Article(id=1149741768234677216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0192-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0319, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691856000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-13, revisedDate=1700236800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398716, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398716, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398716, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398716, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=192, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741768922543080, articleId=1149741768234677216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on influence of initiation sequence on fragmentation of step rock and blasting vibration, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influence of initiation sequence on the crushing effect of open steps and the surrounding environment,the LS-DYNA simulation software was used to calculate the step blasting model under different initiation sequences. First,the physical and mechanical characteristics of the model under different initiation orders were analyzed. Then,the field test was conducted to verify the simulation results and study the influence of the initiation sequence on the blasting vibration strength and rock crushing degree. The results show that the stacking effect,which changes the stress wave,shows the breaking effect and blasting vibration strength. The hole-by-hole blasting technology can effectively reduce the blasting vibration so as to reduce the adverse effects on the surrounding environment,but the rock-crushing effect is not ideal; the rock passing rate is 81.52%. Compared with the hole-by-hole blasting,the passing rate of wave sequential blasting gravel is increased by 11.68%,and the amount of single-hole collapse is increased by 16.8% when the hole net parameter is increased to 3 m×7 m,which effectively reduces the explosive consumption and reduces the comprehensive cost. However,it produces a large blasting vibration strength,which needs to pay attention to the impact on the surrounding environment.

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为探究起爆顺序对露天台阶岩石破碎效果以及周围环境的影响,利用LS-DYNA仿真软件分别计算不同起爆顺序下的台阶爆破模型。分析不同起爆顺序下模型的物理力学特征;开展现场试验验证模拟结果,并分析起爆顺序对爆破振动强度及岩石破碎块度的影响特征。研究结果表明:起爆顺序对爆破过程中自由面空间分布产生影响,从而改变应力波的叠加效应,不同起爆顺序下台阶破碎效果及爆破振动强度表现出明显差异。逐孔起爆技术能够有效降低爆破振动,从而减轻对周围环境的不良影响,但其岩石破碎效果并不理想,岩石通过率为81.52%。与逐孔起爆相比,波浪式顺序起爆碎石通过率提高11.68%,增大孔网参数至3 m×7 m时单孔崩落矿量提高16.8%,这可以有效减少炸药消耗量,降低综合成本。然而,其产生的爆破振动强度较大,需要注意对周围环境的影响。

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段继超 (1997—),男,安徽宿州人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为爆破与冲击动力学。E-mail:

宗 琦 教授

汪海波 教授

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, companyId=1168128906499466114, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168128908227519395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different explosives on blasting funnel, figureFileSmall=fDbERUqyyEmVD052UsGzxA==, figureFileBig=p74/r2r4Ao5rtU677v2MrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128908298822564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同炸药爆破漏斗效果, figureFileSmall=fDbERUqyyEmVD052UsGzxA==, figureFileBig=p74/r2r4Ao5rtU677v2MrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128908391097253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Step SPH-FEM modeling schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=qaZGZ8+8yo+IdsxD5K/xiA==, figureFileBig=GcmfwAlgwJDY4FBE3Kcruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128908491760550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图2, caption=台阶SPH-FEM建模, figureFileSmall=qaZGZ8+8yo+IdsxD5K/xiA==, figureFileBig=GcmfwAlgwJDY4FBE3Kcruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128908584035239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Initiation sequence, figureFileSmall=Pq8XoFo5Cl+gDGZBsS6pXA==, figureFileBig=MKp5xqZMvFg+lD7gfv6JFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128908697281448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图3, caption=起爆顺序, figureFileSmall=Pq8XoFo5Cl+gDGZBsS6pXA==, figureFileBig=MKp5xqZMvFg+lD7gfv6JFw==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图5, caption=台阶爆破压力分布及SPH抛掷图, figureFileSmall=MHr0vIOTZdYy8ibiEjt5gg==, figureFileBig=GEhbeAtfo/sU37bULrISJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909120906157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The damaged cloud map of rock mass is preserved, figureFileSmall=ys3f8LiZYUGN2SWnAUVuGQ==, figureFileBig=BKd6rF7IIdrIsTRJW3CZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909242540974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图6, caption=保留岩体损伤云图, figureFileSmall=ys3f8LiZYUGN2SWnAUVuGQ==, figureFileBig=BKd6rF7IIdrIsTRJW3CZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909309649839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Lay layout of calculation model monitoring points, figureFileSmall=GS2+iqFVEW2eLwBsg0b+Jw==, figureFileBig=szEShOOGW+YI+CLkbDwOjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909372564400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图7, caption=计算模型监测点布置, figureFileSmall=GS2+iqFVEW2eLwBsg0b+Jw==, figureFileBig=szEShOOGW+YI+CLkbDwOjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909431284657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Retaining damage stress in typical position of rock mass, figureFileSmall=B2777yhKxCiWWGZH9rBnhw==, figureFileBig=S1VFI+uVnB/Giajt6HbUAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909494199218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图8, caption=保留岩体典型位置损伤应力, figureFileSmall=B2777yhKxCiWWGZH9rBnhw==, figureFileBig=S1VFI+uVnB/Giajt6HbUAw==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同起爆顺序爆炸地震波能量时程曲线, figureFileSmall=KmvNU4jzAnz5+59FqW1CsQ==, figureFileBig=UvRkcg/zE4gB3VK+KBv9Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909821354935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Analysis of rock fragmentation degree, figureFileSmall=KyDxJKtSUPPzia2j6fMM9Q==, figureFileBig=V9qYnVCCNU8kQ/ucxxwI8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909917823928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=图11, caption=岩石破碎块度分析, figureFileSmall=KyDxJKtSUPPzia2j6fMM9Q==, figureFileBig=V9qYnVCCNU8kQ/ucxxwI8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128909984932793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Sandstone HJC parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值 参数 取值 参数 取值 参数 取值
密度ρ0/(kg·m-3) 2 688 抗拉强度T/MPa 12.2 压力常数K1/GPa 81 抗压强度fc/MPa 157
特征化黏聚强度参数A 0.32 弹性极限压力Pc/MPa 51.33 压力常数K2/GPa -91 损伤常数D1 0.041
压力强化参数B 1.76 弹性极限体积应变μc 2.76 压力常数K3/GPa 89 损伤常数D2 1.0
应变率敏感系数C 0.001 86 静水压力Pl/GPa 0.012 最小断裂应变εfmin/s-1 0.01 剪切模量G/GPa 26.54
特征化最大强度 S m a x 7.0 塑性变形μl 0.012 压力硬化系数N 0.79 参考应变率 ε ˙ 0/s-1 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910077207482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

砂岩HJC参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值 参数 取值 参数 取值 参数 取值
密度ρ0/(kg·m-3) 2 688 抗拉强度T/MPa 12.2 压力常数K1/GPa 81 抗压强度fc/MPa 157
特征化黏聚强度参数A 0.32 弹性极限压力Pc/MPa 51.33 压力常数K2/GPa -91 损伤常数D1 0.041
压力强化参数B 1.76 弹性极限体积应变μc 2.76 压力常数K3/GPa 89 损伤常数D2 1.0
应变率敏感系数C 0.001 86 静水压力Pl/GPa 0.012 最小断裂应变εfmin/s-1 0.01 剪切模量G/GPa 26.54
特征化最大强度 S m a x 7.0 塑性变形μl 0.012 压力硬化系数N 0.79 参考应变率 ε ˙ 0/s-1 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910152704955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters related to the explosive status

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炸药密度ρc/
(kg·m-3)
爆速cd/
(m·s-1)
压缩性系数
YJ/GPa
相关性系数
XJ/GPa
常数
ω
高压段系数
R1
中压段系数
R2
炸药内能
E0/GPa
1 250 3 200 2.76 23.3 0.28 5.25 1.60 8.56
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910215619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

炸药状态相关参数

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炸药密度ρc/
(kg·m-3)
爆速cd/
(m·s-1)
压缩性系数
YJ/GPa
相关性系数
XJ/GPa
常数
ω
高压段系数
R1
中压段系数
R2
炸药内能
E0/GPa
1 250 3 200 2.76 23.3 0.28 5.25 1.60 8.56
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910299505597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Field test blasting vibration monitoring data

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起爆
方式
测点 测点位
移/m
径向 切向 垂向
最大振速/
(cm·s-1)
主频/
Hz
最大振速/
(cm·s-1)
主频/
Hz
最大振速/
(cm·s-1)
主频/
Hz
逐孔
起爆
1 30 -25.796 17.700 -13.888 35.706 20.134 18.005
2 60 -6.688 18.616 9.926 31.316 -10.72 37.537
3 90 4.174 36.926 -3.232 37.537 4.334 37.231
奇偶式顺
序起爆
1 30 -33.581 18.005 -15.233 19.836 -27.692 17.700
2 60 -11.895 18.616 -13.460 18.92 -10.269 20.142
3 90 -7.311 40.283 11.410 36.926 -6.354 19.531
波浪式顺
序起爆
1 30 -35.708 49.4 30.475 18.005 -25.179 19.226
2 60 -33.918 59.814 7.722 19.531 -15.416 19.836
3 90 13.551 18.616 -10.365 21.362 12.408 18.616
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910442111934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

现场试验爆破振动监测数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
起爆
方式
测点 测点位
移/m
径向 切向 垂向
最大振速/
(cm·s-1)
主频/
Hz
最大振速/
(cm·s-1)
主频/
Hz
最大振速/
(cm·s-1)
主频/
Hz
逐孔
起爆
1 30 -25.796 17.700 -13.888 35.706 20.134 18.005
2 60 -6.688 18.616 9.926 31.316 -10.72 37.537
3 90 4.174 36.926 -3.232 37.537 4.334 37.231
奇偶式顺
序起爆
1 30 -33.581 18.005 -15.233 19.836 -27.692 17.700
2 60 -11.895 18.616 -13.460 18.92 -10.269 20.142
3 90 -7.311 40.283 11.410 36.926 -6.354 19.531
波浪式顺
序起爆
1 30 -35.708 49.4 30.475 18.005 -25.179 19.226
2 60 -33.918 59.814 7.722 19.531 -15.416 19.836
3 90 13.551 18.616 -10.365 21.362 12.408 18.616
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910580523967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistics of rock fragmentation block size in the burst zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
起爆方式 孔网参
数/m×m
占整体爆堆比例/% 单孔爆落
矿量/t
≤ 250 mm (250,300] mm (300,350] mm (350,400] mm ≥ 400 mm
逐孔起爆 3×6 81.52 3.94 7.51 2.26 4.76 572.4
波浪式顺序起爆 93.21 6.79
奇偶式顺序起爆 87.20 1.74 11.06
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910681187264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

爆区岩石破碎块度尺寸统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
起爆方式 孔网参
数/m×m
占整体爆堆比例/% 单孔爆落
矿量/t
≤ 250 mm (250,300] mm (300,350] mm (350,400] mm ≥ 400 mm
逐孔起爆 3×6 81.52 3.94 7.51 2.26 4.76 572.4
波浪式顺序起爆 93.21 6.79
奇偶式顺序起爆 87.20 1.74 11.06
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910756684737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Increase the size statistics of rock crushing block in the burst area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
起爆方式 孔网参
数/m×m
占整体爆堆比例/% 单孔爆落
矿量/t
≤ 250 mm (250,300] mm (300,350] mm (350,400] mm ≥ 400 mm
波浪式顺序起爆 3×7 80.33 5.33 1.74 10.9 1.70 667.8
奇偶式顺序起爆 73.6 8.56 2.22 5.66 9.96
), ArticleFig(id=1168128910823793602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768234677216, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

增大孔网参数爆区岩石破碎块度尺寸统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
起爆方式 孔网参
数/m×m
占整体爆堆比例/% 单孔爆落
矿量/t
≤ 250 mm (250,300] mm (300,350] mm (350,400] mm ≥ 400 mm
波浪式顺序起爆 3×7 80.33 5.33 1.74 10.9 1.70 667.8
奇偶式顺序起爆 73.6 8.56 2.22 5.66 9.96
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起爆顺序对台阶岩石破碎块度及爆破振动影响研究
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段继超 , 宗琦 , 汪海波 , 王浩
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(2): 192-199
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(2): 192-199
起爆顺序对台阶岩石破碎块度及爆破振动影响研究
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段继超 , 宗琦, 汪海波, 王浩
作者信息
  • 安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 段继超 (1997—),男,安徽宿州人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为爆破与冲击动力学。E-mail:

    宗 琦 教授

    汪海波 教授

Study on influence of initiation sequence on fragmentation of step rock and blasting vibration
Jichao DUAN , Qi ZONG, Haibo WANG, Hao WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Architecture,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan Anhui 232001,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0319
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为探究起爆顺序对露天台阶岩石破碎效果以及周围环境的影响,利用LS-DYNA仿真软件分别计算不同起爆顺序下的台阶爆破模型。分析不同起爆顺序下模型的物理力学特征;开展现场试验验证模拟结果,并分析起爆顺序对爆破振动强度及岩石破碎块度的影响特征。研究结果表明:起爆顺序对爆破过程中自由面空间分布产生影响,从而改变应力波的叠加效应,不同起爆顺序下台阶破碎效果及爆破振动强度表现出明显差异。逐孔起爆技术能够有效降低爆破振动,从而减轻对周围环境的不良影响,但其岩石破碎效果并不理想,岩石通过率为81.52%。与逐孔起爆相比,波浪式顺序起爆碎石通过率提高11.68%,增大孔网参数至3 m×7 m时单孔崩落矿量提高16.8%,这可以有效减少炸药消耗量,降低综合成本。然而,其产生的爆破振动强度较大,需要注意对周围环境的影响。

起爆顺序  /  台阶爆破  /  破碎块度  /  爆破振动  /  数值模拟

In order to explore the influence of initiation sequence on the crushing effect of open steps and the surrounding environment,the LS-DYNA simulation software was used to calculate the step blasting model under different initiation sequences. First,the physical and mechanical characteristics of the model under different initiation orders were analyzed. Then,the field test was conducted to verify the simulation results and study the influence of the initiation sequence on the blasting vibration strength and rock crushing degree. The results show that the stacking effect,which changes the stress wave,shows the breaking effect and blasting vibration strength. The hole-by-hole blasting technology can effectively reduce the blasting vibration so as to reduce the adverse effects on the surrounding environment,but the rock-crushing effect is not ideal; the rock passing rate is 81.52%. Compared with the hole-by-hole blasting,the passing rate of wave sequential blasting gravel is increased by 11.68%,and the amount of single-hole collapse is increased by 16.8% when the hole net parameter is increased to 3 m×7 m,which effectively reduces the explosive consumption and reduces the comprehensive cost. However,it produces a large blasting vibration strength,which needs to pay attention to the impact on the surrounding environment.

detonation sequence  /  bench blasting  /  fragmentation size  /  blasting vibration  /  numerical simulation
段继超, 宗琦, 汪海波, 王浩. 起爆顺序对台阶岩石破碎块度及爆破振动影响研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 192 -199 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0319
Jichao DUAN, Qi ZONG, Haibo WANG, Hao WANG. Study on influence of initiation sequence on fragmentation of step rock and blasting vibration[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 192 -199 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0319
台阶爆破作为一种安全高效的开采技术,被广泛应用于露天矿山[1]。为了追求经济发展和保护环境友好协同,有必要在改善台阶爆破质量的基础上,降低爆破对周围环境的影响[2-4]。因此,深入研究不同起爆顺序的爆破特点,优选适合现场生产的起爆网路,才能满足矿山生产对安全性和经济性的要求。
近些年,诸多专家学者对改善台阶爆破质量开展了研究与探索。于江浩等[5]以神华北电胜利露天矿为研究对象,得出逐孔起爆可以减弱岩石的夹制作用,有效降低岩石破碎程度,保持边坡稳定性。陈亚军等[6]为了降低露天煤矿在复杂条件下岩体大块率和爆堆不规整及爆破飞石等不良影响,采用多排深孔微差爆破来增加爆破侧向自由面,增强反射拉伸波对后爆孔岩体的径向拉应力作用。陈运成等[7]采用倾斜浅孔和倾斜深孔相结合,优化设计孔网参数和装药结构,以逐孔起爆的方式,有效解决了台阶坡面坡比上下相差大的技术难题。从以上研究看出,优化起爆网络能够改善露天矿山爆破效果。然而,现有研究大多集中在单一的、简单的起爆网络,对复杂起爆网络研究较少,并缺乏多种起爆网络的对比分析。此外,对台阶爆破效果的评价往往依赖于定性分析,缺乏定量分析。
鉴于此,笔者拟围绕起爆顺序对破碎效果以及周围环境的影响这一关键问题,利用LS-DYNA软件对不同起爆顺序下的爆破模型进行数值模拟,探究爆炸过程中模型应力、位移及振动速度的变化特征;开展现场试验验证模拟结果,并通过定量分析现场爆破振动和岩石破碎块度,优选适合现场的起爆网路,以期为露天台阶爆破起爆网络的选取和优化提供理论参考。
采用Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)模型描述岩石,HJC形式简洁,参数明确,广泛应用于岩石材料的动力学响应研究[8-9]。主要材料参数见表1
在采石场平台的同一区域采用乳化、铵油和粉状3种类型炸药开展爆破漏斗试验,其中,炮孔深度为1 m,炮孔孔径约170 mm,装药质量为1 kg,图1为3种类型炸药爆破漏斗隆起形态。乳化炸药爆破漏斗效果最为理想,使用反铲将爆破漏斗里的碎石抓取出来,对开挖后的碎石称重并计算开挖方量,爆破药量Q等于开挖方量V与炸药单耗q的乘积,即Q = q·V,求得q为0.72kg/m3。乳化炸药状态相关参数见表2
数值模拟过程中,采用光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)法与有限元(Finite Element Method,FEM)法相结合的方式,选择在近区大变形场采用SPH法,远区小变形场采用FEM法,不仅可以避免靠近炮孔周围区域的网格变形严重,而且减少SPH的计算面积,提高计算效率[10]。数值计算模型如图2所示。模型孔间距、排间距与现场布孔参数的比例为1∶10,依据已确定的炸药单耗,计算装药直径为0.12 m,装药长度和堵塞长度分别为0.4和0.15 m。SPH范围内网格数量306 384,台阶网格总数量747 600。
依托工程现场采用逐孔起爆,保持现场布孔参数不变,选择奇偶式顺序起爆和波浪式顺序起爆作为现场逐孔起爆的对比分析对象。台阶爆破模型的孔网参数布置如图3所示。图3中,数字排序表示起爆先后顺序。
图4展示了模型相邻SPH与FEM的压力对比曲线。可以看出,相邻的SPH与FEM压力时程曲线几乎重叠,由于炮孔爆生气体压力由内而外连续传播,SPH的压力较FEM峰值略大。可见,耦合设置可以确保近区SPH的应力和变形等信息成功传递给FEM单元。
台阶爆破压力分布及SPH抛掷图如图5所示。在不同的起爆顺序下,模型SPH区域粒子的抛掷形态及压力分布均存在明显差异。在Ansys/Ls-PrePost中去除SPH粒子区域,只显示岩石单元,保留岩体损伤,如图6所示。可以看到,岩体损伤呈现柱状分布形态,符合实际工程应力波的传播特性以及岩体的损伤分布特性。
在计算模型的典型位置布置监测点,探究爆炸荷载作用下模型的应力、位移以及爆破振动等动态力学变化特征,监测点布置如图7所示。
不同起爆顺序下模型监测应力随时间变化规律如图8所示。可以看出,不同起爆顺序下监测点峰值应力数值存在差异,奇偶式起爆和波浪式起爆最大应力出现在监测点1处,分别为254.01 和265.05 MPa;逐孔起爆峰值应力出现在测点3处,应力峰值为249.55 MPa。这是由于不同起爆顺序下,先爆炮孔对后爆炮孔形成的自由面的位置和数量存在差异,导致应力波的叠加效果各异。
图9为监测点爆破峰值振动速度(Peak Particle Velocity,PPV)及位移随时间的变化曲线。从图9可以看出,逐孔起爆、奇偶式顺序起爆和波浪式顺序起爆的PPV分别为1.87、2.31、2.53 cm/s,峰值位移分别为2.57、2.77、2.83 cm。这是由于逐孔起爆后爆炮孔与先爆炮孔之间微差时间过长,无法形成有效的应力场,相比于奇偶式顺序和波浪式顺序起爆,逐孔起爆振动速度以及移动位移均较小。
试验过程使用振动仪器监测三向PPV,根据规范要求[11],依次放置在距离主爆破区域中间位置30、60、90 m处,监测数据见表3
表3可以看出,不同起爆顺序下最大同段起爆药量是影响PPV的重要因素[12]。在各种起爆顺序中,波浪式顺序起爆的同时,起爆炮孔数量最多,其引起的3个振动分量的数值均大于其他起爆顺序的PPV值。
为准确评估不同起爆顺序对爆破振动的影响特征,采用地震波能量作为直观的表征手段,爆破振动能量Es计算公式为:
E s = ρ [ c L v x 2 + c T ( v y 2 + v z 2 ) ]
式中:cLcT分别为传播介质的纵波波速和横波波速,m/s;vxvyvz分别为质点径向、切向和垂向的振动速度,m/s。
图10展示了不同起爆顺序下岩体的能量时程曲线,可以看出,同一起爆顺序下爆破振动能量随着监测点距离的增大而减弱,且不同起爆顺序下爆炸波振动能量时程曲线激荡程度不同。此外,不同起爆顺序下爆破振动能量峰值不同,波浪式顺序起爆在1 041.00 ms 时振动能量达到峰值13.607 GJ,分别是逐孔起爆和奇偶式顺序起爆振动能量的1.89和1.23倍。
在岩体爆破工程中,岩石破碎块度的分布情况是评估破碎效果的重要指标。针对传统人工抽样筛分爆破矿堆块度方法的不足,采用WipFrag图像分析软件即时处理,实现对爆堆块度的精准分析。在拍摄爆堆过程中,采用300 mm钢尺作为参照物,拍摄角度应尽量与爆堆剖面保持垂直,将图像导入到WipFrag中分析并得出爆堆块度占比分布,如图11所示。
图11可以看出,岩矿粒径均小于350 mm,中位数岩矿粒径小于75 mm,爆破块度分布均匀。此外,图11中,PS50代表所采集的爆堆中有50%的岩矿粒径小于69.43 mm,则PS99代表着有99%的岩矿粒径小于336.88 mm。
采石场下料口筛网尺寸为250 mm,爆破碎石直径大于筛网尺寸需二次破碎。因此,在统计图像分析软件中,划分多个尺寸区间,统计爆堆岩石中各个区间内碎石所占整体爆堆比例,将直径不大于250 mm的部分所占的比重定义为通过率,统计结果见表4
表4可以看出,相较于逐孔起爆方式,波浪式起爆和奇偶式起爆通过率显著提高,分别提高11.68%和5.67%,有效减少了二次破碎矿量,提高了生产效率。可以发现,科学的起爆网络能够改善台阶爆破质量。然而,对于企业的实际生产而言,生产效益也至关重要。采石场在开采过程中,炸药单耗量过高已引发关注,寻求合理降低成本的解决方案显得尤为重要。考虑到波浪式起爆和奇偶式起爆的通过率相较于原有起爆方案显著提高,故增大其孔网参数,从而达到增加单孔爆落矿量,降低炸药单耗的目的。保持排间距不变,孔间距增至3 m×7 m,进行现场试验,分析并统计爆破区域内岩石的破碎块度尺寸,结果见表5。通过对比表4表5的数据发现,提高孔网参数后,单孔爆落矿量有明显增加,岩石破碎块度有小幅度下降。
相较于逐孔起爆(3 m×6 m)爆堆岩石通过率,孔网参数为3 m×6 m时,波浪式起爆和奇偶式起爆分别增加11.68%和5.67%,当孔网参数增至3 m×7 m 时,波浪式起爆和奇偶式起爆分别降低1.19%和7.93%,但单孔崩落矿量提高16.8%。可以发现,增大孔网参数后,波浪式顺序起爆爆堆碎石通过率小幅度降低,崩落矿量显著提高,可有效降低炸药单耗。
1) 数值模拟计算中,SPH-FEM法的耦合设置能够准确地将SPH在近区的应力、变形以及损伤等信息传递给FEM单元。在不同起爆顺序下,模型SPH区域粒子的抛掷形态各异,同时,保留岩体FEM的应力侵蚀深度也有显著差异。
2) 不同起爆顺序下,先爆炮孔对后爆炮孔所创造自由面的位置和数量不同,影响应力波的叠加效果以及爆破振动强度,从而对整个台阶的爆破效果以及周围环境产生不同程度影响。
3) 通过现场试验发现,逐孔起爆爆堆岩石通过率为81.52%。相较于逐孔起爆,波浪式顺序(3 m×6 m)爆堆岩石通过率提高11.68%;波浪式起爆(3 m×7 m)岩石通过率降低1.19%,但单孔崩落矿量提高16.8%,能够有效降低炸药单耗。
4) 波浪式起爆技术能够显著降低炸药消耗量以及二次破碎矿量,从而降低综合成本。逐孔起爆技术有效减少碎石的抛掷及爆破引发的振动,从而减轻对周围环境的不良影响,确保在复杂环境下的安全生产。
  • 安徽高校自然科学研究项目(2023AH051167)
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0319
  • 接收时间:2023-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-13
  • 修回日期:2023-11-18
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安徽高校自然科学研究项目(2023AH051167)
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    安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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