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Article(id=1149741767387427796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0200-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0578, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692028800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-15, revisedDate=1699891200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398514, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398514, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=200, endPage=207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741767651668953, articleId=1149741767387427796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Experimental study on characteristics of rock fracturing by high-pressure gas under different impact directions, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the enhanced permeability of gas-containing coal seams and improve extraction efficiency，high-pressure gas fracturing tests under different impact directions were performed by a self-developed true triaxial high-pressure gas impact rock fracturing test system. The test variable was the angle between gas impact direction and maximum horizontal principal stress. High-pressure gas impact tests were performed under the actions of three triaxial stress，and rock fracture morphology and acoustic emission response were obtained at angles between the impact direction and the maximum horizontal principal stress of 0，30，45，60，and 90°. The results indicated that the rock fracturing process caused by high-pressure gas presented five significant stages including the impact crack initiation stage，air pressure rising stage，crack propagation stage，air pressure stabilization stage，and pressure attenuation stage; High-pressure gas impact caused vertical and horizontal cracks. Vertical cracks were deflected，and the deflection angle increased with the increment of the jet angle. Moreover，the crack deflection points gradually moved away from the drilling hole，and the horizontal fracture surface took on a shape of low in the middle and high in surrounding areas. The maximum gas pressure increased with the angle between the jet direction and the maximum principal stress，and the peak pressure represented a linear increment from 0 to 90°; The acoustic emission signals analysis indicated that rock impact failure was primarily caused by tensile failure and supplemented by shear failure. However，as the jet angle increased，it gradually became a tensile-shear composite failure dominated by shear failure.

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为探索含瓦斯煤层增透性，提高抽采率，利用自主研制的真三轴高压气体冲击致裂岩石试验系统，开展不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂试验，试验变量为气体冲击方向与最大水平主应力的夹角，在三向应力的作用下开展高压气体冲击试验，得到冲击方向与最大水平主应力呈现0、30、45、60和90°夹角时岩石破裂形态及声发射响应。结果表明：高压气体冲击致裂岩石过程呈现5个显著阶段，即冲击起裂阶段、气压上升阶段、裂缝扩展阶段、气压稳定阶段和压力衰减阶段；高压气体冲击产生垂直裂缝和水平裂缝，射流角度增加后，垂直裂缝出现偏转，且偏转角度逐渐变大，裂缝偏转点也逐渐远离钻孔，水平断裂面呈现中间低四周高的形态；气体峰值压力随着射流方向与最大主应力的角度增加而增加，从0~90°峰值压力呈线性增长；分析声发射信号发现，岩石冲击破坏以张拉破坏为主、剪切破坏为辅，但随着射流角度增加，逐渐转变为剪切破坏为主的拉-剪复合破坏。

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张纪辉 (1999—)，男，安徽池州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为瓦斯煤岩动力灾害机理与防控预警。E-mail：。

马衍坤 教授

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张纪辉 (1999—)，男，安徽池州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为瓦斯煤岩动力灾害机理与防控预警。E-mail：。

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张纪辉 (1999—)，男，安徽池州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为瓦斯煤岩动力灾害机理与防控预警。E-mail：。

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马衍坤 教授

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马衍坤 教授

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1-加载泵组；2-加载泵数控系统；3-加载板；4-声发射传感器；5-声发射信号采集系统；6-气压传感器；7-电磁阀；8-四级压缩机；9-高压气体储罐；10-直流电源；11-气压采集系统。

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Test parameters

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试样 射流方向/
(°)		 三轴应力/
MPa		 气体压力/
MPa
L1 0 σh=4.8
σH=6.4
σV=8		 16
L2 30 16
L3 45 16
L4 60 16
L5 90 16
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试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样 射流方向/
(°)		 三轴应力/
MPa		 气体压力/
MPa
L1 0 σh=4.8
σH=6.4
σV=8		 16
L2 30 16
L3 45 16
L4 60 16
L5 90 16
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Time-consuming statistics of each stage for different perforation anglesms

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时段 0°耗时 30°耗时 45°耗时 60°耗时 90°耗时
B—C 28 25 25 30.5 34
C—D 23.5 24.5 25 45 43.5
D—E 154.5 170 167 140.5 119
E—F 420 398.5 392.5 396.5 420
F—G 1 293 1 882.5 1 726 1 763 1 282
), ArticleFig(id=1168128872735318785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741767387427796, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同射孔角度每阶段耗时统计

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时段 0°耗时 30°耗时 45°耗时 60°耗时 90°耗时
B—C 28 25 25 30.5 34
C—D 23.5 24.5 25 45 43.5
D—E 154.5 170 167 140.5 119
E—F 420 398.5 392.5 396.5 420
F—G 1 293 1 882.5 1 726 1 763 1 282
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Statistics of slope angle(°)

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试样 射流方向 最大角度 最小角度
L1 0 23.9 20.3
L2 30 28.2 20.4
L3 45 33.9 16.1
L4 60 30.5 13.1
L5 90 34.5 0
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斜面角度结果统计

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试样 射流方向 最大角度 最小角度
L1 0 23.9 20.3
L2 30 28.2 20.4
L3 45 33.9 16.1
L4 60 30.5 13.1
L5 90 34.5 0
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Test results

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试样 射孔角度/
(°)		 偏转角度/
(°)		 偏转处距钻
孔距离/mm
L1 0 0 0
L2 30 30 21
L3 45 45 31
L4 60 15 21
L5 90 45 66
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试验结果

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试样 射孔角度/
(°)		 偏转角度/
(°)		 偏转处距钻
孔距离/mm
L1 0 0 0
L2 30 30 21
L3 45 45 31
L4 60 15 21
L5 90 45 66
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不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂岩石特征试验
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张纪辉 1 , 马衍坤 1, 2 , 谭辉 3 , 赵敖寒 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(2): 200-207
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(2): 200-207
不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂岩石特征试验
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张纪辉1 , 马衍坤1, 2, 谭辉3, 赵敖寒1
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学 煤矿安全高效开采省部共建教育部重点实验室，安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2 河南理工大学 深井瓦斯抽采与围岩控制技术国家地方联合工程实验室，河南 焦作 454000
  • 3 四川职业技术学院 学生工作部，四川 遂宁 629099

    • 张纪辉 (1999—)，男，安徽池州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为瓦斯煤岩动力灾害机理与防控预警。E-mail：。

    马衍坤 教授

Experimental study on characteristics of rock fracturing by high-pressure gas under different impact directions
Jihui ZHANG1 , Yankun MA1, 2, Hui TAN3, Aohan ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Coal Mine Safe and Efficient Mining Key Laboratory Jointly Established by the Ministry of Education，Anhui University of Science and Technology，Huainan Anhui 232001，China
  • 2 National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Deep Well Gas Extraction and Surrounding Rock Control Technology，Jiaozuo Henan 454000，China
  • 3 Student Affairs Department of Sichuan Vocational and Technical College，Suining Sichuan 629099，China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0578
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摘要
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为探索含瓦斯煤层增透性，提高抽采率，利用自主研制的真三轴高压气体冲击致裂岩石试验系统，开展不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂试验，试验变量为气体冲击方向与最大水平主应力的夹角，在三向应力的作用下开展高压气体冲击试验，得到冲击方向与最大水平主应力呈现0、30、45、60和90°夹角时岩石破裂形态及声发射响应。结果表明：高压气体冲击致裂岩石过程呈现5个显著阶段，即冲击起裂阶段、气压上升阶段、裂缝扩展阶段、气压稳定阶段和压力衰减阶段；高压气体冲击产生垂直裂缝和水平裂缝，射流角度增加后，垂直裂缝出现偏转，且偏转角度逐渐变大，裂缝偏转点也逐渐远离钻孔，水平断裂面呈现中间低四周高的形态；气体峰值压力随着射流方向与最大主应力的角度增加而增加，从0~90°峰值压力呈线性增长；分析声发射信号发现，岩石冲击破坏以张拉破坏为主、剪切破坏为辅，但随着射流角度增加，逐渐转变为剪切破坏为主的拉-剪复合破坏。

高压气体  /  致裂岩石  /  冲击方向  /  声发射  /  裂缝扩展

To explore the enhanced permeability of gas-containing coal seams and improve extraction efficiency，high-pressure gas fracturing tests under different impact directions were performed by a self-developed true triaxial high-pressure gas impact rock fracturing test system. The test variable was the angle between gas impact direction and maximum horizontal principal stress. High-pressure gas impact tests were performed under the actions of three triaxial stress，and rock fracture morphology and acoustic emission response were obtained at angles between the impact direction and the maximum horizontal principal stress of 0，30，45，60，and 90°. The results indicated that the rock fracturing process caused by high-pressure gas presented five significant stages including the impact crack initiation stage，air pressure rising stage，crack propagation stage，air pressure stabilization stage，and pressure attenuation stage; High-pressure gas impact caused vertical and horizontal cracks. Vertical cracks were deflected，and the deflection angle increased with the increment of the jet angle. Moreover，the crack deflection points gradually moved away from the drilling hole，and the horizontal fracture surface took on a shape of low in the middle and high in surrounding areas. The maximum gas pressure increased with the angle between the jet direction and the maximum principal stress，and the peak pressure represented a linear increment from 0 to 90°; The acoustic emission signals analysis indicated that rock impact failure was primarily caused by tensile failure and supplemented by shear failure. However，as the jet angle increased，it gradually became a tensile-shear composite failure dominated by shear failure.

high-pressure gas  /  fracturing rock  /  impact direction  /  acoustic emission  /  crack propagation
张纪辉, 马衍坤, 谭辉, 赵敖寒. 不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂岩石特征试验. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 200 -207 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0578
Jihui ZHANG, Yankun MA, Hui TAN, Aohan ZHAO. Experimental study on characteristics of rock fracturing by high-pressure gas under different impact directions[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 200 -207 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0578
正文
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0 引言
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我国瓦斯资源量丰富，煤储层具有低压、低渗、低饱和、高含气量的特征，其中，最受关注的问题是我国煤储层渗透率普遍较低，给抽采瓦斯带来很大困难[1]。
高压气体瞬间冲击增透是提高低渗透煤层瓦斯抽采率的新技术和新工艺。相较于炸药和水力压裂[2]等其他增透技术，炸药爆破施工过程复杂且会产生火花，爆破后会产生一些有害的物质(爆破粉尘污染和一些有毒气体)；水力压裂总是沿最大主应力方向扩展裂缝且主裂缝条数受地应力场影响，难以人为优化与控制。现有高压气体致裂通常采用空气[3]、(超临界)CO2[4]或(液态)N2等气体。如李守国等[5]采用高压气体冲击试验装置，发现高压气体冲击煤体时，裂纹萌生和发展优先在煤体较弱处开始；曾范永等[6]设计了控制变量试验，探究了不同影响因素下的高压气体爆破致裂规律；CAO Yunxing等[7]采用与工作面层理平行的CO2压裂钻孔技术，压裂后的试样成为复杂的高渗透性裂缝网络；YANG Xuelin等[8]利用多排CO2压裂系统，发现多重压裂可在较长时间有效提高煤层渗透率。利用气体的相变特征进行煤岩致裂，可以实现煤岩体高效破裂[9]。相较于(超临界)CO2和N2致裂技术，高压空气致裂具有安全、简单和成本低等特点，拥有较好的应用前景，但是，目前定向高压气体致裂试验研究较少。
鉴于此，笔者拟利用真三轴高压气体致裂岩石试验系统，根据气流冲击方向与最大水平主应力的夹角，设计5个不同角度下真三轴高压气体致裂岩石试验，探索岩石破裂形态和裂缝扩展特征和声发射响应特征，以期为含瓦斯煤层增透及提高抽采率提供一种新思路。
1 试验系统与方案
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1.1 岩石试样制备
为尽量减少岩石非均质性对裂缝萌生和扩展的影响，采用水泥和河砂制成的混凝土试样开展试验。试样尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×150 mm的立方体，如图1a所示。水泥、河砂、水按1.03∶5∶1的质量比混合，在制作试样时，预制直径为12 mm，深度为90 mm的致裂钻孔。致裂管主体部分尺寸直径D为 8 mm，高度H为90 mm，气体释放区域均匀布置8个释放孔，孔径d为3.5 mm，如图1b所示。试样制作完成后，养护池中养护28天，所测得的试样单轴抗压强度为18.3 MPa。
1.2 真三轴高压气体致裂岩石试验系统
试验系统包括真三轴加载装置、声发射监测装置和高压空气致裂装置，如图2所示。真三轴加载装置可独立施加X、Y和Z 这3个方向的应力，每个加载板上均设置2个声发射探头安装孔。试验过程中，利用声发射采集仪，配合8个声发射传感器，实时采集试块致裂过程的声发射信号。高压气体致裂装置包括四级压缩机、5 L无缝不锈钢储罐、致裂管及电磁阀等。
1.3 致裂岩石试验方案
1) 试验参数设置。根据前期的相关预试验，设置不同梯度压力下的各类试验，结合致裂效果及高压气体在管道中的沿程损耗，确定试验致裂的气体压力为16 MPa。试验分为5组，每组试验3块试样，共计15块试样。气体冲击方向与 σ H方向(最大水平主应力)呈一定夹角。由图1c可知：试验参数设置夹角分别为0、30、45、60和90°。应力方向三向应力分别设置为σh=4.8 MPa、σH=6.4 MPa和σV=8 MPa，见表1。
2) 试验步骤。将封孔后的试样放置于真三轴腔体内，对试块施加三向应力；打开四级压缩机向储罐中注入16 MPa的高压空气，充气完毕后；打开声发射数据采集仪和气压数据采集仪，开始实时采集声发射信息及气体压力信息；打开储罐上的电磁阀开始试验，电磁阀在20 ms以内开启阀门，高压空气冲击试块；试验结束后退压，取出试块分析裂纹形态。
2 岩石致裂特征
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试块均成功压裂，试验过程实时采集得到气压及声发射信息，分析试验结果，获得裂缝形态特征和气压变化特征。
2.1 致裂岩石气压曲线特征
根据气压-时间(P-T)曲线可知：峰值压力随射流角度的增大而升高，呈现线性增长。在高压气体冲击下，致裂过程分为5个阶段：冲击起裂阶段、气压上升阶段、裂缝扩展阶段、气压稳定阶段、压力衰减阶段。试块0~2 500 ms内的气压曲线基本类似，如图3a所示。图3a中，小图为各试块0~300 ms内的气压曲线图。每个冲击方向的气压曲线趋势一致，以试块L1为例分析气压曲线，如图3b所示。
1) 冲击起裂阶段。气压从0到峰值压力用时仅85 ms(A—B)，在此阶段高压气体快速冲击孔壁，孔壁形成高压气体冲蚀区，峰值压力也到达最大值。在高压气体的持续冲击下钻孔壁起裂，气压随之迅速下降至4.4 MPa，用时28 ms(B—C)。
2) 气压上升阶段。试块起裂后并未完全破坏，仅试块内部储气空间变大，随着气体的持续输入，气压又进入小幅上升阶段，在25 ms内回升到4.8 MPa(C—D)。
3) 裂缝扩展阶段。在气压持续作用下，裂缝持续扩展，试样被完全破坏，内部封闭空间与大气环境连通，压力下降至3.1 MPa(D—E)，此阶段用时154.5 ms。
4) 气压稳定阶段。已经形成了稳定的气流逃逸通道。在残余气压的压力差作用下，气流不断释放至外界。气压稳定阶段(E—F)持续时间为420 ms。
5) 压力衰减阶段。当气体余量进一步减小，气压稳定阶段结束，气体压力开始下降，1 293 ms后气压降至0 MPa(F—G)。
气压曲线反映了高压气体冲击起裂试块过程，每个阶段试块内部裂纹发展情况不同，气压变化持续时间差异明显，见表2。气体冲击起裂阶段(B—C)耗时为25~35 ms，高压气体压力上升阶段(C—D)耗时为25~45 ms，裂缝持续扩展阶段(D—E)耗时为120~170 ms，气压稳定阶段耗时为390~420 ms，压力衰减阶段耗时为1 250~1 890 ms。冲击起裂与气压上升阶段都是在极短的时间发生，裂缝扩展阶段耗时约是冲击起裂阶段的4倍，可见：在极短的时间内钻孔被冲击破裂，准静态气压作用下裂缝扩展速率远小于动态冲击破裂速度。
随着射孔角度的增大，气体压缩阶段(C—D)耗时在不断的增加，耗时的增加反映着高压气体所需填充的裂缝空间更大。因此，随着射孔角度增加，致裂后的裂缝体积更大，裂隙网络更加复杂，高压气体冲击起裂阶段(A—B段)致裂效果越显著。
2.2 岩石致裂形态分析
在高压气体的冲击下，钻孔内壁出现冲蚀区，冲蚀区形成后，气体持续冲击，在钻孔内壁冲蚀区附近形成2个方向的裂缝，分别为垂直裂缝与水平裂缝，初始裂缝扩展情况如图4a所示。
1) 水平断裂面形态特征分析。裂缝偏转如图4d 所示。当扩展的新裂缝与原有的裂缝的夹角大于10°，即认定为偏转。如2.1节所述，在85 ms内钻孔壁形成冲蚀区，在高压气体的持续冲击下，射流口附近形成水平裂纹，水平裂纹不断扩展形成水平断裂面。初始扩展阶段水平裂纹在钻孔附近沿着水平面扩展，形成低洼区，如图4b所示，低洼区均位于射孔冲击方向上。随着动压冲击转为准静压破坏，水平断裂面开始向最大主应力方向偏转，最终水平方向断裂面呈现中间低四周高的形态，破坏试样边缘与低洼区形成斜面，如图4c所示，射孔角度从 0~90° 的斜面倾斜角度见表3。
对比不同角度的水平断裂面可知：不同冲击方向下的水平断裂面都呈中间低四周高的形态，低洼区均位于致裂管冲击方向上。得出水平断裂面裂缝初始形成的位置(低洼区)与冲击方向有关，即各试块的低洼区均在致裂管的冲击方向上。
2) 垂直裂缝形态特征分析。致裂后的试块形态如图5所示。
统计每个试块的裂缝偏转角度及偏转点距钻孔处的距离，结果见表4。
冲击方向与σH成0°夹角时，垂直主裂缝近似平行最大水平主应力σH方向，如图5a所示；夹角为30°时，垂直主裂纹最初的扩展方向与最大水平主应力成约30°夹角，裂纹扩展至21 mm处时，裂纹发生偏转，偏转后的裂纹沿着最大水平主应力方向继续扩展，如图5b所示；夹角为45°时，垂直裂缝初始沿与σH成45°方向扩展，其中一条向前扩展31 mm 后偏转，偏转后裂缝沿着最大水平应力方向扩展，另一条扩展至4 mm处偏转，偏转后的裂纹沿着最大水平应力方向扩展，如图5c所示；夹角为60°时，一条主裂纹沿着最大水平主应力方向扩展，一条主裂纹沿着最大水平主应力方向扩展19 mm偏转，偏转角度为15°，如图5d所示；夹角为90°时，产生2条主裂纹，一条沿着与σH成45°方向扩展，直至试块的边缘，扩展过程中未见明显的偏转现象，另一条开始沿着与σH成30°方向扩展，扩展至距离钻孔19 mm 处时，出现裂缝分叉，出现3条裂缝，主裂纹沿着与σH成45°方向扩展，直至试样边缘，另外2条分叉裂纹偏转一定角度后沿着最大水平主应力方向扩展，如图5e所示。试验试块均产生了水平裂缝与垂直裂缝相交叉的复杂裂缝网络，钻孔内壁的低洼区随着冲击方向的变化而发生偏转，均产生在致裂管冲击方向上，垂直主裂缝先沿着冲击方向进行扩展，随后受到最大水平主应力的影响发生偏转。
3 裂缝起裂机制
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高压气体致裂是一个气体降压膨胀过程，将致裂过程简化为绝热膨胀过程，因此，气体绝热膨胀所做的功可以近似等于高压气体致裂能量。气体在绝热膨胀情况下做功满足下式：
U g = P V γ - 1 1 - 1 10 P γ / ( γ - 1 ) × 10 6
式中：Ug为气体绝热膨胀功，即爆破能量，J;P为容器及管路中气体的绝对压力，MPa;V为容器及管路体积总和，m3；γ为气体的绝热指数，取决于气体的分子构成，单原子气体绝热指数为1.66，双原子1.4，三原子1.2~1.3。根据试验需求，选取γ=1.35进行相关能量估算，将γ=1.35代入式(1)，即可得出高压空气爆破的能量。
U g = 2.86 P V [ 1 - ( 10 P ) - 0.2857 ] × 10 6
令 C g = 2.5 P [ 1 - ( 10 P ) - 0.2857 ] × 10 6，则 U g = C g V ， 其中， C g为单位体积下的高压气体爆破能量，J/m3。
通过式(2)得出，高压气体的爆破能量与气体初始压力有关，气体初始压力越大，爆破能量越高，文中高压储罐的容量为5 L，即0.005 m3，当气体初始压力为16 MPa时，高压气体爆破致裂时的能量为225.87 kJ，此能量不仅能在初始阶段致裂钻孔壁，更能在后期能量衰减后有足够的能量继续扩展裂纹。
高压空气冲击钻孔内壁形成低洼区，不考虑试块整体，力学分析钻孔内壁受冲击区域。假设高压空气射流冲击孔壁之前的速度为v，被冲击物体与射流速度的夹角为 α，流体在冲击孔壁后，方向改变的前后的动能保持不变，即速度大小仍为v。则高压空气射流冲击力 F可由下式计算得到[11]:
F = ρ Q v - ρ Q v c o s α = ρ Q v ( 1 - c o s α )
式中：ρ为高压空气冲击射流打击孔壁前气体密度，kg/m3；Q为流体的流量，m3/s;v为射流速度，m/s; β为高压空气冲击射流打击孔壁后速度方向与原方向之间的夹角，(°)。
高压气体冲击起裂岩石机制分为3个过程。过程I:在高压气体射流冲击钻孔内壁初期，此时的气体压力最大，带来较多的能量释放，在高压空气射流冲击力作用下使岩石钻孔壁产生明显的冲蚀区，微裂纹数量迅速增加，如图6a所示。过程Ⅱ:冲蚀区形成后高压气体持续冲击，在应力作用下产生大量宏观裂纹，此时宏观裂纹沿着气体射流方向快速扩展，在水平面上形成一个近似水平面的低洼区，如图6b所示。过程Ⅲ:裂缝不断扩展，产生较大的裂缝空间，气体压力急剧下降，下降至一定程度气体压力出现上升阶段，当气体充满整个钻和裂缝空间时便会形成准静态应力场，在该应力场的作用下，初始宏观裂纹会进一步扩展，此时裂纹扩展方向受应力场的控制，裂纹开始沿着最大主应力方向偏转，如图6c所示。
综上所述，冲击方向影响着低洼区初始裂缝，低洼区的形成随着冲击方向的变化而偏转，随着冲击进行裂缝逐步扩展，应力场对裂缝的控制起主导作用，垂直裂缝倾向于沿最大水平应力方向扩展，水平裂缝倾向于沿最大主应力方向扩展。冲击方向的变化，影响垂直裂缝偏转角度和位置，而角度的增加，裂缝偏转的角度、偏转点的距离均相应增大。
4 声发射响应特征
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为深入研究高压气体致裂岩石的过程特征，分析岩石致裂过程声发射信号的上升时间振幅-平均频率(Risetime Amplitude-Average Frequency，RA-AF)特征。
4.1 声发射信号的时频特征
根据气压曲线的5个阶段，声发射信号的时频特征呈现显著区别。以试块L1为例，分析不同阶段的声发射信号时频特征。致裂过程中实时采集到声发射信号，从不同发展阶段分别提取2 000个采样点波形，用于分析每个阶段信号的幅值及频率特征，如图7所示。
分析波形的时域波形绝对平均幅值，发现初始冲击阶段幅值处在一个相对较大的值，随后开始下降，直至高压气体进入部分封闭裂缝，封闭裂缝开始不断扩展，幅值开始上升，到气压稳定阶段，此时气压较低，颗粒之间碰撞概率减小，幅值也随之减小，直至降到最低，如图7a所示。由不同阶段的时频图可知：整个冲击过程主频都维持在165~200 kHz，初始冲击过程中，因气压最大，冲击效应最强，会在钻孔壁上产生冲蚀区，冲击过程中会产生大量碎渣，如图8所示。随着冲蚀区与低洼区的形成，碎渣运动空间逐渐变大，碎渣之间碰撞频率变大，振动信号极易产生，此时频率分布范围较广；随着散落碎渣逐渐被带出，碎渣之间的碰撞概率逐渐降低，频率分布较为单一，只有主频凸显出来。
不同射孔角度，对应的主频频率也有差异，从射孔角度为随着射流角度由0°增加至90°，其主频频率由165 kHz增加至174 kHz。
4.2 RA-AF特征
根据以往研究结果，以剪切破裂为主导的破坏，如岩石三轴压缩试验[12]、带裂纹的立方体压缩试验[13]过程中，在临近失稳阶段，试样中的剪切破裂数量将会显著增加；然而，根据混凝土弯曲试验[14]、大理岩弯曲试验[15]与大理岩直接拉伸试验[16]的声发射参数分析结果，即使是以张拉破裂为主导的破坏，在临近破坏阶段，同样会出现较多呈现剪切特征(即RA值较大、AF值较小)的声发射信号，RA值是上升时间与幅值的比值，AF值是振铃计数与持续时间的比值，按照文献[17]的划分方法，通过矩张量反演，k值约为100，并以此划分张拉破坏和剪切破坏2个区域。当AF/RA>k时，裂纹呈现张拉破坏，当AF/RA<k时，裂纹呈现剪切破坏[18]。因此，RA与AF不仅可以用于破裂机制分析，在描述岩石材料破裂失稳信息上也具有一定作用。
图9为不同冲击角度下RA-AF的结果，气体释放角度为0°时核心密度区是更靠近AF轴，且AF/RA>k占比明显更大，气体释放角度为30°时AF/RA>k占比相较于0°时减小，说明当为0°试样破坏主要是在高压气体作用下沿其优势致裂方向产生张拉破坏，30°时张拉破坏比例减小，剪切破坏增加，当气体释放角度为45°时，数据点主要分布于AF/RA<k区域，核密度区也不明显，表明在这次破裂中不再是张拉破坏占据主导地位，当射孔角度为60和90°时，密集的深色区域数据点聚集在RA轴上，即分布于AF/RA<k区域，核心密度区也更靠近RA轴。
初始冲击阶段，裂缝的起裂主要以张拉破坏为主，当裂缝进一步扩展，在高压气体的射流冲击力及三轴应力的共同作用下，断裂块之间发生碰撞，此时会产生剪切碰坏，冲击角度越大，这种现象越明显。由此可得，高压气体冲击致裂岩石破坏以张拉破坏为主、剪切破坏为辅，但随着射流角度的增加，逐渐转变为剪切破坏为主的拉-剪复合破坏。
5 结论
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1) 岩石在高压气体冲击作用下致裂破坏可分为冲击起裂、气压上升、裂缝扩展、气压稳定和压力衰减5个阶段。岩石破坏过程中，气体峰值压力随射流角度的增加而增大。
2) 高压气体冲击下，在射孔冲击方向上钻孔壁产生冲蚀区，冲蚀区进一步发展为轴向裂缝和水平裂缝，水平裂缝持续扩展致使水平断裂面呈现中间低四周高的形态，轴向裂缝在扩展中会出现裂缝偏转，随着释放角度的增加，轴向裂缝偏转的角度增加，裂缝偏转点距钻孔距离增长。
3) 随着射流角度的增加，主频的频率越来越大，射流角度的大小与主频频率呈现正相关。
4) 高压气体冲击致裂岩石呈现出以张拉破坏为主、剪切破坏为辅的力学破坏过程，随着射流角度的增加，张拉破坏为主转变为剪切破坏为主的复合破坏模式。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52174161)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52227901)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(U21A20110)
  • 深井瓦斯抽采与围岩控制技术国家地方联合工程实验室开放基金资助(SJF2203)
文献
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0578
  • 接收时间：2023-08-15
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-15
  • 修回日期：2023-11-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52174161)
国家自然科学基金资助(52227901)
国家自然科学基金资助(U21A20110)
深井瓦斯抽采与围岩控制技术国家地方联合工程实验室开放基金资助(SJF2203)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学 煤矿安全高效开采省部共建教育部重点实验室，安徽 淮南 232001
    2 河南理工大学 深井瓦斯抽采与围岩控制技术国家地方联合工程实验室，河南 焦作 454000
    3 四川职业技术学院 学生工作部，四川 遂宁 629099
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