Article(id=1149741768654111267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0209-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0277, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=1700236800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398816, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398816, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=209, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741769350365736, articleId=1149741768654111267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on impact of ride-hailing services on road traffic crashes in China, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To deeply explore whether ride-hailing services directly affect road traffic crashes and whether they indirectly affect road traffic crashes by changing the usage of buses and private cars,based on panel data from 114 cities in China from 2005-2017,the multi-period DID method and the causal steps method are used to estimate the impact mechanism of ride-hailing services on road traffic crashes. The results show that the entry of ride-hailing services increases road traffic crashes by 5.6%,and this conclusion still holds after performing robustness tests such as parallel trend and Propensity Score Matching-DID. Ride-hailing services significantly reduce public transit usage by about 19.3%,thus indirectly increasing road traffic crashes by 0.71%,which indicates that public transit usage plays a mediating effect. Ride-hailing services significantly increase private car usage by 5%,thus indirectly increasing road traffic crashes by 0.14%,which indicates that private car usage plays a mediating effect. The decrease in public transit usage is an important reason why ride-hailing services indirectly increase road traffic crashes. Government departments should strengthen the regulation of ride-hailing services,while encouraging the synergistic development of ride-hailing services and public transit.

, correspAuthors=Yan LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuolun WANG, Yan LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741774966539011, articleId=1149741768654111267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=中国网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响研究, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为深入探究网约车服务是否直接影响道路交通事故,以及是否通过改变公交车和私家车的使用量而间接影响道路交通事故。基于2005—2017年我国114个城市的面板数据,采用多期双重差分法(DID)和逐步法,研究网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响机制。结果表明:网约车服务进入城市导致道路交通事故增加5.6%,这一结论在进行平行趋势和倾向得分匹配(PSM)-DID等稳健性检验后仍然成立;网约车服务显著降低约19.3%公交使用量,从而间接增加0.71%道路交通事故,说明公交使用量发挥中介效应;网约车服务显著增加5%私家车使用量,从而间接增加0.14%道路交通事故,说明私家车使用量发挥中介效应。公交使用量的减少是网约车服务间接增加道路交通事故的重要原因。政府部门应当加强网约车服务的监管,同时,鼓励网约车服务与公共交通协同发展。

, correspAuthors=林岩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 林岩(1972—),男,山东济宁人,博士,教授,主要从事共享经济与交通安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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王卓伦 (1989—),男,广东茂名人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为共享出行与城市道路交通安全。E-mail:

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王卓伦 (1989—),男,广东茂名人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为共享出行与城市道路交通安全。E-mail:

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王卓伦 (1989—),男,广东茂名人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为共享出行与城市道路交通安全。E-mail:

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Research on accident risk identification and influencing factors of bus drivers based on machine learning[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(2): 23-30., articleTitle=Research on accident risk identification and influencing factors of bus drivers based on machine learning, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168128625275581058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, awardId=71571025, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(71571025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168128625401410179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, awardId=2022JJ13FG106, language=CN, fundingSource=大连市科技创新基金资助(2022JJ13FG106), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168128622821913183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168128622830301792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, companyId=1168128622821913183, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Maritime Economics and Management,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian Liaoning 116026,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168128622834496097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, companyId=1168128622821913183, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=大连海事大学 航运经济与管理学院,辽宁 大连 116026)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168128624155701878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Parallel trend test, figureFileSmall=u7PuM3y9EsBPrvxegFuvmg==, figureFileBig=KxCSWxRvmSnZBS2xPQ1giA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128624201839223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=CN, label=图1, caption=平行趋势检验, figureFileSmall=u7PuM3y9EsBPrvxegFuvmg==, figureFileBig=KxCSWxRvmSnZBS2xPQ1giA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128624256365176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Descriptive statistics of variables

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变量类别 变量定义 平均值 最小值 最大值 标准差
被解释变量 交通事故死亡人数ln(Dit) 4.971 1.386 7.461 0.903
解释变量 滴滴是否进入 R i t 0.132 0.000 1.000 0.339
中介变量 公交客运量ln(Bit)/×104 9.156 1.974 13.612 1.546
私家车保有量ln(Eit)/辆 11.816 7.844 15.452 1.376
控制变量 常住人口ln(Pit)/×104 5.823 3.054 8.031 0.766
国内旅游人数ln(Tit)×104 7.173 2.827 10.487 1.189
人均国内生产总值ln(Git)/元 10.338 8.232 12.320 0.772
人均工资ln(Wit)/元 10.427 9.252 11.813 0.480
失业率Uit/% 3.474 1.100 7.600 0.780
人均道路面积ln(Ait)/m2 2.579 0.438 4.321 0.528
降雨量ln(Fit)/mm 6.340 3.616 7.971 0.910
医院数ln(Hit)/个 4.485 2.639 6.613 0.800
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624323474041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量的描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别 变量定义 平均值 最小值 最大值 标准差
被解释变量 交通事故死亡人数ln(Dit) 4.971 1.386 7.461 0.903
解释变量 滴滴是否进入 R i t 0.132 0.000 1.000 0.339
中介变量 公交客运量ln(Bit)/×104 9.156 1.974 13.612 1.546
私家车保有量ln(Eit)/辆 11.816 7.844 15.452 1.376
控制变量 常住人口ln(Pit)/×104 5.823 3.054 8.031 0.766
国内旅游人数ln(Tit)×104 7.173 2.827 10.487 1.189
人均国内生产总值ln(Git)/元 10.338 8.232 12.320 0.772
人均工资ln(Wit)/元 10.427 9.252 11.813 0.480
失业率Uit/% 3.474 1.100 7.600 0.780
人均道路面积ln(Ait)/m2 2.579 0.438 4.321 0.528
降雨量ln(Fit)/mm 6.340 3.616 7.971 0.910
医院数ln(Hit)/个 4.485 2.639 6.613 0.800
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624390582906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Regression results of ride-hailing services affecting road traffic crashes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 l n ( D i t )
R i t 0.070 0*
(0.036 8)
0.055 8*
(0.033 7)
l n ( P i t ) 0.471 0***
(0.148 0)
l n ( T i t ) 0.050 0*
(0.027 5)
l n ( G i t ) -0.112 9**
(0.051 7)
l n ( W i t ) -0.007 9
(0.116 0)
U i t -5.416 5***
(1.721 1)
l n ( A i t ) 0.029 5
(0.043 8)
l n ( F i t ) -0.009 0
(0.033 6)
l n ( H i t ) 0.052 3*
(0.031 0)
常数项 5.308 9***
(0.022 0)
3.394 8**
(1.437 7)
时间固定效应
城市固定效应
观测值 1 482 1 482
R2 0.342 6 0.375 7
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624449303163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网约车服务影响道路交通事故的回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 l n ( D i t )
R i t 0.070 0*
(0.036 8)
0.055 8*
(0.033 7)
l n ( P i t ) 0.471 0***
(0.148 0)
l n ( T i t ) 0.050 0*
(0.027 5)
l n ( G i t ) -0.112 9**
(0.051 7)
l n ( W i t ) -0.007 9
(0.116 0)
U i t -5.416 5***
(1.721 1)
l n ( A i t ) 0.029 5
(0.043 8)
l n ( F i t ) -0.009 0
(0.033 6)
l n ( H i t ) 0.052 3*
(0.031 0)
常数项 5.308 9***
(0.022 0)
3.394 8**
(1.437 7)
时间固定效应
城市固定效应
观测值 1 482 1 482
R2 0.342 6 0.375 7
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624516412028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

PSM-DID robustness test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 l n ( D i t )
R i t 0.079 8**
(0.038 0)
0.067 3*
(0.037 7)
常数项 5.308 4***
(0.022 2)
3.525 0**
(1.477 2)
控制变量
时间固定效应
城市固定效应
观测值 1 45 4 1 45 4
R2 0.345 3 0.378 5
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624566743677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PSM-DID稳健性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 l n ( D i t )
R i t 0.079 8**
(0.038 0)
0.067 3*
(0.037 7)
常数项 5.308 4***
(0.022 2)
3.525 0**
(1.477 2)
控制变量
时间固定效应
城市固定效应
观测值 1 45 4 1 45 4
R2 0.345 3 0.378 5
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624638046846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Results of mediating effects of bus passenger volume and private car ownership

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 列1 列2 列3 列4
l n ( B i t ) l n ( D i t ) l n ( E i t ) l n ( D i t )
R i t -0.192 6***
(0.054 4)
0.048 7*
(0.024 7)
0.050 0*
(0.029 1)
0.054 3*
(0.032 3)
l n ( B i t ) -0.036 8*
(0.019 1)
l n ( E i t ) 0.028 6*
(0.016 3)
常数项 5.336 3**
(2.470 1)
3.5913**
(1.421 6)
3.2189**
(1.537 7)
3.3083**
(1.453 4)
控制变量
时间固定效应
城市固定效应
观测值 1 48 2 1 48 2 1 48 2 1 48 2
R2 0.445 5 0.396 3 0.602 3 0.479 6
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624742904447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

公交客运量和私家车保有量的中介效应结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 列1 列2 列3 列4
l n ( B i t ) l n ( D i t ) l n ( E i t ) l n ( D i t )
R i t -0.192 6***
(0.054 4)
0.048 7*
(0.024 7)
0.050 0*
(0.029 1)
0.054 3*
(0.032 3)
l n ( B i t ) -0.036 8*
(0.019 1)
l n ( E i t ) 0.028 6*
(0.016 3)
常数项 5.336 3**
(2.470 1)
3.5913**
(1.421 6)
3.2189**
(1.537 7)
3.3083**
(1.453 4)
控制变量
时间固定效应
城市固定效应
观测值 1 48 2 1 48 2 1 48 2 1 48 2
R2 0.445 5 0.396 3 0.602 3 0.479 6
), ArticleFig(id=1168128624902288000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Sobel test and Bootstrap test

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中介变量 Sobel-Goodman Z P Bootstrap
抽样次数
95%置信区间
下限 上限
l n ( B i t ) Sobel -1.937 0.052 7 500 -0.057 7 -0.002 4
Goodman-1 -1.931 0.053 4 1 000 -0.058 3 -0.001 7
Goodman-2 -1.943 0.052 0 1 500 -0.056 6 -0.003 4
l n ( E i t ) Sobel 3.987 0.000 1 500 0.034 1 0.081 9
Goodman-1 3.974 0.000 1 1 000 0.033 0 0.083 1
Goodman-2 4.001 0.000 1 1 500 0.034 1 0.082 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168128625007145601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768654111267, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Sobel检验和Bootstrap检验

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中介变量 Sobel-Goodman Z P Bootstrap
抽样次数
95%置信区间
下限 上限
l n ( B i t ) Sobel -1.937 0.052 7 500 -0.057 7 -0.002 4
Goodman-1 -1.931 0.053 4 1 000 -0.058 3 -0.001 7
Goodman-2 -1.943 0.052 0 1 500 -0.056 6 -0.003 4
l n ( E i t ) Sobel 3.987 0.000 1 500 0.034 1 0.081 9
Goodman-1 3.974 0.000 1 1 000 0.033 0 0.083 1
Goodman-2 4.001 0.000 1 1 500 0.034 1 0.082 0
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中国网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响研究
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王卓伦 , 林岩 **
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(2): 209-216
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(2): 209-216
中国网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响研究
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王卓伦 , 林岩**
作者信息
  • 大连海事大学 航运经济与管理学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 王卓伦 (1989—),男,广东茂名人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为共享出行与城市道路交通安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 林岩(1972—),男,山东济宁人,博士,教授,主要从事共享经济与交通安全方面的研究。E-mail:
Research on impact of ride-hailing services on road traffic crashes in China
Zhuolun WANG , Yan LIN**
Affiliations
  • School of Maritime Economics and Management,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian Liaoning 116026,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0277
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为深入探究网约车服务是否直接影响道路交通事故,以及是否通过改变公交车和私家车的使用量而间接影响道路交通事故。基于2005—2017年我国114个城市的面板数据,采用多期双重差分法(DID)和逐步法,研究网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响机制。结果表明:网约车服务进入城市导致道路交通事故增加5.6%,这一结论在进行平行趋势和倾向得分匹配(PSM)-DID等稳健性检验后仍然成立;网约车服务显著降低约19.3%公交使用量,从而间接增加0.71%道路交通事故,说明公交使用量发挥中介效应;网约车服务显著增加5%私家车使用量,从而间接增加0.14%道路交通事故,说明私家车使用量发挥中介效应。公交使用量的减少是网约车服务间接增加道路交通事故的重要原因。政府部门应当加强网约车服务的监管,同时,鼓励网约车服务与公共交通协同发展。

网约车服务  /  道路交通事故  /  公交  /  中介效应  /  多期双重差分法(DID)

To deeply explore whether ride-hailing services directly affect road traffic crashes and whether they indirectly affect road traffic crashes by changing the usage of buses and private cars,based on panel data from 114 cities in China from 2005-2017,the multi-period DID method and the causal steps method are used to estimate the impact mechanism of ride-hailing services on road traffic crashes. The results show that the entry of ride-hailing services increases road traffic crashes by 5.6%,and this conclusion still holds after performing robustness tests such as parallel trend and Propensity Score Matching-DID. Ride-hailing services significantly reduce public transit usage by about 19.3%,thus indirectly increasing road traffic crashes by 0.71%,which indicates that public transit usage plays a mediating effect. Ride-hailing services significantly increase private car usage by 5%,thus indirectly increasing road traffic crashes by 0.14%,which indicates that private car usage plays a mediating effect. The decrease in public transit usage is an important reason why ride-hailing services indirectly increase road traffic crashes. Government departments should strengthen the regulation of ride-hailing services,while encouraging the synergistic development of ride-hailing services and public transit.

ride-hailing services  /  road traffic crashes  /  public transit  /  mediating effect  /  multi-period difference-in-differences (DID)
王卓伦, 林岩. 中国网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 209 -216 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0277
Zhuolun WANG, Yan LIN. Research on impact of ride-hailing services on road traffic crashes in China[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 209 -216 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0277
网约车服务通过数字平台实现了快速匹配,提高了出行效率和乘客体验,成为城市出行体系的重要部分[1]。此外,网约车服务发展迅猛,其用户规模在2021年达4.53亿,较2020年增长8 733万[2]。然而,它们可能会增加道路交通安全隐患。一方面,网约车服务减少公共交通出行[3],增加私家车参与[4],从而导致在途车流量激增。另一方面,由于监管机制不完善,一些安全意识不强的网约车司机在工作时可能出现疲劳驾驶、不遵守交通规则等现象。例如:2017年,深圳市网约车事故的比例为7.15%,而私家车事故的比例仅为0.28%[5]。因此,精准识别网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响至关重要。
目前,有关网约车服务影响道路交通事故的研究未达成共识。一些学者证明网约车服务的进入能降低道路交通事故。如DILLS等[6]利用2007—2015年的美国城市数据研究Uber的进入与致命车祸的关系,结果发现Uber的进入使交通事故死亡人数减少0.2%,且在进入后的第4年,Uber进一步减少17%~40%事故死亡人数;GREENWOOD等[7]以美国加州为研究样本,发现Uber X进入使事故死亡人数下降3.6%~5.6%。相反,另一些学者则证明网约车服务的进入会增加道路交通事故。如MORRISON等[8]发现,网约车服务在进入纽约市后增加4.6%的机动车碰撞事故;BARRIOS等[9]发现,网约车服务进入后导致机动车事故死亡数增加3%。还有其他学者发现网约车服务的进入不显著影响道路交通事故[10]。这些研究虽然探究了网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响特征,但大多以发达国家为情境,缺乏对中国的研究。
鉴于此,笔者拟选取2005—2017年我国114个城市面板数据,以公交客运量和私家车保有量为中介变量,使用多期双重差分(Difference-In-Differences,DID)模型与中介效应分步检验法,探讨网约车服务对道路交通事故量的影响,以期厘清网约车服务对道路交通事故的影响程度及机制,为政府部门精准制定网约车管理的政策提供理论依据。
网约车服务进入中国城市(不包括港澳台地区)后,平台公司吸引大量司机和车辆加入,使其规模和影响力迅速增大。据统计,网约车客运量占出租车客运量的比重从2016年的16.6%提升至2018年的36.3%[11]。网约车出行需求的增长为从业者创造红利,刺激新车销量的增加,进一步导致城市中私家车数量的激增[12]。此外,网约车服务还提高了闲置时段的车辆使用率,致使车流量在行驶时间延长的情况下快速增加。在道路承载能力有限的情况下,城市中私家车数量和车流量的增加很容易发生道路交通事故[10]
在网约车服务进入城市初期,平台企业对司机和车辆疏于监管,导致一些有危险驾驶过错的司机及有安全隐患的车辆流入网约车市场,给网约车的行驶安全带来风险。此外,网约车司机每日平均工作时间达11.05h,而每周平均出车时间为6.45天[13],充分说明他们长时间处于高强度工作中,容易在行车过程中出现疲劳,增加道路交通事故的发生。因此,提出如下假设:
H1:网约车服务进入中国城市后会增加道路交通事故。
在网约车服务进入城市前,公交车是主要的出行方式。低成本和高载客率是公交出行的优势,但便利性较差,如在公交网络稀疏的地区,人们需步行较长距离到车站,且等待时间较长。在网约车服务进入城市后,它的运营范围覆盖广,人们通过智能手机便可快速乘车,节省候车时间,提高出行效率;与公交车相比,网约车保养良好,车内卫生,乘坐舒适。因此,在便利性与舒适性方面,网约车服务表现得比公交服务更出色,这吸引了以公交出行为主的出行者,导致公交使用量显著减少[3]
公交车是城市中安全性较高的客运交通工具之一。首先,与小型载客车辆相比,公交车载客量大,有利于减少车流量,提升道路交通安全;其次,各地政府出台了相应的公交行业管理规范并得到严格执行,从而有力保障了公交出行的安全。因此,公交使用量的增加一定程度上减少道路交通事故[14]。如果大量公交乘客转向网约车出行,那么公交使用量会大幅减少,反而增加车流量,间接增加道路交通事故的发生率。此外,网约车运营安全的规范并不像公交行业那样严苛,而且不少网约车司机是兼职的。他们未受过专业培训,不具备公交司机的职业经验,存在一定的安全隐患。因此,提出如下假设:
H2:网约车服务的进入会减少公交使用量,从而间接增加道路交通事故。
近年来,随着我国经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,许多市民购买了私家车。相比于非机动车,私家车是一种便捷、舒适和灵活的出行方式,但许多私家车在多数时间里处于闲置状态。据统计,2015年,全国超过1 000万辆以上的私家车处于闲置状态,其中,上海的闲置汽车数量与私家车保有量的占比接近60%,而北京以接近50%的占比紧跟其后[15]。大量闲置车辆造成停车难、乱停乱放、挤占道路空间等问题,令出行变得更困难。在网约车服务进入城市后,大量闲置车辆得到充分利用,这增加了网约车的可用性。如果出行是一种刚需,那么网约车可用性的提高可降低出行成本,增加出行需求,反而再次扩大私家车出行规模。此外,“限行限号”政策往往具有一刀切性质,尤其是在引入网约车服务的城市,可能会带来严重的“政策反弹效应”。例如:平台公司为了保障出行不受“限行限号”政策的影响,会采取激励手段鼓励车主投入参与网约车日常运营。部分车主也会愿意购置新车或第2辆私家车从事网约车服务[4]。在收益驱动下,网约车司机很可能违反限行规则,增加私家车使用量。
私家车是城市道路交通事故的重要致因因素,因为在同等运量情况下,私家车的道路资源占有率比公共交通更高。如果平台公司吸纳大量私家车,或者诱导人们购置新车,那么车流量必会随着私家车使用量的增加而激增,致使私家车与非机动车混行乱象丛生,降低交通通行效率,增加道路交通事故的发生率[16]。此外,由于网约车行业缺乏完善的监管制度,一些原本要维护的私家车会流入到市场,进一步加大道路安全风险。因此,提出如下假设:
H3:网约车服务的进入会增加私家车使用量,从而间接增加道路交通事故。
DID的主要思想是评估政策在单一时间点前后对不同个体造成的影响,能够有效避免内生性问题导致的估计偏差。但是,网约车服务的进入时间并不一致,需要考虑如何评估网约车服务在多期进入过程中的净影响,而传统DID显然无法解决这一问题。因此,采用多期DID,即在不同时间点评估网约车服务对交通事故的影响,如下式。模型包含一个处理组(即有网约车服务的城市)和一个对照组(即没有网约车服务的城市),其中,处理组中的所有个体在不同时间点受到干预。
D i t = a 0 + a 1 R i t + k = 1 n a k C i t + θ i + τ t + ε i t
式中: D i t为交通事故死亡人数;i为城市;t为年份; α 1为网约车服务的进入对交通事故死亡人数的总影响; R i t为网约车服务在t年进入i市的虚拟变量; C i t为控制变量集; θ i为城市固定效应; τ t为年度固定效应; ε i t为随机扰动项。
为评估网约车服务对道路交通事故的间接影响,即检验公交车使用量和私家车使用量是否发挥中介效应,借鉴温忠麟等[17]的方法,采用中介效应逐步法,如下式:
M i t = β 0 + β 1 R i t + k = 1 n β k C i t + θ i + τ t + ε i t
D i t = λ 0 + λ 1 R i t + λ 2 M i t + k = 1 n λ k C i t + θ i + τ t + ε i t
式中: M i t为中介变量; β 1为网约车服务对中介变量的影响; λ 1为网约车服务对交通事故死亡人数的直接影响; λ 2为中介变量对交通事故死亡人数的影响; β 1 λ 2为中介效应。逐步法具体的检验流程为:首先,对式(1)进行回归,如果 α 1显著,可进行下一步;其次,对式(2)进行回归,如果 β 1显著,则进行下一步;最后,对式(3)进行回归,在 α 1 β 1显著的基础上,如果系数 λ 2显著,则系数乘积 β 1 λ 2也显著,说明中介效应存在。如果 λ 1显著,中介变量 M i t发挥了部分中介效应;如果 λ 1不显著,中介变量 M i t发挥了完全中介效应。
虚拟变量:如果网约车服务在2014年及以后年份进入i市, R i t取值为1,否则 R i t取值为0。
中介变量: B i t表示it年的公交客运量,以衡量公交使用量。 E i t表示it年的私家车保有量,以衡量私家车使用量,原因分别为:①对私家车使用量统计难度较大;②现有的研究证明了私家车保有量与私家车使用量有强相关性[18]
控制变量:选取可能影响交通事故死亡人数的因素,包括常住人口 P i t、国内旅游人数 T i t、人均国内生产总值 G i t、人均工资 W i t、失业率 U i t、人均道路面积 A i t、降雨量 F i t、医院数 H i t
在中国,滴滴出行起步于2014年,随后在不同年份进入不同的城市,逐渐成为了网约车行业的代表[12],可将此过程视为一次准自然试验。为尽量保持处理组城市和对照组城市的可比较性,选取114个样本城市,其中,滴滴进入的83个城市为处理组,而滴滴没有进入的31个城市为对照组。道路交通事故属于非常态性事件,需在较长时间内观察处理组和对照组的变化,故将2005—2017年设定为研究区间。最终,得到2005—2017年中国114个城市面板数据。
宏观数据来自《中国统计年鉴》《中国城市统计年鉴》以及各省统计年鉴,部分缺失的数据采用线性插值法和指数平滑法进行填充。滴滴的进入时间及进入城市通过新闻或滴滴官网搜索获得。此外,为保证数据的平稳性以及减少数据的异方差性,对部分变量进行对数处理。变量的描述性统计见表1
根据式(1),网约车服务影响交通事故死亡人数的回归结果见表2。结果显示, R i t l n ( D i t )的回归系数分别为0.07和0.055 8,均通过10%水平的显著性检验,表明网约车服务在进入中国城市后平均增加5.58%道路交通事故,与假设H1相符。
1) 平行趋势检验。平行趋势是进行多期DID估计的前提条件,要求网约车服务进入城市前,处理组和对照组的交通事故死亡人数变化趋势基本一致。平行趋势检验如图1所示。在网约车服务进入前9年,网约车服务对交通事故死亡人数的影响系数未达显著性水平,表明处理组和对照组的交通事故死亡人数变化趋势不存在明显差异,满足平行趋势条件,证明多期DID得出的结果是有效的。
2) 倾向得分匹配(Propensity Score Matching,PSM)检验。网约车服务进入中国城市的过程可能存在一定选择性偏误问题,即存在“进入标准”,如样本中的处理组主要为大城市,而对照组以中小城市为主,因而不能满足严格的随机分组条件。因此,采用PSM来克服这一问题,即在处理组中找到j市,使其与对照组中的i市特征尽量保持相似。具体而言,使用核匹配法匹配人均国内生产总值、人均工资和失业率3个指标,降低处理组城市和对照组城市之间的系统性差异,使2组城市具有相似的城市特征。经匹配后,3个指标的标准化偏差绝对值均明显缩小,且接近于0,表明匹配后的处理组与对照组不存在显著的城市特征差异。因此,使用PSM-DID具有较强的适用性。结果见表3。无论是否加入控制变量, R i t l n ( D i t )的影响系数依然显著为正,进一步证明多期DID结果的稳健性。
为进一步揭示影响机制,使用式(2)和式(3)分析公交客运量和私家车保有量的中介效应。公交客运量和私家车保有量的中介效应结果见表4。其中,列1和列2为公交客运量的中介效应,而列3和列4为私家车保有量的中介效应。
公交客运量作为中介变量时, R i t l n ( B i t )的影响系数为-0.192 6,在1%水平上显著为负,表明网约车服务的进入降低了公交使用量。 l n ( B i t ) l n ( D i t )的影响系数为-0.036 8,在10%水平上显著为负,表明公交使用量的增加可以减少道路交通事故。根据逐步法检验流程, β 1 λ 2具有显著性,大小为0.007 1,直接影响 λ 1在10%水平上显著为正,表明网约车服务通过减少公交使用量来间接增加道路交通事故,与假设H2相符。
私家车保有量作为中介变量时, R i t l n ( E i t )的影响系数为0.05,在10%水平上显著为正,表明网约车服务的进入增加了私家车使用量。 l n ( E i t ) l n ( D i t )的影响系数为0.028 6,在10%水平上显著为正,表明私家车使用量的增加会加重道路交通事故。根据逐步法检验流程, β 1 λ 2具有显著性,大小为0.001 4,直接影响 λ 1在10%水平上显著为正,表明网约车服务通过增加私家车使用量来间接增加道路交通事故,与假设H3相符。
以上结果说明了公交客运量与私家车保有量均发挥显著的中介效应,且公交客运量的中介作用更强。因此,公交使用量的减少是网约车服务间接增加道路交通事故的主要原因。
逐步法对中介变量的检验过程容易理解,但其检验力较低[17],故进一步使用Sobel法和Bootstrap法检验中介效应的稳健性,结果见表5。对 l n ( B i t )进行Sobel检验时,Sobel、Goodman-1、Goodman-2的Z值均存在显著性,可知公交客运量的中介效应是显著的;对 l n ( E i t )进行Sobel检验时,Sobel、Goodman-1、Goodman-2的Z值存在显著性,可知私家车保有量的中介效应也是显著的。
Sobel法的检验力虽然高于逐步法,但要求假设 β 1 λ 2服从正态分布。实际中,即便 β 1 λ 2都满足正态分布, β 1 λ 2也可能不是正态分布[19]。为克服这一局限性,进一步使用Bootstrap法。经过500、1 000、 1 500次抽样后, l n ( B i t ) l n ( E i t )的95%置信区间均未包含0,可知二者的中介效应依然显著。综上,公交客运量和私家车保有量的中介效应是稳健的。
1) 针对网约车服务的进入增加道路交通事故,政府部门应当加强网约车服务的监管,有效控制车流量和司机不安全的驾驶行为,从而减少道路交通事故的发生[20]
2) 公交运营方应优化站点设置,提高公交的覆盖率和准点率,改善乘车环境,提高公交乘客的忠诚度,从而提升公交服务质量[21]
3) 政府应完善平台安全保障,提高私家车准入门槛,避免不合规私家车流入网约车市场,如平台需检验车辆有无牌照、车损情况。同时,政府也应加大司机背景的核查力度,提高网约车司机的准入门槛,如禁止有酒驾、疲劳驾驶等经历的司机从事网约车服务[22]
1) 我国网约车服务的进入在总体上增加了事故死亡人数。这一结果突显了网约车服务在中国市场中的潜在安全风险。
2) 网约车服务不仅对交通事故死亡造成直接影响,而且还通过减少公交使用量以及增加私家车使用量,间接增加交通事故死亡。这表明:公交和私家车的使用量发挥了部分中介效应,是提高网约车安全性的重要抓手。
3) 在深入分析影响机制后,发现公交使用量的中介效应明显强于私家车使用量。这说明网约车服务的进入主要导致公交使用量减少,从而间接增加了交通事故死亡。这一发现可预防和降低网约车服务引起的道路交通事故。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(71571025)
  • 大连市科技创新基金资助(2022JJ13FG106)
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0277
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
  • 修回日期:2023-11-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(71571025)
大连市科技创新基金资助(2022JJ13FG106)
作者信息
    大连海事大学 航运经济与管理学院,辽宁 大连 116026

通讯作者:

** 林岩(1972—),男,山东济宁人,博士,教授,主要从事共享经济与交通安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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