Article(id=1149741816389485435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0158-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0806, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=1699632000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410196, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410196, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741817043796868, articleId=1149741816389485435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Deformation and failure analysis and control of deep roadway with intercalated coal seam in roof, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of large deformation and failure of soft rock roadway in deep coal seam roof,taking the belt transport roadway in No.Wu2 mining area of No.3 horizontal plane in No.6 Mine of Pingdingshan Coal Group as the engineering background,the failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock in intercalated coal seam roadway were studied. Firstly,the combined arch mechanical model of the original scheme of belt was constructed,and the stability discriminant of the straight wall semi-circular arch roadway was derived. Secondly,the joint repair technology of "anchor cable-beam-grouting-composite mortar anchor cable" was proposed,that was,the roadway was expanded along the roof of No.Wu8 coal seam,and the basic support of the roadway was completed by anchor cable and ladder beam. The deep and shallow hole grouting of surrounding rock was used for reinforcement support,and the composite mortar anchor cables were arranged at the key parts of the roof and the two sides to strengthen the roadway support. The distribution characteristics of stress and displacement field before and after roadway repair were analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally,the industrial test of the roadway was carried out. The monitoring results of mine pressure show that the maximum convergence of the two sides and the roof and floor are 93 mm and 112 mm respectively,and the deformation rate of the surrounding rock of the roadway is less than 1 mm/d in the later stage. The deformation has been effectively controlled and the repairing effect is good.

, correspAuthors=Fengbin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue YUAN, Fengbin ZHANG, Xi SHANG, Zhaoqiang LIU, Gang PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741837797212687, articleId=1149741816389485435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、 112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

, correspAuthors=张峰彬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**张峰彬(1997—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩石力学与地下工程围岩控制。E-mail:
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袁 越 (1983—),男,湖南郴州人,博士,副教授,主要从事岩石力学、地下工程围岩控制、深部灾害防控等方面的教学和研究工作。E-mail:

彭刚,副教授

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袁 越 (1983—),男,湖南郴州人,博士,副教授,主要从事岩石力学、地下工程围岩控制、深部灾害防控等方面的教学和研究工作。E-mail:

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彭刚,副教授

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彭刚,副教授

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Rock mechanical parameters of belt transport roadway

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 体积
模量/
GPa
切变
模量/
GPa
密度/
(kg·m-3)
黏聚
力/
MPa
抗拉
强度/
MPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
泥岩 3.86 2.66 2550 4.2 1.92 27
砂质泥岩 3.91 2.33 2600 4 2.13 28
细砂岩 6.17 4.06 2600 5 1.22 29
2.89 0.96 1380 0.8 0.35 26
), ArticleFig(id=1168123004920803634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741816389485435, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

运输巷围岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 体积
模量/
GPa
切变
模量/
GPa
密度/
(kg·m-3)
黏聚
力/
MPa
抗拉
强度/
MPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
泥岩 3.86 2.66 2550 4.2 1.92 27
砂质泥岩 3.91 2.33 2600 4 2.13 28
细砂岩 6.17 4.06 2600 5 1.22 29
2.89 0.96 1380 0.8 0.35 26
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深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制
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袁越 1, 2 , 张峰彬 1, ** , 尚玺 1, 3 , 刘兆强 1 , 彭刚 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 158-165
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 158-165
深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制
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袁越1, 2 , 张峰彬1, ** , 尚玺1, 3, 刘兆强1, 彭刚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2 湖南科技大学南方煤矿瓦斯与顶板灾害预防控制安全生产重点实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 3 毛田镇人民政府,湖南 湘乡 411406
  • 袁 越 (1983—),男,湖南郴州人,博士,副教授,主要从事岩石力学、地下工程围岩控制、深部灾害防控等方面的教学和研究工作。E-mail:

    彭刚,副教授

通讯作者:

**张峰彬(1997—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩石力学与地下工程围岩控制。E-mail:
Deformation and failure analysis and control of deep roadway with intercalated coal seam in roof
Yue YUAN1, 2 , Fengbin ZHANG1, ** , Xi SHANG1, 3, Zhaoqiang LIU1, Gang PENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources,Environment and Safety Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Gas and Roof Disaster Prevention and Control Safety Production,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
  • 3 Maotian Township People's Government,Xiangxiang Hunan 411406,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0806
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为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、 112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

顶板  /  夹煤层  /  围岩变形破坏  /  控制方案  /  软岩巷道  /  组合拱

Aiming at the problem of large deformation and failure of soft rock roadway in deep coal seam roof,taking the belt transport roadway in No.Wu2 mining area of No.3 horizontal plane in No.6 Mine of Pingdingshan Coal Group as the engineering background,the failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock in intercalated coal seam roadway were studied. Firstly,the combined arch mechanical model of the original scheme of belt was constructed,and the stability discriminant of the straight wall semi-circular arch roadway was derived. Secondly,the joint repair technology of "anchor cable-beam-grouting-composite mortar anchor cable" was proposed,that was,the roadway was expanded along the roof of No.Wu8 coal seam,and the basic support of the roadway was completed by anchor cable and ladder beam. The deep and shallow hole grouting of surrounding rock was used for reinforcement support,and the composite mortar anchor cables were arranged at the key parts of the roof and the two sides to strengthen the roadway support. The distribution characteristics of stress and displacement field before and after roadway repair were analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally,the industrial test of the roadway was carried out. The monitoring results of mine pressure show that the maximum convergence of the two sides and the roof and floor are 93 mm and 112 mm respectively,and the deformation rate of the surrounding rock of the roadway is less than 1 mm/d in the later stage. The deformation has been effectively controlled and the repairing effect is good.

roof  /  intercalated coal seam  /  deformation and failure of surrounding rock  /  controlling measure  /  soft rock roadway  /  composite arch
袁越, 张峰彬, 尚玺, 刘兆强, 彭刚. 深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 158 -165 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0806
Yue YUAN, Fengbin ZHANG, Xi SHANG, Zhaoqiang LIU, Gang PENG. Deformation and failure analysis and control of deep roadway with intercalated coal seam in roof[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 158 -165 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0806
我国是一个富煤贫油少气的国家,煤炭在我国能源结构中仍占主体地位[1]。随着煤炭资源的不断开采,深部矿井数量在不断增多,煤炭行业面临的支护、开采等难题越来越严重[2-3]。此外,矿井开拓与开采过程中,巷道不可避免地会处于不利层位,顶板夹煤层巷道便属于巷道层位不理想的典型情况之一,这类巷道位于煤层下方,顶板整体性差且变形大,难以支护,严重威胁井下生产与安全。因此,解决这类巷道的围岩稳定性控制问题具有重要的现实意义。
学者们对深部含有软弱夹层的巷道进行了大量研究,例如:李为腾等[4]分析了夹煤层厚度、位置和分岔巷道岩柱宽度等3个因素对巷道关键点位移、塑性区、非对称变形的影响,提出了“内修+外控”以注为主的非对称联合控制对策;贾后省等[5]探究了巷道复合顶板离层破坏机制,分析了不同软弱岩层位置和不同应力环境条件下的顶板离层区分布特征,提出了巷道复合顶板离层破坏预测方法,并开发了配套系统软件;李永亮等[6]研究了巷道顶板不同区域锚索的真实受力特征和长短锚索对顶板的支护效应,探究不同区域锚索对顶板的锚固机制,提出了以长短锚索为主导的多层次支护技术;余伟健等[7]针对深埋软岩巷道在回采反复扰动下发生大变形的现象,提出了巷道一次支护最佳状态和二次支护最佳时机,并通过现场调查和巷道稳定性分类,给出了高应力软岩巷道的支护方案;LI Jiaqi等[8]以轿顶隧道为例,分析了深埋层状围岩隧道在高地应力下的大变形问题,总结了轿顶隧道的3种变形机制:层状围岩挠曲离层变形、软弱夹层引起变形及岩石流变变形。
综上所述,多位学者从不同角度分析了深部软岩、顶板存在软弱夹层这类巷道的变形破坏机制和控制方法,但上述研究中巷道顶板的软弱夹层厚度为0.5~2 m,以薄夹层为主,而对完整且较厚煤层的相关研究较少,鉴于此,笔者以平煤六矿三水平戊二采区胶带运输巷(简称运输巷)为工程背景,对其进行围岩变形破坏分析,并提出控制方案,最后开展现场试验,以期为类似巷道围岩控制提供依据。
平煤六矿三水平开采丁 5 - 6、戊8、戊 9 - 10共3层煤,煤层倾角3~16°,丁 5 - 6煤层平均厚度为3 m,戊8平均煤厚1.95 m,戊 9 - 10平均煤厚2.6 m,煤层厚度呈现东厚西薄的现象,煤质则是东优西劣。戊二采区运输巷深埋地面以下600 m,属于深部软岩巷道,全长1 805 m,平均坡度9°;原方案沿戊 9 - 10煤层掘进,顶板上方存在夹煤层(戊8煤层),本文以戊二采区运输巷QR段为研究对象,巷道平面布置如图1所示。
六矿三水平戊二采区运输巷为深部软岩巷道,围岩岩性以深灰色泥岩、砂质泥岩和炭质泥岩为主,强度偏低,岩性偏软。戊二采区运输巷原方案以戊 9 - 10煤层走向进行掘进,顶板上部存在夹煤层(戊8煤层),夹煤层厚薄不均,分布也不均匀。以戊二采区运输巷QR段为例,通过钻孔取样勘测得出,原巷道直接顶底板均为泥岩,顶板上部存在0.3 m煤线及2.8 m厚的戊8煤层。
戊二采区运输巷变形破坏异常突出,虽然多次返修加固,但变形仍失控,通过大量现场调查分析,总结其变形破坏主要特征及形式如下:
1) 顶板及帮部围岩变形破坏严重。巷道离层明显,锚固区外岩体与锚固范围内岩体间发生了较大离层、滑动,锚网大范围破损,部分区域出现漏顶、垮冒;巷道两帮岩体不断向巷道内部自由空间挤压收敛,U型钢棚支架被压曲变形,金属网开裂,两帮变形存在一定程度的不对称性,巷道局部区域存在不同程度的片帮现象。顶板及帮部变形情况如图2所示。
2) 支护失效情况较多。巷道支护体及支护构件都存在失效破坏现象,锚杆与围岩体一起产生移动,锚杆托盘发生变形,部分锚杆被拉断,金属网破裂严重,部分U型钢架变形大。巷道内空间在支护失效情况下被严重压缩,不利于运输与行人安全。
戊二采区运输巷原方案采用2种支护结构:巷道正常段为“锚网喷+锚索”联合支护;而巷道岩石破碎及穿煤段为“锚网喷+锚索+U36钢拱架”联合支护。QR段位于运输巷正常段,其原支护方案具体为:拱部锚杆选用Φ22 mm×2 400 mm高强锚杆,帮部锚杆选用Φ22 mm×2 400 mm等强锚杆,间排距700 mm×700 mm;金属网选用直径6 mm冷拔丝金属网,网格间距80 mm×80 mm,搭接长度100 mm;喷射混凝土厚度120 mm,混凝土标号均为C20;锚索选用Φ17.8 mm×6 500 mm 树脂锚索,布置于拱部,每排布置5根,间排距1 400 mm×1 400 mm。根据现场调研、地应力测试和室内试验,戊二采区运输巷QR段变形破坏主要原因可概括为4个方面。
通过地应力测试得出最大主应力、中间主应力及最小主应力的大小、方向和倾角,根据方位角判定该巷道沿着最大主应力方向掘进,其轴向水平应力为31.6 MPa,垂直巷道轴向水平应力为12.8 MPa,巷道所受垂直应力为15.6 MPa。平煤六矿主要以水平应力为主,在水平应力作用下,巷道顶板受到剪切应力作用,巷道顶板会发生离层。当离层发展到一定程度时,直接顶与煤层间的岩层完全分离,巷道顶板宏观上表现为整体垮落,当离层高度过大时锚固承载结构与岩层黏结度降低,易发生冒顶事故。
对戊二采区运输巷围岩取样并采用自动多晶粒粉末X射线衍射仪测试,分析出围岩主要矿物组份为:高岭石含量47.84%、石英含量26.92%、菱铁矿含量16.35%、云母含量5.36%及锐钛矿3.47%等。其中高岭石亲水性较强,当巷道围岩遇水后,水将浸入巷道围岩的裂隙和孔隙中,高岭石吸附水膜将大大增厚,削弱颗粒间黏结力,致使颗粒间发生破坏,进而发生软化、崩解,从宏观上表现为巷道围岩体积发生膨胀变形或脱落掉块,加剧巷道围岩变形破坏。
为研究巷道围岩及煤层内部结构对巷道变形影响,分别对运输巷顶板、巷帮和顶板夹煤层(戊8煤层)取样,采用扫描电镜进行观测,观测结果如图3所示。由图3可知:顶板岩样和巷帮裂隙纵横交错,分布范围大,存在较多粒状结构;煤样相较于顶板和巷帮岩样,其裂隙与破碎程度要更明显。岩体中存在的粒状结构与交错裂隙能够降低围岩强度,从而对巷道稳定性产生不利影响。
1) 戊二采区运输巷原支护方案沿戊 9 - 10煤施工,顶板存在厚度为2.8 m的戊8煤层,煤层强度低,整体性差;顶板还存在0.3 m煤线,戊8煤层中含有2~3层夹矸,顶板层理明显,各煤(岩)层界面黏结力低,这都大大降低了顶板承载力。
2) 在原支护方案中,顶板锚杆端部布置在戊8煤层中,锚固效果差。顶板锚索穿过戊8煤层,上部砂质泥岩中锚固段长度仅有0.6~1.0 m,锚固在稳定岩层中的长度较短,锚固力严重不足。在高地应力作用下,顶板与支护结构的整体承载力无法抵抗围岩压力,顶板破碎并产生严重下沉变形。
3) 帮部支护属于普通锚杆支护,在上覆岩层传递的竖向荷载和高水平侧向压力双重作用下,围岩发生破裂,并不断向巷道内挤压收缩。
4) 矿压显现剧烈,部分区域发生漏冒,多数锚杆被拔出,原方案支护结构沿巷道长度大范围失效。
组合拱力学模型如图4所示,模型中假设巷道围岩为均匀、各向同性介质,且不考虑轴向水平应力的影响[9]
图4中,P0为原岩应力,MPa; σ r σ z σ θ分别表示巷道径向、轴向和切向应力,MPa;q为围岩破裂稳定区承载力,MPa;b为围岩破裂稳定区厚度,m; P i为锚杆、钢筋网、支架等支护结构所提供的支护阻力,MPa; r 0为巷道拱形半径,m;Fn为破裂稳定区垂直荷载,MPa
1) 根据摩尔-库伦强度准则,在极限平衡状态下,围岩破裂稳定区表面切向应力可表示为:
P c = P i 1 + s i n φ 1 - s i n φ + 2 c c o s φ 1 - s i n φ
式中:Pc为切向应力,MPa; φ为围岩破裂稳定区内摩擦角,(°); c为围岩破裂稳定区黏聚力,MPa。
根据相关研究[9-10],组合拱围岩破裂稳定区垂直荷载Fn可分为2个部分进行分析,一部分与围岩破裂稳定区的切向应力Pc相抵消,另一部分为沿径向增量部分,用f(x)表示;同时,对于围岩破裂稳定区垂直荷载Fn也可在围岩破裂稳定区内外表面分别取圆弧段进行微分计算,具体计算过程参见文献[9]。
得出相应的静力平衡方程为:
π 0 q ( r 0 + b ) s i n α d α - π 0 p i r 0 s i n α d α = 2 P c b + 2 0 b f ( x ) d x
从而得出围岩破裂稳定区承载力q为:
q = p i 1 + s i n φ 1 - s i n φ b r 0 + b + r 0 r 0 + b + 2 c c o s φ 1 - s i n φ b r 0 + b + 0 b f ( x ) d x r 0 + b
2) 巷道顶板受到的压力主要来自上覆松动岩层所产生的荷载,对于上覆松动岩层荷载的计算采用卡斯特纳公式[10]
巷道塑性区半径 r p的表达式为:
r p r 0 = ( c c o t φ + P 0 ) ( 1 - s i n φ ) p i + c c o t φ 1 - s i n φ 2 s i n φ
上覆松动岩层厚度 B的表达式为:
B r 0 = ( c c o t φ + P 0 ) ( 1 - s i n φ ) ( p i + c c o t φ ) ( 1 + s i n φ ) 1 - s i n φ 2 s i n φ - 1
式中:rp为塑性区半径,m;B为上覆松动岩层厚度,m。
卡斯特纳公式是以侧压力系数为1的圆形巷道为假设条件进行推导得出的,而原方案巷道为直墙半圆拱形巷道,侧压力系数并非为1。因此在原巷道顶板上覆岩层荷载计算时,须先对巷道半径 r 0,原岩应力 P 0进行转化。
直墙半圆拱形巷道半径 r ' 0可表示为:
r ' 0 = B 2 2 + H 2 / ( 2 H )
直墙半圆拱形巷道原岩应力 p ' 0可表示为:
p ' 0 = 1 + λ 2 p 0
式中:H为巷道高度,m; r ' 0为原巷道转换半径,m; p ' 0为转换原岩应力,MPa。
为维护巷道围岩稳定,组合拱围岩破裂稳定区的承载力须大于顶板上覆岩层产生的压力,即q,其中, γ为上覆松动岩层平均容重,kN/m3
现根据原支护体系下运输巷围岩具体物理力学参数进行分析,原方案巷道跨度B1为6 m,高度H1为4 m,锚杆等效长度L为2.4 m,原岩应力p0为15 MPa,围岩破裂稳定区平均容重γ为25 kN/m3,围岩破裂后强度衰减主要源于围岩黏聚力c的降低且顶板岩层中存在夹煤层(戊8煤层)。因此,对c取值为0.1 MPa,内摩擦角φ取25°,侧压力系数λ取2,支护反力Pi取值0.3 MPa。
计算可得, B γ值为732.5 kPa,围岩破裂稳定区承载力 q可表示为 0.366 + 0 b f ( x ) d x / 5.332 M P a 由于 0 b f ( x ) d x / ( r 0 + b )表示围岩破裂稳定区承载力的径向应力分量,且 σ θ > σ z > σ r,由此可知:q<732.5 kPa,即q<。因此,判断出戊二采区运输巷顶板松动岩层产生的荷载超出破裂稳定区的承载能力,巷道围岩发生失稳破坏。
1) 戊二采区运输巷控制方案。针对原方案托戊8煤层掘进,顶板稳定性差,支护结构的支护力严重不足等问题,返修巷道采用“锚网索+梁+注浆+组合砂浆锚索”联合支护方案进行支护,具体支护方案如图5所示。首先,沿戊8煤层顶板进行扩刷,将上部更稳定岩层作为巷道顶板,提高顶板承载力,减少顶板变形;其次采用锚网索、梯子梁对扩刷巷道顶板、两帮及顶底角进行基本支护,锚网索、梯子梁与围岩相互耦合,共同提高巷道自稳能力;再次,对巷道围岩进行深浅孔注浆,浆液在高压泵作用下渗透到围岩裂隙中并与围岩固结形成网络骨架结构,显著提高围岩整体强度和自承能力;最后,确定注浆效果,强度符合设计要求后,顶板及帮部关键部位采用组合砂浆锚索进行加强支护,由于组合砂浆锚索的长度和承载力均明显优于普通锚索,锚固于更深部的稳定岩层中,围岩承载力进一步加强,围岩变形得到有效控制,最终保证了巷道稳定。
2) 锚、网、喷支护参数选取。锚、网、喷支护可在围岩浅部形成一个厚度较小的“内层锚固拱结构”,因此,可通过计算破裂稳定区厚度并结合围岩松动圈钻孔成像仪来确定围岩软化破碎范围,以此设计出锚杆参数。
依据理论计算与现场窥视,锚、网、喷支护的参数选取为:锚杆选用直径为22 mm、长度为2 600 mm的高强锚杆,锚杆材质为BHRB500 左旋无纵筋螺纹钢,锚杆外露100 mm,间排距700 mm×700 mm。采用双层金属网护顶,金属网为Ф6 mm的冷拔钢丝网,网格80 mm×80 mm,并配合钢带进行支护。锚网索、梁、注浆、组合砂浆锚索联合支护要求喷射混凝土标号C25,喷射厚度100~150 mm。
3) 锚索和注浆参数选取。高强树脂锚索能锚固在深部稳定岩层中,锚索长度应超出巷道围岩塑性区范围,塑性区采用式(4)和式(5)计算并通过钻孔窥视进一步确定;围岩深、浅孔注浆能显著增强围岩力学参数(内摩擦角、弹性模量、黏聚力),提高围岩完整性;组合砂浆锚索能锚固于更深部岩层,并与锚网索、注浆支护形成内外耦合进一步提高支护强度,组合砂浆锚索参数设计借鉴国内外巷道支护经验及本矿区已有工程应用情况。
通过计算、现场窥视及工程借鉴,锚索和注浆参数为:锚索采用直径21.6 mm,长度8 000 mm高强树脂锚索,间排距1 400 mm×1 400 mm,锚固长度为 1 600 mm。 深浅孔注浆初步孔深2.5和4 m,顶帮全封闭均匀布孔,注浆孔间排距1.5 m,注浆终孔压力3 MPa,巷道底角采用深孔注浆。待注浆效果、强度符合要求后,采用组合砂浆锚索对巷道顶板和两帮进行加固,组合砂浆锚索采用4根Ф17.8 mm×13 000 mm 锚索编织,间排距2 800 mm×2 800 mm。
考虑到戊二采区运输巷岩层倾角为9°左右,且为顺层掘进,所以将有限差分数值计算模型简化为水平岩层分析。模型长、宽、高均为50 m;原方案巷道为直墙拱形,宽、高分别为5.2、3.8 m,顶板存在2.8 m厚的夹煤层(戊8煤层);返修方案巷道为矩形巷道,宽、高分别为6、4.8 m,沿戊8煤层顶板进行扩刷,数值模型如图6所示。
煤岩体采用摩尔-库伦本构模型,巷道围岩物理力学参数取值参考现场测定及平顶山矿区地应力分布特征的相关研究[11]。开挖过程中模型四周与底部限制边界位移,模型边界应力按照测得的地应力结果进行施加,即在顶部施加15.6 MPa垂直荷载,左右施加12.8 MPa侧向水平荷载,前后施加31.6 MPa轴向水平荷载。煤岩物理力学参数见表1
原方案与返修方案数值模拟结果如图7所示。
图7可知:原方案巷道巷帮两侧存在较大的竖向应力集中区域,顶板最大竖向位移为123 mm,顶板还存在应力集中区;返修巷道较原巷道竖向应力集中区域小,顶板最大竖向位移为52 mm,但返修巷道肩部及底角存在应力集中区,可通过增设顶底角锚杆来控制顶底角围岩变形。扩修后,巷道应力集中现象较返修前得到了有效改善,位移量也显著减小,巷道变形得到了有效控制。
返修方案数值模拟塑性区分布如图8所示。由图8可知:由于顶底板与两帮岩体岩性存在差异,特别是两帮岩性偏软,导致巷帮塑性区范围明显大于顶板及底板。顶底板塑性区分布深度小,最大深度约为1.5 m,而两帮塑性区分布深度较大,最大深度约为6 m。采用提出的“锚网索+梁+注浆+组合砂浆锚索”联合控制方案,虽然两帮存在一定范围的剪切破坏,但返修控制方案中布设的高强树脂锚索、组合砂浆锚索锚固深度远超出两帮塑性破坏深度,从而能够在充分发挥顶板整体强度的基础上,进一步提高两帮岩体稳定性,并改善围岩应力状态,进而保证巷道围岩变形及稳定性得到有效控制[12-13]
扩修后的运输巷采用十字交叉法进行矿压监测,并从268架处的顶板和巷帮各取一监测点进行分析。268架处两监测点70天监测数据如图9所示,可以看出,扩修后巷道顶底板移近量大于两帮收敛量,顶底板最大移近量为113 mm,两帮最大收敛值为94 mm;前期巷道变形量较大,但在一段时间约30天后,巷道顶底板及两帮变形趋缓,监测后期约50天后,各变形量逐渐趋于稳定,收敛速率均低于1 mm/d。 由现场试验及监测结果可知:返修巷道采用联合控制方案有效减少了运输巷围岩变形量,返修巷道顶底板及两帮变形较小且均在可控、允许范围内,返修支护控制效果显著。
1) 戊二采区运输巷为深部软岩巷道,围岩矿物成分多以黏土矿物为主,裂隙较为发育,且顶板存在完整厚度较大的夹煤层,在高地应力环境下,巷道变形严重,控制难度大。
2) 根据组合拱理论,围岩破裂稳定区是巷道的承载主体,原支护体系下,破裂稳定区承载能力差,巷道出现失稳破坏。
3) 将运输巷顶板沿夹煤层进行扩刷,顶板承载能力显著提高,巷道应力集中范围、顶板变形量较返修前均得到明显改善。
4) 深部软岩巷道顶板夹层厚度较大,应当沿软弱夹层进行扩刷,彻底消除其对顶板的影响,并注浆加固围岩,恢复巷道自承能力,在关键部位加强支护,巷道围岩变形得到有效控制。
  • 湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(21B0487)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金面上项目资助(2020JJ4305)
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0806
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
  • 修回日期:2023-11-11
基金
湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(21B0487)
湖南省自然科学基金面上项目资助(2020JJ4305)
作者信息
    1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2 湖南科技大学南方煤矿瓦斯与顶板灾害预防控制安全生产重点实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201
    3 毛田镇人民政府,湖南 湘乡 411406

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**张峰彬(1997—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩石力学与地下工程围岩控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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