Article(id=1149741816595006333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0062-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=1699891200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410246, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410246, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741817249317769, articleId=1149741816595006333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Promotion path of civil aviation employees' willingness to share safety information: based on fsQCA, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the promotion path of civil aviation employees' willingness to share safety information,a multi-condition linkage model was constructed based on the theory of Person-Environment Fit,which presented the impact of individual characteristics and organizational environment on employees' willingness to share safety information. On the basis,model validation was carried out using fsQCA method based on 178 survey questionnaires. The results show that willingness to share safety information is not driven by a single condition,such as individual cognition level,job embeddedness,professional identity,leadership support,and safety culture,but rather the result of multiple conditions. There are three models for promoting higher levels of willingness to share safety information. The first is employee autonomy-driven model,which has as its core conditions high individual cognitive,high job embeddedness,and high professional identity. The second is the resonance-driven model,the core conditions of which are high individual cognitive,high professional identity,high support from leaders,and insufficient job embeddedness. The third is the leadership support-driven model,whose core conditions are high support from leaders and the absence of safety culture.

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为探究民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的作用路径,基于个人-环境匹配理论,构建个体特征和组织环境影响员工自愿报告意愿的多条件联动模型,基于178份调查问卷,应用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法开展验证。结果表明:安全信息自愿报告意愿的产生不是认知水平、工作嵌入、职业身份认同、领导支持和安全文化等单一条件促发的结果,而是由多个条件共同作用,高水平安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进模式有3个,分别为:员工自主驱动型,核心条件是员工的高认知水平、高工作嵌入和高职业身份认同;领导员工共鸣型,核心条件是员工的高认知水平、高职业身份认同、工作嵌入不足和组织的高领导支持;领导支持牵引型,核心条件是组织的高领导支持和安全文化缺失。

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郑秀梅 (1989—),女,辽宁锦州人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事航空安全管理、交通运输规划与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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郑秀梅 (1989—),女,辽宁锦州人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事航空安全管理、交通运输规划与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Research on generation mechanism of safety culture[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2019, 29(9): 8-12., articleTitle=Research on generation mechanism of safety culture, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168122639139745955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, awardId=3122019015, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费项目(3122019015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168122637181005954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122637193588867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, companyId=1168122637181005954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168122637201977476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, companyId=1168122637181005954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168122638489628825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Multi-condition linkage model, figureFileSmall=BTe/D2zRgSfIgtEear4www==, figureFileBig=aWCruFQLpFo02tQVMq/31A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122638556737690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=CN, label=图1, caption=多条件联动模型, figureFileSmall=BTe/D2zRgSfIgtEear4www==, figureFileBig=aWCruFQLpFo02tQVMq/31A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122638607069339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 标签 均值 方差 最小值 最大值
认知水平 P1 3.409 8 1.013 3 1.0 5.0
工作嵌入 P2 2.983 6 0.657 3 1.5 4.0
职业身份认同 P3 3.666 7 0.669 3 2.0 5.0
领导支持 E1 3.508 2 1.107 9 1.25 5.0
安全文化 E2 3.759 8 0.787 4 1.83 5.0
自愿报告意愿 Y 3.082 0 1.120 5 1.0 5.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168122638707732636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 标签 均值 方差 最小值 最大值
认知水平 P1 3.409 8 1.013 3 1.0 5.0
工作嵌入 P2 2.983 6 0.657 3 1.5 4.0
职业身份认同 P3 3.666 7 0.669 3 2.0 5.0
领导支持 E1 3.508 2 1.107 9 1.25 5.0
安全文化 E2 3.759 8 0.787 4 1.83 5.0
自愿报告意愿 Y 3.082 0 1.120 5 1.0 5.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168122638774841501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calibration of conditions and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 定位点
完全隶属 交叉点 完全不隶属
条件
变量
P1 4.978 6 3.409 8 1.407 4
P2 4.282 7 2.983 6 1.684 5
P3 4.989 5 3.666 7 2.344 0
E1 4.996 0 3.508 2 1.318 7
E2 4.982 1 3.759 8 2.203 7
结果
变量
Y 4.939 8 3.082 0 0.867 5
), ArticleFig(id=1168122638825173150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

条件与结果的校准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 定位点
完全隶属 交叉点 完全不隶属
条件
变量
P1 4.978 6 3.409 8 1.407 4
P2 4.282 7 2.983 6 1.684 5
P3 4.989 5 3.666 7 2.344 0
E1 4.996 0 3.508 2 1.318 7
E2 4.982 1 3.759 8 2.203 7
结果
变量
Y 4.939 8 3.082 0 0.867 5
), ArticleFig(id=1168122638879699103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Necessity test of single condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 高自愿报告意愿
一致性 覆盖度
P1 0.802 5 0.797 3
~P1 0.574 8 0.585 9
P2 0.751 1 0.748 4
~P2 0.602 2 0.611 9
P3 0.714 6 0.724 0
~P3 0.660 2 0.659 7
E1 0.761 2 0.751 1
~E1 0.589 8 0.605 4
E2 0.732 5 0.727 7
~E2 0.620 7 0.632 7
), ArticleFig(id=1168122638930030752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单个条件必要性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 高自愿报告意愿
一致性 覆盖度
P1 0.802 5 0.797 3
~P1 0.574 8 0.585 9
P2 0.751 1 0.748 4
~P2 0.602 2 0.611 9
P3 0.714 6 0.724 0
~P3 0.660 2 0.659 7
E1 0.761 2 0.751 1
~E1 0.589 8 0.605 4
E2 0.732 5 0.727 7
~E2 0.620 7 0.632 7
), ArticleFig(id=1168122638980362401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Promotion path of high willingness to report

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 R1 R2 R3 R4
P1 ×
P2 ×
P3 ×
E1
E2 × ×
覆盖度 0.504 4 0.396 5 0.349 3 0.288 7
一致性 0.901 0 0.937 6 0.920 2 0.919 1
总体覆盖度 0.663 7
总体一致性 0.907 4
), ArticleFig(id=1168122639030694050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816595006333, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

高自愿报告意愿的促进路径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 R1 R2 R3 R4
P1 ×
P2 ×
P3 ×
E1
E2 × ×
覆盖度 0.504 4 0.396 5 0.349 3 0.288 7
一致性 0.901 0 0.937 6 0.920 2 0.919 1
总体覆盖度 0.663 7
总体一致性 0.907 4
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民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进路径:基于模糊集定性比较分析
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郑秀梅 , 马国毓
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(1): 62-69
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(1): 62-69
民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进路径:基于模糊集定性比较分析
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郑秀梅 , 马国毓
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 郑秀梅 (1989—),女,辽宁锦州人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事航空安全管理、交通运输规划与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

Promotion path of civil aviation employees' willingness to share safety information: based on fsQCA
Xiumei ZHENG , Guoyu MA
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0162
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为探究民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的作用路径,基于个人-环境匹配理论,构建个体特征和组织环境影响员工自愿报告意愿的多条件联动模型,基于178份调查问卷,应用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法开展验证。结果表明:安全信息自愿报告意愿的产生不是认知水平、工作嵌入、职业身份认同、领导支持和安全文化等单一条件促发的结果,而是由多个条件共同作用,高水平安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进模式有3个,分别为:员工自主驱动型,核心条件是员工的高认知水平、高工作嵌入和高职业身份认同;领导员工共鸣型,核心条件是员工的高认知水平、高职业身份认同、工作嵌入不足和组织的高领导支持;领导支持牵引型,核心条件是组织的高领导支持和安全文化缺失。

航空安全信息  /  自愿报告意愿  /  模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)  /  个体特征  /  组织环境

In order to explore the promotion path of civil aviation employees' willingness to share safety information,a multi-condition linkage model was constructed based on the theory of Person-Environment Fit,which presented the impact of individual characteristics and organizational environment on employees' willingness to share safety information. On the basis,model validation was carried out using fsQCA method based on 178 survey questionnaires. The results show that willingness to share safety information is not driven by a single condition,such as individual cognition level,job embeddedness,professional identity,leadership support,and safety culture,but rather the result of multiple conditions. There are three models for promoting higher levels of willingness to share safety information. The first is employee autonomy-driven model,which has as its core conditions high individual cognitive,high job embeddedness,and high professional identity. The second is the resonance-driven model,the core conditions of which are high individual cognitive,high professional identity,high support from leaders,and insufficient job embeddedness. The third is the leadership support-driven model,whose core conditions are high support from leaders and the absence of safety culture.

aviation safety information  /  willingness to voluntarily report  /  fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)  /  individual characteristics  /  organizational environment
郑秀梅, 马国毓. 民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进路径:基于模糊集定性比较分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 62 -69 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0162
Xiumei ZHENG, Guoyu MA. Promotion path of civil aviation employees' willingness to share safety information: based on fsQCA[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 62 -69 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0162
快速、准确发现生产过程中的差错和隐患是减少事故发生、提高系统安全性的重要手段[1]。由于生产过程中出现的、尚未造成危害的安全信息具有隐蔽性、动态性,如果当事员工不主动报告,其他人很难发现。员工自愿报告的安全信息可为安全风险管理、安全保证、安全政策校准、安全绩效评估提供必要数据支撑[2-3]。因此,高危行业(如航空、航海等)都建立了安全信息自愿报告平台,鼓励员工主动报告安全信息[4]。中国民航于2003年建立了航空安全信息自愿报告系统,为提高员工的自愿报告意愿,系统明确了自愿性、保密性和非处罚性等原则,并规定平台信息不对外公开,仅用于系统安全管理。尽管如此,民航员工的安全信息自愿报告意愿依旧较低[5],如何提高员工的安全信息自愿报告意愿始终是困扰行业管理部门的难题。
学者们聚焦安全信息自愿报告的影响因素做了大量研究。综合来看,基于文献综述和现场访谈,学者们发现自愿报告意愿的影响因素包括员工自身[6]、组织管理[7]和信息报告系统[5]等多个方面,如员工的安全责任感、组织的领导支持、系统的操作复杂度等。还有部分学者基于模糊评价法、序关系分析法、组合赋权法等计算了影响因素的因子权重,据此判断因素重要性;少数研究采用结构方程模型等方法验证了影响机制[8]。值得注意的是,安全信息自愿报告的潜在影响因素是多样的,其作用过程并非完全独立,而是多因素复杂、动态的交互影响,如组织层面的缺陷可能对个体产生影响[9]。以前仅有的几个影响机制研究都是将多个因素分开处理,讨论单一影响因素对安全信息自愿报告意愿的“净效应”,缺少对影响因素互动的进一步阐释,未能全面揭示影响因素与安全信息自愿报告意愿之间的复杂逻辑因果关系。
模糊集定性比较分析(Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis,fsQCA)方法是讨论多条件影响路径的有效方法[10],可探索多个条件及其产生的不同组合的等效性和替代性,被广泛应用于管理科学研究中[11-12]。因此,基于个体-环境匹配理论,采用fsQCA方法讨论个体特征、组织环境及不同条件组合影响民航员工自愿报告意愿的作用路径,进一步分析差异化员工在安全信息自愿报告过程中的不同表现,以期促进航空安全信息自愿报告平台建设,提高安全信息自愿报告意愿提出管理建议。
个人-环境匹配指个体特征与组织环境的一致性、匹配性或相似性程度[13]。个人-环境匹配理论表明了个体特征与组织环境交互作用的基本逻辑,认为行为是个体特征与组织环境共同作用的结果[13]。基于个体-环境匹配理论,可以认为安全信息自愿报告意愿是个体特征与组织环境相互作用、动态匹配的结果。事实上,个体特征与组织环境分别包含多个条件,这些条件在相互作用过程中又形成了若干种组合,不同组合可能会对员工选择是否自愿报告工作中的安全隐患具有相同的影响,即员工安全信息自愿报告意愿存在多条影响路径[10]。因此,个人—环境匹配理论可以为民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的影响路径研究提供一个合理的解释框架。
在个体层面,研究发现,缺乏安全信息报告知识[6]、对报告后果的恐惧[14]、担忧破坏集体形象[7]、缺失社会责任[15]、缺失工作承诺[16-17]、对组织或领导者的不信任[17]等影响着员工的自愿报告意愿。其中,多项研究显示,员工对安全信息报告内容、流程、系统操作方法的把握,以及对安全信息报告意义和价值的认可,在诸多影响因素中具有较高权重[7],说明个体对安全信息自愿报告的认知水平可能会对自愿报告意愿产生重要影响。同时,自愿报告意愿是员工综合衡量个人报告收益和报告损失的结果[17]。报告收益指报告安全信息后,员工感受到的职业荣誉感、责任感和自我实现[18];报告损失指员工对自愿报告后果的恐惧,担心自愿报告行为使自己受到歧视、打压甚至失业,是阻碍员工自愿报告的重要原因。研究显示,员工对以上收益与损失的感知与其工作嵌入和职业身份认同程度联系紧密[19]。综上,提出影响员工自愿报告意愿的个体特征可归纳为认知水平、工作嵌入和职业身份认同3个因素。个体特征与自愿报告意愿的作用关系如下:
1) 认知水平。认知水平指员工对航空安全信息自愿报告内容、规范和系统操作流程、方法的熟悉程度,对自愿报告机制和“数据驱动”安全管理理念的理解深度。根据社会认知理论,对相关知识的掌握有助于提高员工完成某项工作的自我效能,进而影响员工的行为选择和坚持[20]。因此,可以认为对安全信息知识和价值的准确把握,有助于提高员工的效能期望和结果期望,进而产生自愿报告意愿[4]。田水承等[20]对煤矿险兆事件和不良护理行为信息的自愿报告意愿研究也证实了这一点。
2) 工作嵌入。工作嵌入是影响员工留任组织的因素集合,包括员工与组织的联结、能力和愿景的匹配,以及员工离开组织的损失等[20]。一方面,高水平的工作嵌入会表现出更多的角色外行为,如主动提出与工作相关的建设性意见[21]。另一方面,建言可能对员工产生消极影响[22],而安全信息自愿报告是典型的建言行为,这意味着高工作嵌入的员工在作出建言选择时会更为谨慎,进而降低自愿报告意愿[4]。由此可见:工作嵌入对安全信息自愿报告意愿存在影响,但其影响结果尚无定论。
3) 职业身份认同。职业身份认同是员工对所从事职业的认可,以及职业给员工带来的满足感与归属感[23]。职业身份认同决定了员工如何赋予工作行为,进而影响其组织行为[24]。如果员工认为他的工作对国家、社会或组织具有重要价值,会形成高水平职业身份认同[23]。航空安全信息自愿报告机制以员工的安全责任和担当为前提假设,是员工受使命感激发产生的自主性积极行为。因此,可以认为职业身份认同影响自愿报告意愿。
在环境层面,自愿报告意愿的影响因素主要围绕组织领导、制度建设和文化建设。包括组织的领导方式[25]、领导的管理承诺[26]、安全文化[7]、报告制度的规范性[27]、对报告人的保护[9]、超负荷工作量安排[26]等。其中,报告制度的保密性、规范性与领导支持正相关,当组织的领导支持企业员工报告安全信息时,会要求企业按照民航局有关规定,形成完整的安全信息报告制度[16]。同时,多个研究已验证了安全文化对主动报告未遂事件的促进作用[16]。综上,提出影响员工自愿报告意愿的环境因素可归纳为领导支持和安全文化2个因素。组织环境与自愿报告意愿的作用关系如下:
1) 领导支持。在中国传统文化影响下,组织中领导的观念与行为对下级有极大影响[28]。虽然行业管理部门明确提出员工自愿报告的安全信息不具有处罚性,仅作为提高行业安全管理水平的依据,但是在我国,民航属于强安全监管领域,部分企业管理者会错误地认为安全信息属于组织缺陷,向行业管理部门报告组织缺陷会影响管理部门对组织的安全印象,因此,表现出对安全信息自愿报告行为的否定态度,从而提高员工自愿报告的风险感知。由此可见:领导支持影响员工自愿报告意愿。
2) 安全文化。安全文化是组织安全价值观和安全规范的集合,是员工安全行为的重要影响因素[29]。安全行为包括安全服从行为和安全参与行为,前者是员工基于规章的安全操作,后者是员工对安全建设的主动参与[30]。安全文化对安全服从行为没有直接影响,但显著影响安全参与行为[29]。安全信息自愿报告是员工在非强制要求情况下,对行业安全管理的主动参与,是典型的安全参与行为。因此,可以认为安全文化影响员工自愿报告意愿。
综上所述,识别出影响员工自愿报告安全信息的5个前因条件,即个体层面的认知水平、工作嵌入和职业身份认同,组织层面的领导支持和安全文化。基于个体-环境匹配理论,以上前因条件存在共演化关系,即5个前因条件相互协同、相互影响,形成驱动员工产生自愿报告意愿的多条路径。航空安全信息自愿报告意愿多条件联动模型如图1所示。
fsQCA方法以集合论为理论基础,将每个案例作为一系列因果条件的集合,通过布尔代数计算,实现多个案例之间的逻辑比较,识别出多个条件导致某个结果出现或不出现的路径,进而得到一系列致因条件组合,反映出多条件联合作用和交互影响的复杂因果关系[10]。如A和B这2个条件同时出现可以导致结果O出现(表达式为:A×B→O);C条件不出现、D条件出现可以导致结果O出现(表达式为:~C×D→O);则可得到导致结果O出现的条件路径有2个,分别是A×B和~C×D。fsQCA方法在个体行为意愿研究领域的适用性已得到广泛证明,如蔡建东等[31]基于fsQCA方法分析了感知有用性、感知易用性、自我效能感、社会影响等影响学前教师技术采纳行为意愿的组态路径;甘春梅等[32]基于fsQCA方法分析了过载对移动社交网络用户持续使用意愿的影响机制。
采用fsQCA方法主要出于以下考虑:
1) 基于个体-环境匹配理论解释框架,安全信息自愿报告意愿的产生往往不是单个条件影响的净效应,而是个体、组织层面的多条件共同作用结果,所以有必要从整体视角考虑前因条件与结果间的复杂逻辑。
2) 采用fsQCA方法分析个体特征、组织环境条件组合在促进员工自愿报告意愿产生过程中的多重并发性和等效性,可以克服传统定量方法只探讨线性关系的研究局限,实现对安全信息自愿报告现象更细致、更深入的观察与理解。
采用的调查问卷包含2部分,分别是:①基本信息,包括性别、年龄、工作岗位、工作单位等;②变量信息,共26个问题。其中,认知水平的测量,参考崔振新等[5]对民航从业人员认知水平的测量量表,共3个题目,如“我很清楚工作中遇到的哪些问题属于自愿报告范畴”,Cronbach α系数是0.873;工作嵌入的测量,借鉴Crossley等[33]开发的工作嵌入量表,共7个题目,如“我对我的组织很依赖”,Cronbach α 系数是0.862;职业身份认同的测量,借鉴张淑华等[24]构建的“我的工作对于民航生产运行很重要”等4个题目,Cronbach α 系数是0.901;领导支持的测量,借鉴李怡娜等[34]的高层管理支持量表,共4个题目,如“公司高层认为在自愿报告系统报告安全信息可以提高行业安全管理水平”,Cronbach α 系数是0.941;安全文化的测量,借鉴王秉等[35]的问卷,修订形成了“我的组织充分信任我在工作中的安全表现”等6个问题,Cronbach α 系数是0.845;自愿报告意愿的测量,共2个题目,如“如果需要,我愿意在自愿报告系统报告安全信息”[5];以上变量的测量均采用李克特5点量表。
航空安全信息自愿报告的主体是一线员工。因此,以飞行员、管制员、乘务员、安全员、维修人员和地面保障人员为调查对象。为满足调查数据的多样性,选取机场、航空公司、维修单位和空管单位为调查范围,采用问卷星平台编辑生成问卷,发放给相关企业,并由他们转发给同事。经过3周时间的多轮联系,共回收问卷197份,其中,有效问卷178份,满足fsQCA方法对样本数据的要求。调查数据的分布如下:机场占比31%,航空公司占比38%,维修单位占比15%,空管单位占比16%。描述性统计结果见表1
变量校准是将原始数值转换为模糊集隶属度分值的过程,将每一个案例赋予特定的隶属度,校准后的集合隶属度介于0~1之间[12]。采用直接校准法,设置95%为完全隶属、50%为交叉点、5%为完全不隶属,条件与结果的校准见表2
如果结果发生时,某个条件始终存在,则这个条件为结果的必要条件。必要条件以一致性水平为衡量标准。一般认为,若某个条件的一致性大于0.9,则该条件为结果的必要条件[11]。单个条件必要性检验见表3。由表3可知:认知水平、工作嵌入、职业身份认同、领导支持和安全文化的一致性均低于0.9,表明安全信息自愿报告意愿不受单一条件驱动,而是多个条件共同作用的结果。
多条件联动效应分析揭示促进自愿报告意愿产生的多重组合路径。遵循前人建议,设置案例数量阈值为1、一致性阈值为0.75[11],经fsQCA3.0软件计算得到简约解、中间解和复杂解。综合简约解和中间解的分析结果,得出高自愿报告意愿的4条促进路径R1R4,见表4。其中,总体解的一致性为0.907 4,远高于一致性可接受程度的0.8;覆盖度为0.663 7,表明4条路径可解释66%以上的样本。
基于以上分析,识别出驱动高自愿报告意愿产生的路径有4条,可总结为3种模式,具体如下:
1) 员工自主驱动型。以路径1为代表,组态模式是P1×P2×P3×E2,核心条件是高认知水平、高工作嵌入和高职业身份认同,边缘条件是高安全文化。意味着若员工对安全信息自愿报告有充分认知,且工作嵌入度高、职业身份认同度高,那么无论组织环境如何,员工都会表现为高自愿报告意愿。
2) 领导员工共鸣型。以路径2为代表,组态模式是P1×~P2×P3×E1,核心条件是高认知水平、高职业身份认同、高领导支持和工作嵌入不足。意味着对安全信息自愿报告机制认知水平较高的员工而言,如果领导非常支持安全信息自愿报告,且员工也认为自己有义务、有责任为行业安全管理水平提升贡献力量,那么即使员工与组织的联结度不高,也会表现为高自愿报告意愿。
3) 领导支持牵引型。以路径3和路径4为代表,组态模式分别是P1×P2×~P3×E1×~E2~P1×P2×P3×E1×~E2,2条路径的共同核心条件是高领导支持和安全文化缺失,突出领导支持对员工自愿报告意愿的影响。路径3意味着领导对安全信息自愿报告的高度支持会弥补组织安全文化和个人职业身份认同的缺失,促进高认知和高工作嵌入的员工产生高水平的自愿报告意愿;路径4意味着领导对安全信息自愿报告的高度支持会弥补安全文化的缺失和个体认知水平的不足,促进高职业身份认同和高工作嵌入度的员工产生高水平的自愿报告意愿。
参考杜运周等[12]的做法,选择调整PRI(Proportional Reduction in Inconsistency)一致性和随机删除案例作为稳健性检验手段。具体而言,将PRI一致性由0.75调整至0.8,并随机删除15个案例,再次进行多条件联动效应分析,结果显示,多条件联动效应的驱动路径没有发生变化,覆盖度、一致性、总体覆盖度和总体一致性略微降低,表明研究结论稳健。
1) 企业应加强自愿报告培训,提高员工认知水平。高水平认知是个体产生自愿报告意愿的核心条件之一,对比路径1—4发现,在具备高水平认知的条件下,高自愿报告意愿对个体特征和组织环境的要求相对较低,即使在路径4驱动下,个体产生自愿报告意愿,意愿转化为行动的过程中仍需要员工了解安全信息自愿报告机制。由此可见:对员工进行安全信息自愿报告培训必不可少。
2) 企业应掌握员工个体差异,实施分类精准管理。员工自愿报告意愿受个体特征和组织环境的共同影响,在资源约束条件下组织应实施精准管理、有的放矢。即安全管理人员应深入基层,了解一线员工对自愿报告机制与流程的熟悉程度、工作嵌入和职业身份认同水平,进而有针对性地调整引导策略,提升员工自愿报告意愿。
3) 行业管理部门应加强宣贯,坚定企业领导支持安全信息自愿报告的信心。路径2—4说明不具备完全自主驱动条件时,领导支持是驱动员工产生自愿报告意愿的必要条件。但出于企业印象管理的目的,企业领导可能对员工自愿报告安全信息的态度较为矛盾。因此,行业管理部门应加强航空安全信息自愿报告机制宣贯,消除企业管理者疑虑,促进企业形成领导支持安全信息自愿报告的组织氛围。
1) 安全信息自愿报告意愿的产生不是认知水平、工作嵌入、职业身份认同、领导支持和安全文化等条件的独立影响,而是多条件联合促进的结果。
2) 安全信息自愿报告意愿的多条件促进路径包括3种模式,分别为:①员工自主驱动型,员工的自主性发挥核心作用;②领导员工共鸣型,以员工与领导的价值统一为基础;③领导支持牵引型,突出安全文化缺失的环境下,领导支持对自愿报告意愿的促进作用。
3) 组态视角的航空安全信息自愿报告意愿促进路径研究虽已涵盖个体和组织层面的微观、中观影响因素,但意愿的产生是一项复杂的决策过程,宏观环境可能也会发挥作用,未来研究可尝试进一步综合社会规范等条件,讨论宏观、中观和微观3个层面影响因素的联动效应,以深化对航空安全信息自愿报告意愿促进机制的理解。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(3122019015)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0162
  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-14
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中央高校基本科研业务费项目(3122019015)
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    中国民航大学 交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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