约2.6 m,相比无水雾条件减小13.3%。
当添加剂为氯化钾时(图10c),在细水雾作用下火焰形态仍以指形为主。火焰亮度较无水雾和纯水雾条件高,主要是雾滴中添加剂对火焰的影响所致。火焰在139 ms时传播至最远距离(约2.6 m),过火范围与纯水细水雾条件相同,而传播用时则比纯水细水雾条件多7 ms,火焰传播速度有所下降。对比图4图5中超压分布发现,含氯化钾细水雾条件下的超压明显低于纯水细水雾条件。综合过火范围和超压变化可知:含氯化钾细水雾的抑爆效果整体优于纯水细水雾条件。
添加剂为碳酸钾与草酸钾时,质量分数为10%的细水雾较氯化钾对火焰产生更为显著的抑制作用。火焰出现高亮区域,主要是由于雾滴中添加剂晶体析出及熔融过程中火焰发生了焰色反应所致,参与反应程度影响了火焰亮度和颜色[10]。在碳酸钾细水雾作用下的火焰前锋由指形转变为尖形最终形成发散状,最大过火范围约1.8 m,与无水雾相比减少40%,如图10d所示。对于草酸钾细水雾条件(图10e),火焰前锋以指形形态为主,亮度与碳酸钾细水雾条件相似,最大过火范围明显减少,约1.6 m,比无水雾条件减少了46.7%,高于纯水细水雾、氯化钾细水雾以及碳酸钾细水雾条件。
抑爆试验采用的3种含钾化合物中,草酸钾较氯化钾和碳酸钾表现出更好的抑制火焰持续燃烧的性能,更有效地降低了爆炸升压速率,抑爆效果更优。当细水雾进入火焰前锋时,雾滴蒸发吸收热量,同时在汽化过程中隔绝氧气,产生物理抑爆作用。雾滴进入火焰后,添加剂晶体(如草酸钾)逐渐析出并发生热解,同时产生了不同数量的K·等自由基,进而与火焰前锋的OH·以及H·等活性自由基发生反应,阻断爆炸链式反应进程[13],抑爆机制如图11 所示。
根据试验结果,雾化质量浓度为480 g/m3、质量分数为10%时,含草酸钾条件超压下降率为氯化钾与碳酸钾条件的1.52与1.23倍。过火范围缩减率为氯化钾与碳酸钾条件的3.5与1.17倍。相同雾化条件下,3种添加剂抑爆效果具有明显差异性,说明添加剂消耗活性自由基的量不同是形成不同抑爆效果的主要原因。根据文献[9-10]中不同添加剂离子参与基元反应的主要过程,可知:草酸钾及碳酸钾消耗OH·与H·的数量明显高于氯化钾,草酸钾消耗H·的数量稍高于碳酸钾。结合超压下降率及过火范围缩减率的倍数关系可知:抑爆试验中含草酸钾细水雾消耗OH·与H·的能力为氯化钾条件的1.52~3.5倍,消耗H·的能力为碳酸钾条件的1.17~1.23倍。由此可知:对于抑制具有一定初始强度的燃气爆炸,草酸钾细水雾比碳酸钾与氯化钾条件发挥了更强的物理化学协同抑爆作用。
研究表明:对于综合管廊内燃气泄漏发生的燃气爆炸,通过布置一定范围和质量分数的含草酸钾细水雾,能够更有效地降低燃气爆炸产生的超压,抑制火焰进一步传播,缩短过火范围,减少灾变影响范围。
1) 纯水细水雾雾化质量浓度为160g/m3时对爆炸产生促进作用,在320 g/m3时促进作用下降,5个测点中仅测点3处超压高于无水雾条件,在480 g/m3时产生抑爆作用,峰值超压下降率为15.43%。纯水细水雾的临界抑爆雾化质量浓度区间为320~480g/m3
2) 细水雾添加草酸钾后,爆炸峰值超压及升压速率出现明显下降。超压下降率随质量分数的增加呈现为NormalCDF函数变化趋势。与纯水细水雾条件相比,草酸钾质量分数2.5%~20%条件下对应超压下降率分别为:4.3%、6.2%、25.5%、27.8%与29%。草酸钾对应最佳抑爆质量分数为10%。
3) 含草酸钾细水雾的抑爆能力优于氯化钾及碳酸钾,峰值超压下降率较纯水细水雾条件分别提高了1.53、1.88与2.32倍,爆炸过火范围分别缩减了13.3%、40%与46.7%。含草酸钾细水雾消耗OH·与H·的能力为氯化钾条件的1.52~3.5倍,消耗H·的能力为碳酸钾条件的1.17~1.23倍。
4) 文中仅初步研究了雾化区域位于预混区域外部条件下含添加剂的抑爆特性。对于实现含草酸钾细水雾在综合管廊内的抑爆,应综合考虑抑爆效果与经济成本,后期研究可针对添加剂质量分数、雾化范围以及喷嘴布置方式的进一步优化展开。
  • 江苏省住建厅科技项目(2021ZD18)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0695
  • 接收时间:2023-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-09
  • 修回日期:2023-11-16
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江苏省住建厅科技项目(2021ZD18)
作者信息
    1 江苏建筑职业技术学院 建筑智能学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2 中国矿业大学 力学与土木工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    3 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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