Article(id=1149741815860998502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0238-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2351, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410071, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410071, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410071, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410071, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=238, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741816041353575, articleId=1149741815860998502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research status and prospect of fire origin determination based on fire traces, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to help fire investigators determine the location of the fire origin,improve the chain of evidence in accident investigations and identify the cause of the fire quickly and accurately,the researches on fire origin determination based on fire traces were reviewed in present paper. First,fire traces were classified,including burn marks,smoke marks,collapse marks and electrical wiring marks,with emphasis on soot deposition traces. Then,multiple fire origin determination methods at home and abroad were reviewed and classified into three categories: determining the fire origin directly using experience,determining the fire origin using numerical reconstruction techniques,and determining the fire origin using machine learning algorithms. The advantages and limitations of each method were analyzed respectively. Finally,the future research tendency of fire origin determination technology was prospected. The results show that numerical simulation of soot deposition traces combined with machine learning for fire origin determination has a good perspective for application.

, correspAuthors=Dianqiao GENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tianhui NIU, Dianqiao GENG, Yi YUAN, Liang ZHAO, Hui DONG, Bai WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741832411722439, articleId=1149741815860998502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于火灾痕迹的起火点判定研究现状及展望, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为帮助火灾调查人员快速准确地确定起火点位置、完善事故调查证据链,进而探明火灾原因,综述基于火灾痕迹的起火点判定研究现状。首先,介绍火灾痕迹分类,包括燃烧痕迹、烟熏痕迹、倒塌痕迹及电器线路痕迹,着重介绍烟熏痕迹的研究现状及不足;然后,综述当前国内外多种起火点判定方法,将其分为利用经验、数值重构技术以及机器学习算法等3种,并分别分析3种方法的优势和不足;最后,展望未来起火点判定技术的研究趋势。结果表明:利用烟熏痕迹数值模拟结合机器学习进行起火点判定具有良好的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=耿佃桥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**耿佃桥(1982—),男,山东淄博人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾蔓延数值模拟等方面的研究。E-mail:
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牛甜辉 (1997—),男,甘肃华亭人,硕士研究生,研究方向火灾烟尘沉积数值模拟。E-mail:

耿佃桥,副教授

苑轶,副教授

赵亮,讲师

董辉,教授

王柏,助理研究员

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苑轶,副教授

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王柏,助理研究员

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(arrows indicate fire origin area)

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(箭头指示横梁倒塌方向,圆圈标注位置为起火点)

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基于火灾痕迹的起火点判定研究现状及展望
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牛甜辉 1, 2 , 耿佃桥 1, 2, ** , 苑轶 2 , 赵亮 2 , 董辉 2 , 王柏 3
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(1): 238-246
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(1): 238-246
基于火灾痕迹的起火点判定研究现状及展望
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牛甜辉1, 2 , 耿佃桥1, 2, ** , 苑轶2, 赵亮2, 董辉2, 王柏3
作者信息
  • 1 东北大学 材料电磁过程研究教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2 东北大学 冶金学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 3 应急管理部 沈阳消防研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110034
  • 牛甜辉 (1997—),男,甘肃华亭人,硕士研究生,研究方向火灾烟尘沉积数值模拟。E-mail:

    耿佃桥,副教授

    苑轶,副教授

    赵亮,讲师

    董辉,教授

    王柏,助理研究员

通讯作者:

**耿佃桥(1982—),男,山东淄博人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾蔓延数值模拟等方面的研究。E-mail:
Research status and prospect of fire origin determination based on fire traces
Tianhui NIU1, 2 , Dianqiao GENG1, 2, ** , Yi YUAN2, Liang ZHAO2, Hui DONG2, Bai WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials,Ministry of Education,Northeastern University,Shenyang Liaoning 110819,China
  • 2 School of Metallurgy,Northeastern University,Shenyang Liaoning 110819,China
  • 3 Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM,Shenyang Liaoning 110034,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2351
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为帮助火灾调查人员快速准确地确定起火点位置、完善事故调查证据链,进而探明火灾原因,综述基于火灾痕迹的起火点判定研究现状。首先,介绍火灾痕迹分类,包括燃烧痕迹、烟熏痕迹、倒塌痕迹及电器线路痕迹,着重介绍烟熏痕迹的研究现状及不足;然后,综述当前国内外多种起火点判定方法,将其分为利用经验、数值重构技术以及机器学习算法等3种,并分别分析3种方法的优势和不足;最后,展望未来起火点判定技术的研究趋势。结果表明:利用烟熏痕迹数值模拟结合机器学习进行起火点判定具有良好的应用前景。

起火点  /  火灾痕迹  /  数值重构  /  机器学习  /  烟熏痕迹

In order to help fire investigators determine the location of the fire origin,improve the chain of evidence in accident investigations and identify the cause of the fire quickly and accurately,the researches on fire origin determination based on fire traces were reviewed in present paper. First,fire traces were classified,including burn marks,smoke marks,collapse marks and electrical wiring marks,with emphasis on soot deposition traces. Then,multiple fire origin determination methods at home and abroad were reviewed and classified into three categories: determining the fire origin directly using experience,determining the fire origin using numerical reconstruction techniques,and determining the fire origin using machine learning algorithms. The advantages and limitations of each method were analyzed respectively. Finally,the future research tendency of fire origin determination technology was prospected. The results show that numerical simulation of soot deposition traces combined with machine learning for fire origin determination has a good perspective for application.

fire origin  /  fire traces  /  numerical reconstruction  /  machine learning  /  soot deposition traces
牛甜辉, 耿佃桥, 苑轶, 赵亮, 董辉, 王柏. 基于火灾痕迹的起火点判定研究现状及展望. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (1) : 238 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2351
Tianhui NIU, Dianqiao GENG, Yi YUAN, Liang ZHAO, Hui DONG, Bai WANG. Research status and prospect of fire origin determination based on fire traces[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (1) : 238 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2351
火灾是一种造成社会、经济和生态破坏的异常事件[1]。伴随社会经济的飞速发展,新型城镇化脚步不断加快,建筑布局和结构变得愈加错综复杂,这大大增加了发生火灾事故的概率[2]。近年来,重大恶性火灾及爆炸事故频繁发生,严重威胁到人民群众的生命和财产安全,也给我国经济造成巨大损失。据统计[3],2020年全国共接报火灾25.2万起,死亡 1 183 人,直接财产损失40.09亿元;2021年共接报火灾74.8万起,死亡1 987人,直接财产损失67.5亿元;2022年仅第一季度就接报火灾21.9万起,共造成625人死亡、直接财产损失高达15.2亿元。通过火灾调查,准确查明火灾原因,对人民安全、社会经济发展、相关法律法规制定以及事故责任认定等具有重要意义[4]
火灾调查人员最主要的目标是准确判定起火点[5],这对于分析、寻找和获取起火的直接证据至关重要,也决定着火灾原因认定的准确程度[6]。已有研究[7]将机器学习算法与烟熏痕迹数值模拟相结合来判定起火点,但当前国内外缺乏相关的综述研究。为此,笔者将综述多类起火点判定方法,并据此对比各类方法的优缺点,提出未来起火点判定技术的研究方向,以期为今后在火灾调查中判定起火点提供参考依据。
火灾痕迹被定义为由火灾效应所形成的可见或可测量的物理变化及可识别的形状[5]。自20世纪40年代末有组织火灾调查以来,火灾调查人员一直将火灾痕迹作为确定起火点的基础。在没有可靠目击者提供线索的情况下,火灾调查人员需要通过观察火灾留下的痕迹来分析、判定起火点[8]。根据火灾作用形式及形成痕迹物体理化性质的不同,可将火灾痕迹分为4类[9],如图 1所示。其中烟熏痕迹是火场中最为常见的痕迹之一,相较于其他痕迹,烟熏痕迹存在形式稳定且能独特反映火灾现场烟气蔓延特征,是了解火灾蔓延、判定起火点的重要线索[10]
烟雾是一种气体、水蒸气、悬浮液颗粒物或气溶胶的混合物,烟雾产量在很大程度上取决于燃烧材料的属性[11]。在大多数室内火灾案例中,家具中含有有机物,因此,燃烧产生的烟雾中含有大量的游离碳微粒,这些粒子随着烟气流动,在墙壁、天花板或内置物表面,形成所谓的烟熏痕迹(或烟尘沉积痕迹)[12],如图 2所示。由于灭火救援等外部因素,原始的燃烧痕迹及燃烧剩余产物遭到破坏,此时烟熏痕迹就成了判定起火点的重要线索[13]
当前有关烟熏痕迹的试验研究较少,张良[13]研究了自然和机械排烟条件下,室内火源位置对壁面烟熏痕迹变化特征的影响。鲁志宝等[14]通过试验分析了易燃液体燃烧烟气在不同空间位置的沉积特性,并对火灾调查中壁面烟熏痕迹的提取位置提出了指导意见。然而,以上研究均未实现烟尘沉积的定量分析。
MENSCH等[15-17]采用具有横向温度梯度的薄层流通道试验研究烟尘气溶胶颗粒的热泳沉积,并使用火灾动力学软件(Fire Dynamics Simulator,FDS)进行数值模拟。试验中采用“差值法”计算沉积质量,即用进入通道的烟尘总质量与离开通道的烟尘总质量之差表示沉积在通道内的烟尘质量。结果表明:在大多数情况下,FDS所预测的沉积质量与试验结果吻合较好。RIAHI等[18-19]使用小型烟气罩试验研究热泳烟尘沉积,试验中使用玻璃过滤器收集烟尘并称重。通过测量烟气浓度和壁面温度梯度,使用热泳沉积公式计算烟尘沉积量,结果表明:热泳沉积模型能较好地预测壁面上的烟尘沉积水平。以上研究均是针对小尺寸试验,且重力测量法不适用于实际火灾现场烟尘沉积量的确定;其次,以上研究仅考虑了热泳烟尘沉积,未考虑其他烟尘沉积机制及其对室内火灾的影响。
起初,由于模拟软件的限制,一般用壁面附近的烟气浓度来代替烟熏痕迹。例如,刘旭[20]采用 FDS 模拟研究烟熏痕迹的形成,初步分析了壁面烟熏痕迹的形成规律。王薪宇等[21]利用PyroSim 软件模拟了单室墙角火产生的壁面烟熏痕迹,分析了温度、烟气蔓延速度等参数对烟熏痕迹的影响。上述研究只关注烟气浓度而不考虑烟熏痕迹随时间的累积效应,所得结论是不充分的。为实现火灾烟尘沉积的可视化模拟及定量分析,部分学者从烟尘颗粒沉积理论及软件二次开发方面着手进行了研究。徐晓楠等[22]根据影响烟尘颗粒黏附壁面的影响因素,基于量纲分析法建立了烟熏痕迹形成的半物理模型并将其与 FDS 相耦合,从而实现了烟熏痕迹的可视化模拟。YANG Peizhong 等 [23]将颗粒沉积的经验公式引入烟尘颗粒的沉积计算,开发了烟熏痕迹建模系统软件,该系统中可以设定测点,记录该点任意时刻烟尘沉积质量的变化。
综上所述,试验研究多关注烟熏痕迹的形成特征及影响因素,且大多数结论均由小尺寸试验所得,缺乏全尺寸试验及相关定量分析研究;数值研究目前尚处于初级阶段,数学模型精度有待进一步提高,同时应用烟尘沉积数值模拟进行实际火灾调查的案例较少。
在长期工作过程中,火灾调查人员积累了众多起火点判定的经验方法。例如:一般认为起火点位于正“V”形痕迹顶点的底部;火场中若发现可燃物存在从中心向外蔓延的局部炭化区域,该炭化区域通常是起火点;火场中可燃物局部烧出的坑、洞一般为起火点;如果发现建筑构件朝一面倒塌,表明建筑构件这一面受热最严重而失去平衡;交叉倒塌痕迹中间交叉的部位通常对应起火点,如图 3所示。
利用经验直接判定起火点,既缺乏科学依据,也不能实现数学方法的量化标准[24]。原因在于:①火灾后残留的痕迹是所有燃烧物累积作用的结果,调查人员无法确定所观察到的痕迹是第1件物品还是后来的物品燃烧形成的[12]。②现场通风状况、二次火流、灭火次序等外部因素会对起火点判定产生干扰[25]。③在没有可靠目击者陈述或火灾发生过程记录的情况下,经验分析获得的结论受调查人员主观性的影响较大[26]
火灾事故数值重构指利用动力学原理和数值计算方法,根据火灾发生后现场遗留的信息,推断火灾发生的初始条件,并仿真重现整个火灾发展过程[27]。与经验判断相比,数值重构技术在效率和技术手段上有了很大的提升。
利用数值重构技术进行火灾调查的流程如图 4所示,其基本思想是“假设验证”。首先,通过火灾现场询问初步确定起火位置、起火原因以及火焰、烟气蔓延路径,分析人员伤亡原因,得出火灾事故调查的初步结论;然后,分析火灾现场烟熏、燃烧、炭化及倒塌等痕迹,验证上述结论是否合理;接下来,确定数值模拟参数,如物品摆放位置、种类和数量等,利用计算机模拟软件重建火灾现场,通过分析火灾和烟气蔓延路径、有毒气体含量、烟熏痕迹等得到模拟结果;下一步,将火灾事故调查初步结论与模拟结果相互验证,若结果不一致,则通过改变网格大小、边界条件等验证模拟的正确性;最后,选择其他可能的起火点进行模拟,反复将火灾事故调查初步结论与模拟结果进行验证。如果二者一致,则加入干扰条件重新模拟,若二者仍然一致(意味着上述结论不唯一),需再次模拟,如果结论唯一,则说明火灾事故调查结论正确[28]
其中具有代表性的研究案例之一是美国罗德岛州车站夜总会火场景的重建[29],火灾现场重建结果表明:乐队表演时用烟头点燃了看台上的聚氨酯泡沫材料,大火在90 s内急剧燃烧,产生大量烟雾和热气,最终造成100人丧生。YUEN等[30]通过全尺寸试验和数值重构相结合方法调查某养老院火灾。首先,根据初步调查结果开展两组起火点位置不同的全尺寸试验;然后,选择可能的起火点位置进行数值模拟;最后,将试验结论与模拟结果相对照,确定起火点位置。SHEN等[31]数值重构台湾桃园某10层酒店纵火案现场,通过分析火灾及烟气、有毒气体扩散过程,确定起火位置及原因。ZHANG Guowei等 [28]将数值重构技术应用于某多层居民楼火灾案例,通过模拟再现火灾发生、发展及其突变过程,对比验证相同工况下事故调查与数值模拟结果,明确了火灾原因。
火灾现场数值重构需已知火灾规模和起火点位置等初始输入参数,属于正向的研究。但起火点判定是一个逆向的过程,在此过程中,火灾所产生的后果,例如:遗留在现场的痕迹是已知的,但其强度和起火点位置是未知的[32]。由于数值计算需要花费大量的时间和资源,仅仅依靠数值重构进行火灾调查是不现实的,特别是在起火点确定过程当中,需要大量的模拟结果来验证假设,计算效率往往很低[33]。此外,由于现场调查难以获得火灾演变的详细参数,因此,很难精确恢复火灾热释放速率等数值模型输入参数,导致模拟结果与现场勘查结果存在较大偏差[34]
当前,机器学习算法被广泛应用于火灾探测。领域。按照算法输入参数的不同,可将其大致分为基于传感器数据的火灾探测技术和基于图像的火灾探测技术。
目前,大多数火灾探测器只能探测到烟雾,但火灾是一个由烟雾、火焰、多种气体、温度等组成的复杂过程[35]。烟雾探测器通常难以区分火灾烟雾与其他灰尘及气溶胶[36],导致误报率较高。多传感器数据融合的火灾探测技术相较于单一传感器探测精度更高、速度更快[37]。但由于传感器采集的数据不可避免地会受到环境噪声的影响,因此,首先要滤波处理数据;然后将处理过的温度、烟气浓度、CO、CO2等火灾特征参数值输入网络模型;网络最终输出当前环境下发生明火、阴燃火和无火的概率。LIANG Yanhua等[38]提出了一种火灾预警多传感器信息融合系统,该系统采用反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)人工神经网络融合温度、烟雾密度和CO浓度数据进行火灾探测,且具有较高的精度。刘全义等[39]提出了一种双参数火灾探测方法,采用航空煤油燃烧产物的PM值以及CO质量浓度作为特征参数,采用k近邻算法 (k-Nearest Neighbor,kNN)等6种机器学习算法建立火灾探测模型并对其性能进行评估,结果表明:kNN算法的预测准确度远高于其他5种算法,可达95.2%。
在使用算法进行数据融合时,通常会同等处理整个火灾过程的数据,而忽略早期的数据,从而影响探测速度。为此,WU Lelong等[40]分析了火灾初始阶段温度、烟雾浓度和一氧化碳传感器数据的特征,并选择BP神经网络实现3种火灾数据的融合,输出火灾发生的概率。此外,考虑到环境干扰会使火灾参数产生波动,此研究采用非均匀采样和趋势提取的方法,将火灾参数及其趋势值共同融合,提高火灾预警算法在火灾早期的性能。最后使用6组标准火灾测试场景和6组无火场景的数据测试算法,结果表明:该算法不仅能缩短火灾探测的时间,还具有较高的探测精度。NAKI等[41]提出了一种循环趋势预测神经网络(Recurrent Trend Predictive Neural Network,rTPNN)架构,rTPNN基于多传感器数据及其趋势来检测火灾,不仅考虑当前传感器的测量结果,还考虑数据的变化趋势,在9种不同的真实火灾试验中评估其性能,并与线性回归(Linear Regression,LR)、非线性感知器(Nonlinear Perceptron,NP)、多层感知器(Multi-Layer Perceptron,MLP)、概率贝叶斯神经网络(Probabilistic Bayesian Neural Network,PBNN)、长短期记忆(Long-Short Term Memory,LSTM)和支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)等多种模型进行比较。结果表明:rTPNN模型优于所有机器学习模型,具有较高的泛化能力和较低的误报率。
多传感器火灾探测所用的训练数据主要来源于标准试验,当前没有用于多传感器融合模型的标准火灾数据集,故其探测精度受限于火灾数据库规模[42]。火灾模拟与探测信息相结合可以提供丰富的训练数据。受KIM[43]、QIAN[44]等利用长短期记忆(Long Short-term Memory,LSTM)网络预测气体泄漏的启发,WU Xiqing等[45]将LSTM模型应用于隧道火灾探测当中,利用从CFD模型中获得的温度数据来识别火灾特征,包括起火点位置、火灾大小和通风条件等,证明了LSTM模型在火灾探测领域的可行性。KOU Luyao等[46]提出了一种基于门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit,GRU)的火灾探测模型。首先,通过数值重构一系列火灾场景,得到数据集;然后,训练GRU模型;最后,利用训练好的GRU模型来估计起火点位置。与LSTM相比,该模型复杂度更低、计算效率更高,且对起火点位置的估计不受火灾模拟精度的影响。通过数值模拟构建火灾数据集,相比于标准试验成本更低、效率更高,但采样区域及时间间隔对模型性能的影响同样不可忽略。
基于图像的火灾探测技术主要依靠深度学习算法自动提取火灾图像特征来识别火灾。深度学习是一种能够自动学习训练数据集中的数据,并从中提取出具有代表性的属性或特征类别的多层神经网络算法,解决传统神经网络不能获取原始数据中抽象、复杂的特征等问题[47],在图像分类[48-49]、目标检测[50-51]及人脸识别[52]等计算机视觉任务中表现出色。
卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)是目前火灾探测领域应用最广泛的深度学习算法之一。基于CNN的火灾探测流程[53],如图5所示。首先,将火灾图像信息输入网络,经过卷积、池化等处理后提取出候选区域的特征图像;之后,再经过卷积、池化、全连接等处理,输出探测结果。
FRIZZI等[54]利用CNN分类视频图像,使用众多火灾图像、烟雾图像和正常图像组成的测试集验证网络性能,结果表明:分类准确率可达97.9%。XU Zhaoyi等[55]开发一种深度卷积生成对抗网络(Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network,DCGAN),实现了训练图像有限情况下的高精度火灾检测,解决了小训练数据集图像型火灾探测中存在的过拟合、误报率高等问题。YIN Zhijian等[56]提出了一种深度归一化卷积神经网络(Deep Normalization and CNN,DNCNN)来实现火灾图像特征的自动提取和分类,为了减少训练样本不足导致的过拟合问题,此研究使用数据增强技术从原始训练数据集中生成更多的训练样本,从而达到较高的检测率。
目前,基于图像的火灾探测技术输入数据主要来源于相机图像,在低能见度下的可行性需进一步评估[57]。此外,探测私人住宅、公共厕所等空间时,可能涉及隐私问题,需研究指定相关的配套标准[58]
KURZAWSKI等[59]利用贝叶斯反演模型,根据2种火灾模拟软件(CFAST和FDS)正向模拟所得的壁面热通量数据来反演起火点位置。结果表明:除个别情况外,反演模型能够将火灾定位在距离真实起火点0.76 m以内。OVERHOLT等[60]将贝叶斯反演模型应用火灾现场重建,使用模拟热通量数据估计起火点位置,结果表明:与(xy)=(2.0,2.0)的真实火灾位置相比,使用一个热通量计的情况下,火灾位置预测值为 (4.7,4.6),使用6个热通量计的情况下,火灾位置预测值为(2.6,2.5)。然而,热通量数据的获取受传感器布置区域及采样时间的限制,且难以在火灾事后现场测量。在多场景以及复杂建筑火灾建模当中,该方法会变得复杂和低效[46]
LI Nan等[7]将多保真度克里格算法与烟尘沉积特征相结合来定量确定起火点位置,首先,采用FDS模拟不同起火点场景下的烟尘沉积特征,形成数据集;然后,参数化处理壁面烟熏痕迹边界线,并将其作为算法输入,起火点位置作为输出进行网络训练;最后,利用训练好的模型预测起火点位置,结果表明:以95%为置信区间,该模型预测误差为0.9m。
精确的起火点判定技术对于火灾调查工作至关重要,针对当前研究现状和不足之处,提出以下几点看法:
1) 利用经验直接判定起火点,能接触真实的火灾现场、利用更多的痕迹证据,但判定结果易受外部因素的干扰且主观性较大。但由于其明显的效率和成本优势,将来仍会在一些场景简单、痕迹特征明显的火灾现场调查中发挥重要作用。
2) 利用数值重构技术判定起火点能直观地再现火灾发展过程,并与现场调查结果形成对比,但模拟的初始条件往往很难准确恢复且计算效率较低。未来,应重点关注如何精准恢复数值重构的初始条件,从而提高模拟精度,使模拟结果更加符合真实火灾场景。
3) 利用机器学习算法判定起火点,已经在火灾探测领域得到广泛应用,但当前将机器学习算法应用于火灾调查中的研究较少。可以预测,结合机器学习算法和烟熏痕迹数值模拟来预测起火点位置,具有良好的应用前景,是未来该领域可能的研究方向。图6为利用该方法判定起火点位置的技术路线。
1) 现阶段主流的起火点判定方法主要包括利用经验、数值重构技术以及机器学习算法。仅依靠单一方法已难以满足当今科学、精准和高效的火灾调查工作需求,复合式的起火点判定技术才是未来主要的发展方向。
2) 相较于其他火灾痕迹,烟熏痕迹具有不易被破坏、存在形式稳定等特点,并且能独特反映火灾现场烟气蔓延特征,是一种用于起火点判定的良好痕迹特征。
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2024年第34卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.2351
  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
基金
沈阳市科技计划项目(21-108-9-16)
作者信息
    1 东北大学 材料电磁过程研究教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2 东北大学 冶金学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    3 应急管理部 沈阳消防研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110034

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**耿佃桥(1982—),男,山东淄博人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾蔓延数值模拟等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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