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To explore the slipstream characteristics of 400 km/h high-speed trains passing through tunnels,a three-dimensional,unsteady,compressible and realizable k-ε turbulence model was used to perform numerical simulations to analyze the time evolution and spatial distributions of slipstream in tunnels. In addition,the flow field around the train was zoned according to the times when each part of the train reached and left the measuring point. Five characteristic parameters were used to measure the change of the slipstream speed in each area. The influence of different train formation lengths and tunnel lengths was discussed. The research results show that the change characteristics of slipstream in the tunnel are significantly affected by the train running position and pressure wave propagation. The slipstream peak increases with the increase of train formation length and speed,and the peak arrival time is delayed and advanced. The positive peak value of 8 formation is 68.75% higher than that of 3 formation,and the peak value at 400 km/h is 22.65% higher than that of 300 km/h. Under the same tunnel length,the maximum positive peak slipstream appears at the midpoint of the tunnel,and the fluctuations here are more intense and complex. The influence of pressure wave in the long tunnel on the peak slipstream speed is weakened. When the tunnel length reaches 3km,the positive peak slipstream drops by 30.70% compared with the length of 1km.

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为探明400 km/h高速列车在隧道内运行时的列车风特性,采用三维、非定常、可压缩和可实现的k-ε湍流模型进行数值模拟计算,分析隧道内列车风时域演变特征和空间分布特征,并按照列车各部分到达和驶离测点的时间对车体周围流场进行分区,采用5个特征参数衡量各区域内列车风速度的变化,探讨列车编组长度和隧道长度对列车风的影响。研究结果表明:隧道内列车风时域变化特征受列车运行位置和隧道内压力波传播的显著影响;列车风正峰值会随着列车编组长度、列车速度的增大而增加,且峰值到达时刻分别延后和提前,8车编组对应的列车风正峰值相较于 3车编组时增加68.75%,400 km/h时的列车风正峰值相较于300 km/h时增加22.65%;同种隧道长度下的列车风速度最大正峰值出现在隧道中点位置处,且此处的波动更为剧烈复杂,主要是压缩波和膨胀波叠加得更加频繁。长隧道内压力波系叠加对列车风速度峰值的影响减弱,当隧道长度达到 3 km 时,列车风正峰值相较于1 km长度时下降30.70%。

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熊小慧 (1978—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事轮轨和磁浮列车空气动力学数值仿真及试验、轨道交通行车安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

陈光,讲师

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熊小慧 (1978—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事轮轨和磁浮列车空气动力学数值仿真及试验、轨道交通行车安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

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400 km/h高速列车过隧道时列车风特性研究
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熊小慧 1, 2, 3 , 张朵朵 1, 2, 3 , 耿语堂 1, 2, 3 , 杨波 1, 2, 3 , 唐明赞 1, 2, 3 , 陈光 1, 2, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(1): 106-115
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(1): 106-115
400 km/h高速列车过隧道时列车风特性研究
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熊小慧1, 2, 3 , 张朵朵1, 2, 3, 耿语堂1, 2, 3, 杨波1, 2, 3, 唐明赞1, 2, 3, 陈光1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中南大学 轨道交通安全教育部重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410075
  • 2 中南大学 轨道交通安全关键技术国际合作联合实验室,湖南 长沙 410075
  • 3 中南大学 轨道交通列车安全保障技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,湖南 长沙 410075
  • 熊小慧 (1978—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事轮轨和磁浮列车空气动力学数值仿真及试验、轨道交通行车安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

    陈光,讲师

Study on slipstream characteristics of 400 km/h high-speed trains passing through tunnels
Xiaohui XIONG1, 2, 3 , Duoduo ZHANG1, 2, 3, Yutang GENG1, 2, 3, Bo YANG1, 2, 3, Mingzan TANG1, 2, 3, Guang CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410075,China
  • 2 Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410075,China
  • 3 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410075,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0435
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为探明400 km/h高速列车在隧道内运行时的列车风特性,采用三维、非定常、可压缩和可实现的k-ε湍流模型进行数值模拟计算,分析隧道内列车风时域演变特征和空间分布特征,并按照列车各部分到达和驶离测点的时间对车体周围流场进行分区,采用5个特征参数衡量各区域内列车风速度的变化,探讨列车编组长度和隧道长度对列车风的影响。研究结果表明:隧道内列车风时域变化特征受列车运行位置和隧道内压力波传播的显著影响;列车风正峰值会随着列车编组长度、列车速度的增大而增加,且峰值到达时刻分别延后和提前,8车编组对应的列车风正峰值相较于 3车编组时增加68.75%,400 km/h时的列车风正峰值相较于300 km/h时增加22.65%;同种隧道长度下的列车风速度最大正峰值出现在隧道中点位置处,且此处的波动更为剧烈复杂,主要是压缩波和膨胀波叠加得更加频繁。长隧道内压力波系叠加对列车风速度峰值的影响减弱,当隧道长度达到 3 km 时,列车风正峰值相较于1 km长度时下降30.70%。

高速列车  /  400km/h高速铁路  /  隧道  /  列车风  /  数值模拟

To explore the slipstream characteristics of 400 km/h high-speed trains passing through tunnels,a three-dimensional,unsteady,compressible and realizable k-ε turbulence model was used to perform numerical simulations to analyze the time evolution and spatial distributions of slipstream in tunnels. In addition,the flow field around the train was zoned according to the times when each part of the train reached and left the measuring point. Five characteristic parameters were used to measure the change of the slipstream speed in each area. The influence of different train formation lengths and tunnel lengths was discussed. The research results show that the change characteristics of slipstream in the tunnel are significantly affected by the train running position and pressure wave propagation. The slipstream peak increases with the increase of train formation length and speed,and the peak arrival time is delayed and advanced. The positive peak value of 8 formation is 68.75% higher than that of 3 formation,and the peak value at 400 km/h is 22.65% higher than that of 300 km/h. Under the same tunnel length,the maximum positive peak slipstream appears at the midpoint of the tunnel,and the fluctuations here are more intense and complex. The influence of pressure wave in the long tunnel on the peak slipstream speed is weakened. When the tunnel length reaches 3km,the positive peak slipstream drops by 30.70% compared with the length of 1km.

high-speed train  /  400km/h high-speed railway  /  tunnel  /  slipstream  /  numerical simulation
熊小慧, 张朵朵, 耿语堂, 杨波, 唐明赞, 陈光. 400 km/h高速列车过隧道时列车风特性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 106 -115 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0435
Xiaohui XIONG, Duoduo ZHANG, Yutang GENG, Bo YANG, Mingzan TANG, Guang CHEN. Study on slipstream characteristics of 400 km/h high-speed trains passing through tunnels[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 106 -115 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0435
我国“十四五”规划和2035年远景规划中均强调要加快建设交通强国。特别是国务院在2021年发布的《“十四五”铁路科技创新发展规划》中强调要加快进行时速400 km CR450科技创新工程技术突破,进一步保持我国在速度领域的领先优势[1]。更高速度与智能化将成为我国高速铁路发展的必由之路[2],目前,时速400km/h等级成渝中线高铁线路建设正在启动,仍沿用350km/h速度下的隧道。而在不增加隧道面积的情况下,进一步提升列车速度,使列车运行过程中产生的空气动力学效应更为显著[3]。尤其当列车高速通过隧道时,带起空气流动形成较强的列车风,将严重危害隧道内作业人员、附属设施及列车运行安全[4-5]。因此,掌握400 km/h高速列车过隧道时列车风演变特征,进一步明确其影响因素的作用,对于列车通过隧道时的行车安全具有重要的意义。
国内外学者针对隧道内列车风的分布特性进行了相关研究。GILBERT等[6]通过动模型试验以及露天控制试验,发现隧道中阵风峰值、压力峰值均比露天条件下高,提出列车风问题应在铁路隧道研究中加以重视;SUZUKI等[7-8]在日本新干线进行了大量的实车试验,测量了不同速度情况下隧道内列车风变化,分析发现,分布在隧道内列车两侧的列车风变化并不相同,列车高速通过隧道时所产生的列车风具有较强的三维特性;王磊等[49]采用数值模拟方法研究了单列列车350km/h速度通过双线隧道时,隧道内车两侧和车顶部的列车风在车辆各部位经过时的峰值变化情况,发现双线隧道内的列车风速度衰减慢且持续时间长;LI Wenhui等[10]通过滑移网格技术对比研究了单车通过和两车交会下隧道内所诱导的三维列车风,从3个方向在不同的空间位置分析了列车风的组成特征。此外,BS EN 14067-3-2003[11]中提到,列车风作为一种三维非定常流动,受多种因素共同影响,如列车速度、堵塞比、列车长度、隧道长度及隧道内初始风速等。因此,学者们对隧道内列车风影响因素的作用特征展开了研究。CHEN Guang等[12]比较了不同列车外形对列车风的影响,表明较短的流线型长度将引起更高的列车风速度;GUO Zijian等[13]采用延迟分离涡模拟方法研究了列车附属部件和编组长度对列车风的影响,指出编组长度增加使得纵向列车风增大,但对横向列车风影响不大;管鸿浩等[14]研究了单列车以350km/h速度通过双线隧道时列车风分布特征,并提出车/隧道耦合参数会对列车风演变产生影响;牛纪强等[15]通过数值模拟方法探讨了隧道内近车侧和远车侧列车风测点在车/隧参数影响下的变化特征。当列车提速至400 km/h,隧道内列车风效应进一步增强,需要进一步开展横截面积为100 m2的隧道内附属设施结构安全性评估[16]
鉴于此,笔者拟采用滑移网格技术,利用流体计算仿真软件STAR-CCM+数值模拟研究高速列车通过隧道时所产生的列车风效应,分析400 km/h时列车周围的流场分布情况和发展特征,探讨不同列车编组长度和隧道长度对隧道内列车风的影响,以期为我国400 km/h等级高速铁路隧道设计及附属设施结构安全阈值提供参考依据。
计算使用的高速列车模型宽度为3.36 m,高度为4.05 m,列车总长为79、129和209m,分别对应 3车、 5车和8车编组的高速动车组。列车模型保留了转向架和风挡几何结构,并简化车门、车窗、受电弓及部分结构。选用横截面积为100 m2的双线隧道,双线轨道2条中心线间距5 m。为模拟轨道高度,列车车轮下边缘距地面高度为0.2 m。数值计算在无缩比条件下开展。隧道长度选取0.649 1、1、2、3、5 km这5种,其中,0.649 1km对应单车以400 km/h速度行驶时最不利长度隧道[10]
以单列列车通过1km长度双线隧道的计算域为例,计算域包括隧道域和外域,外域为2个相同尺寸足够大的长方体,长宽高分别为400、80和40 m,以保证边界不会影响列车周边流场的充分发展。计算区域如图1所示。头车鼻尖点初始位置距隧道入口50 m,坐标系原点位于隧道入口地面处。整个计算区域被划分为区域A和区域B,静止区是包括外域和部分隧道域的区域B。区域A包括列车,沿列车运行方向滑动,末端超出区域B末端1 200 m,将二者接触位置定义成交换面,隧道壁面和整个区域B地面设置为无滑移壁面,计算域的入口端面设定为压力入口,出口端面设定为压力出口,外域的侧面和顶面为对称平面,边界条件如图2所示。
对高速列车风挡、转向架和近车体区域进行网格加密,尤其对尾流区域的加密范围更广,以保证尾流流场充分发展。交换面位置附近的网格也进行加密。为节约计算资源,隧道外域以及滑动区域远离列车处设置相对较少的网格,如图3所示。车体表面网格的尺寸为0.05m,网格单元总数为1 378万。网格划分参考WANG Tiantian等[17]的划分方案。
隧道内气体的流动是非定常可压缩的三维湍流。选择Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程和能量方程作为控制方程。湍流模型为可实现的k-ε模型。时间项离散选取二阶隐式不定长格式,湍流项和对流-扩散项的离散均使用二阶迎风格式。计算的时间步长是0.000 1s,每一个时间步设置50次内迭代,以保证流场求解收敛。
沿隧道长度每隔50m设置测点,以分析隧道内列车风纵向分布特征。以隧道中间截面A-A为例,在距隧道中心线5.5m处垂向布置间隔0.5m的 9个测点,距地面高度2.0 m处列车两侧分别布置间隔0.5m的测点,分析列车风垂向和横向分布特征。隧道长度为1km时测点布置情况如图4所示。
为验证所用数值算法的可行性,建立数值仿真工况与JIANG Zhenhua等[18]在京沪高速铁路隧道中进行的实车试验相同,列车模型和隧道模型各项参数保持一致。压力测点距离隧道入口300 m,列车风测点设置在隧道入口575 m处。图5中,列车在t1时刻进入隧道,在t2时刻列车到达测点位置,t3时车尾离开测点,列车离开隧道发生在t4时刻。从图5可以看出,数值模拟和实车试验得到的列车风和压力系数的演变过程是一致的,且峰值误差相对较小,分别为8.4%和2.0%。仅在列车经过后的尾流区域偏差相对较大,这是由于所用的雷诺时均模型和网格尺度不能较好地解析尾流区域的速度脉动和衰减。整体来说,采用模拟算法是正确有效的,可以进行后续的研究分析。
隧道内列车风具有强瞬变特性,不同时间点的风速变化差距明显,且车身附近的列车风分布差异较大。以单列8车编组高速列车400 km/h通过1km 长度隧道为例,根据列车各部分到达和驶离隧道中间截面x=500m、y=5.5m、z =2.0 m测点的时刻,将列车风分量的时程曲线分成5个区域,并分别定义各分区列车风变化特征,列车风3个方向分量时程曲线如图6所示。使用无量纲系数处理数据,方便后续数据对比及分析,列车风的无量纲速度分别定义为纵向u/V、横向v/V和垂向w/V,其中,V为列车的运行速度,u为纵向速度,v为横向速度,w为垂向速度。从图6可以看出,隧道内列车风主要以纵向分量u/V为主,这一点与文献[10]结论一致。
图6中,Tn表示高速列车进入隧道时刻,Th表示头车到达测点时刻,TcTm表示等截面车身到达和离开测点时刻,Tt表示尾车到达测点时刻,Tx表示列车驶离隧道时刻。①为列车头车鼻尖点到达测点前的区域,纵向列车风始终为正方向,t=Tn时刻列车进入隧道,由于活塞效应影响,测点的纵向列车风速度在约1.4 s时迅速增加,随后产生小幅度波动,约3.6s时风速下降且之后保持稳定,但在列车向前行驶鼻尖点接近测点时,幅值迅速增大,将区域一中测点处列车风速度取得的首个峰值定义为uI /V;②为流线型头车经过测点的区域,t=Th时刻头车到达测点,列车风速度因流线型截面形状改变而先增加后迅速降低,并改变方向达到负峰值,将过程中风速最大变化量定义为ΔuH /V;③为等截面车身经过测点的区域,t=Tct=Tm时刻等截面车身到达和离开测点,列车风速度由负向增加并变为正向,采用列车风增长变化率α衡量风速的变化特征,通过下式计算:
α = u m 1 / V - u m 2 / V Δ t
式中: u m 1/V u m 2/V为中间车到达与驶离测点时的列车风速度;Δt为中间车通过测点所需时间。④为流线型尾车经过测点的区域,t=Tt时刻尾车到达测点,列车风速度先小幅度减小后大幅增加,将过程中列风速度最大变化量定义为ΔuT /V;⑤是尾车鼻尖点离开测点后的区域,随着t=Tx时刻列车驶离隧道,纵向列车风取得正峰值之后不断减小,将列车风速度达到最大值定义为umax /V
隧道内压力波的传播也会对列车风产生影响,图7为隧道内x=750m、y=5.5m、z=2.0 m位置列车风的时程曲线及其与马赫波传播关系。在t1时刻纵向列车风首次增大,这是列车进入隧道时产生的压缩波到达测点位置所致。在t2时刻,列车风第2次增大是因为车头进入所产生的压缩波,经过隧道出口的反射,形成膨胀波到达测点。尾车进入隧道所产生的膨胀波到达测点使得列车风速度在t3时刻首次下降。在t4时刻,尾车进入隧道产生的膨胀波到达隧道出口后,反射形成压缩波到达测点位置,使得风速第2次减小。在t5时刻风速增大,是因为隧道入口反射的压缩波到达测点处。在t6时刻隧道出口反射的膨胀波到达测点位置,风速变大。t7时刻隧道入口反射的膨胀波到达测点,风速降低。
因此,隧道内马赫波的传播对隧道内压力以及列车风均有显著影响。当压缩波到达测点时的传播方向与列车运行方向同向,或者膨胀波到达测点时的传播方向与列车运行方向反向时,测点处列车风速度会增大。
8车编组高速列车以300、350和400 km/h速度通过1km长度隧道时,隧道中间位置y=5.5m、z=2.0m 处的列车风时程曲线及峰值变化特征如图8所示。图8a中,列车风时程变化特征基本相同,但由于列车运行速度的提升,列车会更快到达与离开测点,列车风发生波动时间提前。图8b中列车风正峰值与列车运行速度近似按照线性关系增大,400km/h时的列车风正峰值相较于300 km/h时增加了22.65%,负峰值增加了18.25%。峰值不同主要是由于活塞效应强度随车速增加而增强,引起的压力波动更加剧烈,周围的空气流速受其影响而增大,导致测点处列车风风速增大,说明车速增加对列车尾流区域的流动特性会产生较大的影响。
隧道内列车风沿隧道截面和长度方向分布复杂,不同位置的风速幅值存在较大差异。单列8车编组列车400 km/h通过0.6491km长度隧道时,y=5.5m、z=2.0m测点处列车风正峰值沿纵向分布曲线如图9所示。
图9可知:隧道内列车风峰值在距入口50 m、 200 m、隧道中间位置及距出口200 m位置处相对较大,而出口附近峰值较小。这是由于在距入口及出口200 m位置,列车刚进入和驶出隧道所导致的。由于列车高速运行,外部空气被高速吸入隧道内,因此,距入口50 m位置列车风速度相对较大。后续研究中将针对隧道列车风速度最大的中间位置处,即距入口324.5 m位置截面,分析隧道内列车风的横向及垂向分布特征。
隧道截面横向及垂直方向上,列车风强度和最大值与至车身距离强相关[19],不同横向距离下列车风时程和正峰值变化曲线如图10所示,尾流区处尾部鼻尖点不同截面位置的速度云图如图11所示。
图10a可知:靠近和远离列车运行一侧的列车风正峰值主要出现在尾流区域,且近车侧峰值显著大于远车侧,这是由于列车运行在隧道偏离中心一侧,隧道内流场不对称所致。近车侧处不同测点位置列车风幅值变化差异大,随着与列车距离的增加迅速下降,主要是因为列车尾流强度受距离影响较大。从图11可以看出,尾流区的列车风并不关于列车纵向中心线对称,靠近列车运行侧速度较高并向靠近列车侧的隧道壁面偏移,远离列车运行侧的速度相对较低并向隧道中间偏移。由图10b可知:随着横向距离增加,不同位置列车风正峰值逐渐减小,主要是由于远离列车运行侧空间相对开阔,因此,列车风峰值有较明显的下降梯度,且随着距车身距离的增加下降速度减缓。而靠近列车运行侧列车风正峰值变化也可以大致分为快速下降区和稳定下降区,结合图11隧道中列车尾部处产生的复杂旋涡结构,可以看出,由于列车尾流区域的流动方向均是由远离列车运行侧流向列车运行侧,并形成速度涡,但随着距离尾车鼻尖点的距离越来越远,在隧道壁面吸引下列车运行所产生的速度涡逐渐由1个分离成2个,并不断震荡,尾流强度及高度逐渐降低,因此,随着至车身距离的增加,车身周围气体的流动分离现象逐渐减弱,当靠近列车运行侧距隧道中心线超过5.5 m时,列车风正峰值受列车运行的影响逐渐减小,故选择y=5.5 m位置进一步分析列车风的垂向特性。
隧道内垂向高度也是影响列车风峰值的另一个重要因素,靠近列车侧不同垂向高度纵向列车风的时程曲线和正峰值变化如图12所示。由图12可知:在列车运行一侧不同垂向位置处列车风的波形相似,但列车风正峰值随垂向高度的增加呈线性迅速减小。靠近车头、转向架等设备位置处,由于结构相对复杂,且与地面空间距离较小,车底处气流向速度较低的两侧扩散,进而导致列车底部附近列车风急剧增加。
3车、5车、8车编组高速列车分别以400 km/h的运行速度通过1k m长度双线隧道时,隧道中间截面距隧道中心线5.5 m,距地面高度为2.0 m处的列车风时程变化曲线及峰值变化特征如图13所示。
图13a可以看出,尾车经过引起的列车风幅值均明显大于头车经过时的,这是车体表面边界层厚度在纵向方向增长更快引起的[19]。此外,区域一中列车编组长度增加时,列车风到达第一个正峰值后波动持续的时间增加,这是由于列车尾部到达隧道入口的时间增加,因此,尾部进入隧道所产生的膨胀波到达测点引起风速下降的时间延后。同样,尾车鼻尖点到达测点的时间随列车编组长度的增大而增加,列车风速度达到正峰值的时间延后。由图13b可知:列车编组长度由3车增加至8车时,隧道内列车风正峰值增加68.75%,而负峰值减小21.51%,车长改变引起车身和隧道内的空气流动变化,进而对尾流处的旋涡结构产生影响,导致列车风速度峰值差异明显。
3种列车编组长度对车体周围5个区域列车风的影响曲线如图14所示。由图14a可知:列车未到达测点时,不同编组长度的车辆引起的列车风速度幅值uI /V几乎不变,这是因为初始压力波与列车流线型头型、阻塞比、列车运行速度有关[20],而3种工况条件均相同,因此,由初始压力波引起的列车风速度峰值相近;由于3种编组长度下的头车流线型均相同,改变编组长度时车头经过测点时的列车风幅值变化量ΔuH/V相差不大;列车风特性与边界层的分布以及尾流等流动结构有着较强的联系[21],当编组长度增大时,尾车经过测点的列车风幅值变化量ΔuT/V增大,这是因为列车表面的边界层会沿着车长方向不断发展并逐渐增厚[22],因此,在车长增加时,尾部流线型处边界层厚度有所增加,进而引起列车风速度随之增加,这与文献[13]中列车尾部流线型区域导致流体加速运动的结论一致。尾流区域处,列车风速度幅值umax/V与编组长度的对数呈线性关系增加,结合图15不同编组长度尾流涡量云图可以看出,车尾处气流发生巨大变化,对应取得列车风速度最大值的位置处涡量强度不同,由于车长增加,尾部鼻尖点附近的气流分离有所延迟,且在反向旋转涡的影响下尾流强度显著增大,由此引起风速最大值随之增加。由图14b可知:列车风增长率α随编组长度的增加线性增大,8车时的增长率较3车增大了25.56%,这是不同编组下等截面车身长度不同所致。可见列车编组长度对列车风速度的影响较大。
8车编组高速列车在400km/h速度下分别通过0.649 1、1、2、3和5 k m不同长度隧道时,距隧道入口500m,y=5.5 m,z=2.0 m测点处的列车风时程变化曲线如图16所示。5种隧道长度对车体周围5个区域列车风的影响曲线如图17所示。由图16可知:列车未到达测点的区域①处,t=2.4s后在压力波传到测点位置但还没返回时间内,0.649 1km最短隧道长度下列车风曲线与其他隧道长度差别很大,这是因为短隧道内波的传播和反射周期较短,压力波动更加频繁,同时测点距隧道出口很近,在外界气流同时作用下,空气流动加剧;此外,在区域③、④和⑤处,1km隧道长度下列车风速度波动比其他工况更加复杂剧烈,且对应的列车风正负峰值最大,这是因为压缩波与膨胀波不断在隧道内来回反射且在中点位置处叠加,导致列车风时程曲线变化较大。隧道长度为3km时,列车风正峰值较1km时下降30.70%。由图17可知:当隧道长度≥3km时,列车风峰值和变化量趋于稳定,说明列车通过长隧道时压力波系叠加对峰值和变化量的影响不大。
1) 列车风速度会受到隧道内压力波传播的影响。当压缩波经过测点时传播方向与列车运行方向相同或膨胀波经过测点时的传播方向与列车运行方向相反时,隧道内测点的列车风速度增加。
2) 隧道内列车风沿隧道截面和长度方向分布复杂,不同位置的风速幅值存在较大差异。列车风峰值随垂向高度的增加呈线性关系减小,横向距离的增加使得近车侧和远车侧处的列车风峰值均呈现先快速后平稳下降的趋势。
3) 隧道内列车风正峰值随列车编组长度的增加而增大,且峰值到达时刻延后,8车编组对应的列车风正峰值相较于3车编组时增加68.75%。等截面车身处列车风增长率与编组长度呈线性关系增大,8车时的增长率较3车增大25.56%。列车运行速度提升时,隧道内列车风正峰值近似按照线性比例关系增大,400km/h时的列车风正峰值相较于300 km/h时增加22.65%。
4) 同种隧道长度下的列车风最大正峰值出现在隧道中点位置处,且此处的波动更为剧烈复杂。长隧道内压力波系叠加对列车风速度峰值的影响减弱,当隧道长度达到3km时,列车风正峰值相较于1km长度时下降30.70%。
  • 国家重点研发项目(2020YFA071903-1)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助(2021JJ30849)
  • 中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(P2021T013)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0435
  • 接收时间:2023-08-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-18
  • 修回日期:2023-11-20
基金
国家重点研发项目(2020YFA071903-1)
湖南省自然科学基金资助(2021JJ30849)
中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(P2021T013)
作者信息
    1 中南大学 轨道交通安全教育部重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410075
    2 中南大学 轨道交通安全关键技术国际合作联合实验室,湖南 长沙 410075
    3 中南大学 轨道交通列车安全保障技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,湖南 长沙 410075
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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