Article(id=1149741816011998072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0200-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692028800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-15, revisedDate=1700064000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410107, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410107, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=200, endPage=205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741816611783551, articleId=1149741816011998072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Ignition mechanism of high-voltage power cables under influence of internal heat source, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the spontaneous combustion mechanism of high-voltage power cables under the effect of core heating when it was overloaded or short circuited,heating rods was used to simulate the internal heat source for experimental research. The influence of the power of the internal heat source and the cross-sectional area of the inner core of the cable on the key parameters of the spontaneous combustion characteristics,such as cable temperature rise and ignition time,were analyzed. It was found the whole process of cable from heating to ignition to combustion can be divided into four stages: initial heating,pyrolysis gas escaping,ignition,combustion and extinguishment. The results show that the dripping of insulating layer melt leads to the change of flame shape. The heating rate of the surface temperature of each structural layer of the cable increases with the increase of internal heat source power and the decrease of the distance to the surface of the internal heat source. The increase in the power weakens the influence of the cross-sectional area of the inner core of the cable on the heating rate of each layer. The ignition time of the cable is linearly decreasing with the power of the internal heat source.

, correspAuthors=Weiguang AN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao WANG, Xiaofeng SONG, Wenshu XU, Weiguang AN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741837902070288, articleId=1149741816011998072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=内热源影响下高压电力电缆着火机制, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究高压电力电缆因过载或短路且线芯发热影响下的着火机制,使用加热棒模拟电缆内部故障热源,并开展电缆着火试验,分析内热源功率及电缆线芯截面积对电缆温升、着火时间等着火关键参数的影响,发现电缆从被加热至着火到燃烧的全过程可分为初期加热、热解气体逸出、着火、燃烧及熄灭4个阶段。结果表明:绝缘层熔融物的滴落会导致火焰形态发生变化,电缆各结构层表面温度的升温速率随内热源功率的增加及与内热源表面距离的减小而增大,功率的增加弱化了电缆线芯截面积对各层升温速率的影响;电缆的着火时间与内热源功率呈线性递减的关系。

, correspAuthors=安伟光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**安伟光(1986—),男,河北无极人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事重大基础设施火灾安全及应急救援方面的研究。E-mail:
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王 涛 (1996—),男,安徽池州人,博士研究生,研究方向为固体材料燃烧及火蔓延特性。E-mail:

安伟光,教授

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内热源影响下高压电力电缆着火机制
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王涛 1, 2 , 宋晓枫 1, 2 , 徐文淑 1, 2 , 安伟光 1, 2, 3, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 200-205
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 200-205
内热源影响下高压电力电缆着火机制
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王涛1, 2 , 宋晓枫1, 2, 徐文淑1, 2, 安伟光1, 2, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2 中国矿业大学 江苏省城市地下空间火灾防护高校重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 3 江苏省安全应急装备技术创新中心,江苏 徐州 221100
  • 王 涛 (1996—),男,安徽池州人,博士研究生,研究方向为固体材料燃烧及火蔓延特性。E-mail:

    安伟光,教授

通讯作者:

**安伟光(1986—),男,河北无极人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事重大基础设施火灾安全及应急救援方面的研究。E-mail:
Ignition mechanism of high-voltage power cables under influence of internal heat source
Tao WANG1, 2 , Xiaofeng SONG1, 2, Wenshu XU1, 2, Weiguang AN1, 2, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 3 Jiangsu Safety Emergency Equipment Technology Innovation Center,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221100,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1133
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为探究高压电力电缆因过载或短路且线芯发热影响下的着火机制,使用加热棒模拟电缆内部故障热源,并开展电缆着火试验,分析内热源功率及电缆线芯截面积对电缆温升、着火时间等着火关键参数的影响,发现电缆从被加热至着火到燃烧的全过程可分为初期加热、热解气体逸出、着火、燃烧及熄灭4个阶段。结果表明:绝缘层熔融物的滴落会导致火焰形态发生变化,电缆各结构层表面温度的升温速率随内热源功率的增加及与内热源表面距离的减小而增大,功率的增加弱化了电缆线芯截面积对各层升温速率的影响;电缆的着火时间与内热源功率呈线性递减的关系。

内热源  /  高压电力电缆  /  着火时间  /  截面积  /  表面温度

In order to explore the spontaneous combustion mechanism of high-voltage power cables under the effect of core heating when it was overloaded or short circuited,heating rods was used to simulate the internal heat source for experimental research. The influence of the power of the internal heat source and the cross-sectional area of the inner core of the cable on the key parameters of the spontaneous combustion characteristics,such as cable temperature rise and ignition time,were analyzed. It was found the whole process of cable from heating to ignition to combustion can be divided into four stages: initial heating,pyrolysis gas escaping,ignition,combustion and extinguishment. The results show that the dripping of insulating layer melt leads to the change of flame shape. The heating rate of the surface temperature of each structural layer of the cable increases with the increase of internal heat source power and the decrease of the distance to the surface of the internal heat source. The increase in the power weakens the influence of the cross-sectional area of the inner core of the cable on the heating rate of each layer. The ignition time of the cable is linearly decreasing with the power of the internal heat source.

internal heat source  /  high-voltage power cables  /  ignition time  /  cross-sectional area  /  surface temperature
王涛, 宋晓枫, 徐文淑, 安伟光. 内热源影响下高压电力电缆着火机制. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 200 -205 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1133
Tao WANG, Xiaofeng SONG, Wenshu XU, Weiguang AN. Ignition mechanism of high-voltage power cables under influence of internal heat source[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 200 -205 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1133
电缆作为电力和通信传输的主要载体,被广泛应用于居民日常生活和产业发展的多个领域。电缆内部存在的金属线芯在过载或短路时会产热,并通过热传导的方式持续加热绝缘层和护套层,最终引发电缆火灾,造成严重的后果[1]
FUJITA等[2]发现,在微重力环境下,聚乙烯电线在停止电流供应时也很容易着火。TAKANO等[3]提出微重力条件下电流恒定时,电线的点火极限氧气体积分数更低。刘凯等[4]研究发现,线芯截面积小、绝缘层厚度大,会使电缆内外温差增大,进而点燃电缆。李波等[5]探讨了通电电流、线芯温度和电缆表面温度间的关系,并基于电缆表面温度提出了针对电力电缆内因火灾的预警办法。钟委等[6]研究发现,热源功率的增加会缩短15 kV铜芯电缆的着火时间。杨硕等[7]认为,聚氯乙烯多芯铜导线在通电电流为204 A时会熔断起火。
综上,现有研究主要集中于较小直径电线在多因素影响下的着火特性和较大直径电缆在故障时的升温特性2方面,对于高压电力电缆因过载或短路着火的研究较少。为此,笔者将分析内热源功率和电缆线芯截面积影响下电缆各结构层表面升温特性、着火时间等着火关键参数及燃烧特性,以期为高压电力电缆火灾事故的预防提供理论依据。
开展高压电力电缆着火试验研究,其装置如图1 所示。试验选用单芯的高压电力电缆(铝芯交联聚乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯外护套电缆),绝缘层和外护套厚度相同,线芯截面积S分别为35、50、70、95、120、150、185和240mm2,加热棒长度均为10cm,功率P为150、175、200、225、250、275、300 W,共56种工况。试验开始前,将各类型的电缆截成长度10cm,去除电缆内部铝芯并用加热棒填充,使用 220 V 电压给加热棒供电,记录从通电开始至火焰出现(电缆着火)的时间(着火时间)。电缆着火瞬间断开加热棒电源。
数据采集系统包括高清摄像机、红外热成像仪(像素数为384×288)、K型热电偶(直径1mm)和温度采集仪,其中,热电偶从侧边插入,分别测量加热棒表面温度和绝缘层外表面温度,具体测量点如图1b 所示,采样频率为1s。高清摄像机和红外热成像仪记录电缆着火和燃烧的全过程,红外热成像仪用来获取电缆表面温度。为保证热像仪获取的电缆表面温度与实际温度相符,需调试红外热成像仪发射率。通过改变发射率ε,对比电缆表面3个热电偶测得的平均温度与热成像获取的温度,结果如图2a 所示。可以发现,当ε为0.9时,2种方式获得的温度最接近且变化趋势相同,因此,将热成像的ε设定为0.9。P为150、225、300 W,S为150mm2时,加热棒表面温度随时间变化的曲线如图2b所示。不同功率下加热棒表面温度的变化趋势相同,先以幂函数形式增加至平衡温度(此时断开电源),后逐渐降低至室温。随着功率的增加,表面温度达到平衡所需的时间越短。每组试验重复2~3次,以保证结果的准确性。
S为35mm2的电缆在内热源影响下从通电加热至着火到燃烧的全过程如图3所示。该过程可分为初期加热、热解气体逸出、着火、燃烧及熄灭4个阶段。在第一阶段,加热棒表面温度呈快速增长,电缆的绝缘层被加热而温度升高,此时绝缘层发生相变,由固态逐渐转变为熔融态,该阶段持续时间较短,为30~60s。在第二阶段,在加热棒的持续加热下,绝缘层温度持续升高进而发生热解,大量的热解气体不断逸出,释放出的气体与周围的氧气混合,形成热的可燃混合物,为后续的着火提供适宜条件[28-9],该阶段一直持续至着火前1s。在此期间,电缆护套层表面由光滑逐渐收缩变形,甚至出现破裂现象,如175 W的395s和200 W的 348s。 在第三阶段,电缆着火,出现明亮的火焰。为了确定初始点火的位置,分析着火前瞬间的图像,如图4所示,着火最先出现在热解气体的区域,与电线过载时着火相同,大量的高温热解气体从电线中逸出[2],随即发生燃烧,随后电缆也燃烧,该阶段持续时间很短,约为1s。在电缆着火时刻,火焰几乎都出现在电缆的两端,这与大部分高温热解气体从两端逸出有关,热解气体在发生燃烧后,火焰沿着高温热解气体逸出的反方向迅速移动直至电缆着火。在第四阶段,电缆稳定燃烧,火焰体积、火焰高度及火焰宽度随着时间的增加逐渐减小,最终火焰熄灭,该阶段的持续时间受电缆尺寸的影响,较大尺寸的电缆燃烧时间相对较长。
P=250 W,S=240mm2时,熔融物的滴落过程如图5所示。在滴落前,火焰高度和宽度基本保持不变。在熔融液滴与电缆分离瞬间,火焰高度出现小幅增加,液滴在滴落过程中仍然保持燃烧状态,火焰高度最终降低至最小值,宽度和体积也随之变小。
对整个滴落过程(0.32s)视频进行图像处理,获取火焰高度和宽度的值,如图6所示。可以看出,火焰宽度在整个过程中逐渐减小,由最初的141mm减小至134mm,最终在滴落后减小为118mm,最大减幅为16.3%,这与通电电线熔融物滴落过程不同,电线在熔融滴落过程中,火焰宽度基本保持不变,仅在滴落时出现小幅度减小[10];火焰高度由最初的135mm增长至发生滴落时的最大值145mm,再至滴落后减小为93.5mm,最大减幅达到35.5%。相比于火焰宽度,火焰高度受熔融物滴落的影响更大。
S=240mm2时电缆被加热至着火到燃烧全过程各结构层表面温度变化如图7所示,虚线为P为 300 W 时的着火时刻。在加热阶段(阶段I),当加热棒表面温度达到最高时电缆着火,最高温度为570℃,此时,绝缘层和护套层表面温度仍处于上升阶段。随后进入燃烧阶段(阶段II),加热棒表面温度逐渐降低,绝缘层和护套层表面温度在火焰加热下先升高至最高温度后缓慢下降,最高温度分别为296和174℃。此外,各层表面温度的增加速率都随功率的增加而增加,而降低速率则几乎相近,与功率无明显关系。值得注意的是,300和275 W的加热棒表面温度曲线在点火前出现一个“肩”,这与加热棒自身的升温速率有关,如图2b所示,加热棒在一定时间后会达到一个平衡温度。在电缆绝缘层和护套层的包裹下,加热棒表面的升温速率相较于暴露在空气中的有所增长,所以300和275 W的加热棒表面温度在着火前已达到平衡温度,但热量不能及时排出,又会出现二次增长直至电缆着火后达到最高温度。300 W的绝缘层表面温度同样着火后也出现一个“肩”,这是因为该阶段燃烧处于暂时的稳定阶段,火焰只出现在电缆的左侧,如图7b中的左侧火焰图所示,此时温度保持相对平衡,而随着燃烧的持续,火焰向右侧蔓延,火势逐渐增大,其温度逐渐上升直至整根电缆均燃烧后达到最高温度,如图7b中的右侧火焰图所示。
图8为各层表面温度变化与时间的分阶段经验式拟合结果。在升温阶段,加热棒、绝缘层和护套层表面温度与时间的拟合函数关系式为:
θ = 22.9 t 0.56
式中:θ为各层表面温度,℃;t为试验时间,s。加热棒表面温度与时间呈幂函数关系[11],绝缘层和护套层表面温度都与时间呈三次函数关系。
θ = 36.9 - 0.27 t + 0.004 t 2 - 0.0000043 t 3
θ = 34.1 - 0.07 t + 0.002 t 2 - 0.0000025 t 3
在电缆被加热至着火的过程中,加热棒的热量大部分通过热传导传递给绝缘层[12],再通过绝缘层传递给护套层;由于加热棒导热性能比绝缘层向护套层导热的性能更好,绝缘层的升温速率更大。在降温阶段,加热棒表面温度与时间呈二次函数关系:
θ = 896.3 - 1.38 t + 0.0008 t 2
绝缘层和护套层表面温度都随时间线性递减:
θ = 372.94 - 0.13 t
θ = 185.6 - 0.02 t
图9为不同线芯截面积电缆的着火时间与内热源功率的关系。可以看出,随着内热源功率的增加,着火时间逐渐减小。对相同内热源功率下不同线芯截面积电缆的着火时间进行平均,着火时间与内热源功率呈线性关系:
T i = - 1.67 P + 759.7
式中Ti为着火时间,s。
图10为不同内热源功率影响下着火时间与电缆线芯截面积的关系。可以看出,随着内热源功率的增加,电缆线芯截面积对着火时间的影响效果减小。如当P为150 W时,S为240mm2的着火时间比35mm2时大274s;当P为300 W时,前者比后者大121s。当P=150 W时,内热源的表面积随电缆线芯截面积的增大而增加,升温速率减小:S为35和240mm2时内热源表面温度升至200℃所需时间分别为35和150s;绝缘层和护套层的总体积随着电缆线芯截面积的增加而增大,从受热升温至热解温度所需的时间更长:S为35和240mm2时绝缘层表面温度升至200℃所需时间分别为276和523s。当P=300 W时,内热源升温速率受电缆线芯截面积的影响减小:S为35和240mm2时内热源表面温度升至200 ℃所需时间分别为30和60s;绝缘层表面温度升至200℃所需时间分别为132和341s。
1) 高压电力电缆在内热源影响下,从通电加热至着火到燃烧的全过程可分为初期加热、热解气体逸出、着火和燃烧及熄灭4个阶段。
2) 高压电力电缆各结构层表面温度随时间的变化过程可根据着火时刻划分为加热和燃烧2个阶段,且各层的升温速率随着内热源功率的增加及与内热源表面距离的减小而增大。功率的增加弱化了电缆线芯截面积对各层升温速率的影响。
3) 高压电力电缆的着火时间与内热源功率呈线性递减关系;随着内热源功率的增加,电缆线芯截面积对着火时间的影响减小。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51974298)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52374244)
  • 江苏省科技计划专项资金项目(BE2023049)
  • 江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX23_2844)
  • 中国矿业大学研究生创新计划项目(2023WLKXJ134)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.1133
  • 接收时间:2023-08-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-15
  • 修回日期:2023-11-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(51974298)
国家自然科学基金资助(52374244)
江苏省科技计划专项资金项目(BE2023049)
江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX23_2844)
中国矿业大学研究生创新计划项目(2023WLKXJ134)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2 中国矿业大学 江苏省城市地下空间火灾防护高校重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
    3 江苏省安全应急装备技术创新中心,江苏 徐州 221100

通讯作者:

**安伟光(1986—),男,河北无极人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事重大基础设施火灾安全及应急救援方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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