Article(id=1149741766762480143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0045-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1277, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=1700323200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398364, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398364, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741767576175132, articleId=1149741766762480143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Improved social force model based on analysis of pedestrian panic emotion, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to deeply analyze the influence of pedestrian panic on the efficiency of group evacuation under emergencies,this paper analyzed and constructed a quantitative model of pedestrian panic,which was composed of two parts: self-panic and panic propagation. First,the model considered factors such as detention time,local density,the distance between pedestrians and exits,the density of people around and the spread of pedestrian panic. Then it was introduced into the social force model for improvement and optimization,and verified the validity by comparing with the classical phenomenon. Finally,the simulation analysis was carried out using Anylogic software. The results show that the improved model can better reflect the evacuation movement characteristics of pedestrians in panic situations. A moderate panic,such as when the panic degree is less than 0.3,can accelerate the evacuation speed of the crowd. A high panic,such as when the panic value is greater than 0.3,can exacerbate the bottleneck phenomenon,and the so-called "fast is slow" phenomenon occurs,thus reducing the evacuation efficiency.

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为深入研究行人恐慌情绪对突发事件下群体疏散效率的影响特性,首先,考虑滞留时间、局部密度、行人与出口的距离、周围人员密度以及行人恐慌情绪传播等因素,解析并构建由自恐慌和恐慌传播2部分组成的行人恐慌情绪量化模型,并将其引入社会力模型中进行改进优化;然后,采用与经典现象对比的方法验证模型的有效性;最后,运用 Anylogic软件进行仿真分析。结果表明:改进后的模型能够较好地反映行人在恐慌情形下的疏散运动特性;适度的恐慌情绪,如当恐慌度小于0.3时,可以加快人群的疏散速度;较高的恐慌情绪,如当恐慌值大于0.3时,则会加剧瓶颈现象,出现所谓的“快即是慢”现象,从而降低疏散效率。

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邓社军 (1977—),男,江苏姜堰人,工学博士,教授,主要从事交通安全与风险防控、交通规划与管理、城市智能交通系统、低碳与智慧交通等方面的研究。E-mail:

于世军 副教授

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邓社军 (1977—),男,江苏姜堰人,工学博士,教授,主要从事交通安全与风险防控、交通规划与管理、城市智能交通系统、低碳与智慧交通等方面的研究。E-mail:

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邓社军 (1977—),男,江苏姜堰人,工学博士,教授,主要从事交通安全与风险防控、交通规划与管理、城市智能交通系统、低碳与智慧交通等方面的研究。E-mail:

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于世军 副教授

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于世军 副教授

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基于行人恐慌情绪解析的改进社会力模型
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邓社军 1 , 虞宇浩 1 , 张俊林 2 , 张超 2 , 钱付余 2 , 于世军 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(2): 45-52
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(2): 45-52
基于行人恐慌情绪解析的改进社会力模型
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邓社军1 , 虞宇浩1, 张俊林2, 张超2, 钱付余2, 于世军1
作者信息
  • 1 扬州大学 建筑科学与工程学院,江苏 扬州 225127
  • 2 交控科技股份有限公司,北京 100070
  • 邓社军 (1977—),男,江苏姜堰人,工学博士,教授,主要从事交通安全与风险防控、交通规划与管理、城市智能交通系统、低碳与智慧交通等方面的研究。E-mail:

    于世军 副教授

Improved social force model based on analysis of pedestrian panic emotion
Shejun DENG1 , Yuhao YU1, Junlin ZHANG2, Chao ZHANG2, Fuyu QIAN2, Shijun YU1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Civil Science and Engineering,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127,China
  • 2 Traffic Control Technology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100070,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1277
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为深入研究行人恐慌情绪对突发事件下群体疏散效率的影响特性,首先,考虑滞留时间、局部密度、行人与出口的距离、周围人员密度以及行人恐慌情绪传播等因素,解析并构建由自恐慌和恐慌传播2部分组成的行人恐慌情绪量化模型,并将其引入社会力模型中进行改进优化;然后,采用与经典现象对比的方法验证模型的有效性;最后,运用 Anylogic软件进行仿真分析。结果表明:改进后的模型能够较好地反映行人在恐慌情形下的疏散运动特性;适度的恐慌情绪,如当恐慌度小于0.3时,可以加快人群的疏散速度;较高的恐慌情绪,如当恐慌值大于0.3时,则会加剧瓶颈现象,出现所谓的“快即是慢”现象,从而降低疏散效率。

行人恐慌情绪  /  社会力模型  /  人群疏散  /  Anylogic  /  “快即是慢”

In order to deeply analyze the influence of pedestrian panic on the efficiency of group evacuation under emergencies,this paper analyzed and constructed a quantitative model of pedestrian panic,which was composed of two parts: self-panic and panic propagation. First,the model considered factors such as detention time,local density,the distance between pedestrians and exits,the density of people around and the spread of pedestrian panic. Then it was introduced into the social force model for improvement and optimization,and verified the validity by comparing with the classical phenomenon. Finally,the simulation analysis was carried out using Anylogic software. The results show that the improved model can better reflect the evacuation movement characteristics of pedestrians in panic situations. A moderate panic,such as when the panic degree is less than 0.3,can accelerate the evacuation speed of the crowd. A high panic,such as when the panic value is greater than 0.3,can exacerbate the bottleneck phenomenon,and the so-called "fast is slow" phenomenon occurs,thus reducing the evacuation efficiency.

pedestrian panic  /  social force model  /  crowd evacuation  /  Anylogic  /  "Fast is slow"
邓社军, 虞宇浩, 张俊林, 张超, 钱付余, 于世军. 基于行人恐慌情绪解析的改进社会力模型. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 45 -52 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1277
Shejun DENG, Yuhao YU, Junlin ZHANG, Chao ZHANG, Fuyu QIAN, Shijun YU. Improved social force model based on analysis of pedestrian panic emotion[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 45 -52 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1277
随着城市化进程的发展,人群在公众场所聚集的现象越来越普遍。当公众场所发生爆炸、火灾、恐怖袭击等突发事件后,行人会不可避免地出现恐慌情绪,部分行人会因恐慌而无法作出理性判断,造成不合理的疏散行为,如拥堵、盲从、趋光行走、踩踏等[1-2]。因此,探究行人恐慌情绪特性对提高疏散效率,降低安全风险具有重要意义。
针对行人恐慌情绪与疏散研究比较经典的是社会力模型和元胞自动机模型,如HELBING等[3]于1995年提出的社会力模型,主要考虑包括行人自驱力、行人之间的作用力以及环境与行人之间作用力对疏散效果的影响,并在此基础上增加恐慌因子,研究恐慌人群的疏散过程;LÖHNER等[4]在社会力模型的基础上,增加了其他相互作用力,探究了人群的恐慌行为特征。KIRCHNER等[5]提出了元胞自动机模型、格子气模型以及基于多智能体的行人疏散仿真模型等。李昌华等[6]针对人员疏散受烟雾扩散动态变化的影响,建立了一种改进的元胞自动机模型,并进行疏散仿真,发现增加出口宽度能够提高疏散效率,但当出口宽度达到一定程度时效果提升不明显。王冠宁等[7]利用元胞自动机模型探究有限视域条件下,建筑中存在危险源时,救援人员对恐慌行人的疏散引导特征,发现行人恐慌程度越高,对危险源越敏感,越不能理性地寻找安全出口。陈长坤等[8]结合决策理论和情绪感染相关理论,考虑情绪感染和恐慌衰减等行人运动学特性,采用元胞自动机模型研究恐慌情绪对人群疏散行为的作用特征,发现行人的恐慌程度随着行人密度的增加而增加;王梦思等[9]考虑个性、性别、年龄的特征差异,基于Durupinar模型提出了一种异构情绪感染的人群疏散仿真方法。曹雷等[10]基于模型复杂度,并考虑了行人疏散时恐慌情绪对疏散行为的影响,改进了原始社会力模型。此外,相关学者采用传染病模型研究了行人疏散特性,如李佳洋等[11] 将情绪传染动力学与行人运动理论相结合,构建了基于动态情绪驱动的行人运动疏散模型,结果表明:个体情绪强度阈值决定了疏散系统的个体最终状态,而感染系数和平静系数会影响状态变化速率,进而影响疏散时间。
综上所述,国内外学者主要研究了行人恐慌情绪的传播过程,而恐慌情绪的形成机制尚缺少深入研究,如社会力模型无法精准刻画疏散人群的心理特征。鉴于此,笔者将深入分析行人恐慌的形成原因及其心理状态,考虑自恐慌及恐慌传播的影响,并改进、优化社会力模型,建立恐慌情绪量化模型,探究行人恐慌情绪对疏散效率和安全的影响特性,以期提出更加安全有效的疏散引导策略。
行人自身因素对恐慌情绪的产生和传播都具有较明显的影响,主要包括性别、年龄、受教育程度、灾害经历等因素。当发生突发事件时,女性要比男性更容易产生紧张、害怕等情绪,男性更沉着冷静,能够理性地应对问题;能否及时作出有效的应对措施,取决于行人的判断力、决策力和行动力,受教育程度高的人在此时更能作出理性决策;青年人的行动力比老年人和小孩的更好,老年人的阅历更多,遇事更加冷静,反之小孩会冲动一些;曾经有过类似灾害经历的人,再次遇到这样的事情会更加有经验地去处理事情。
1) 距出口的距离。指行人当前位置距离安全疏散出口的直线距离。当突发事件发生时,行人的第一反应是迅速远离危险点并向出口疏散,此时距离出口越近的人恐慌程度越小,反之则恐慌程度越大。
2) 周围人员密度。指以行人为圆心,其感知范围内的人员密度。当周围人员密度较大时,即行人与周围人之间距离较近,行人出于对自身安全的保护作用会对周围人产生排斥心理,进而增大自身的恐慌程度。
3) 滞留时间。指突发事件发生后,行人在现场的停留时间。突发事件发生后,行人会按照自己期望的路径和速度进行疏散,随着滞留疏散时间的增加,行人恐慌程度会逐渐增加。
突发事件发生后,行人的恐慌运动特性主要有以下几点:
1) 加速行为。行人产生恐慌情绪后,会加快其运动的期望速度,急于快速的逃离危险点,适度的恐慌可以加快疏散效率。
2) 拥挤碰撞行为。当周围人员密度过大,行人之间的距离过近,会产生拥挤碰撞行为,导致行人之间的作用力增大。
3) 排队现象。在出口或一些设备、设施处可能产生瓶颈点,在此处会产生排队集聚的现象。
4) 冲动行为。恐慌情绪会使行人出现冲动行为,逃生时只顾自己的安全而忽视工作人员的引导或不配合引导,出现争先恐后的现象,影响正常疏散秩序。
5) 从众行为。在疏散过程中,独立判断和决策能力会下降,容易产生从众行为,盲目跟随他人疏散。
6) 传播恐慌行为。个体性恐慌在舆论传播和冲动行为的影响下逐渐扩散,将其恐慌情绪传递给他人,产生群体性恐慌,影响整体疏散效率。
7) 信息忽略行为。行人由于判断力、决策力的突然下降,恐慌情绪激增,在紧张的疏散过程中可能会忽略一些重要的逃生标识或出入口,错失最佳逃生机会。
社会力模型将行人运动描述为3种力的作用结果,表达式如下:
m i d v i ( t ) d t = f i 0 ( t ) + j i   f i j ( t ) + W   f i W ( t )
式中:ij为任意2个待疏散的个体;W为墙壁或障碍物; m i为个体i的质量,kg; v i ( t ) 为个体it时刻的实际速度,m/s; f i 0 ( t ) 为自身期望力,N; f i j ( t )为个体之间的相互作用力,N; f i W ( t )为墙壁或障碍物与行人之间的作用力,N。
1) 模型构建。自恐慌模型主要与受滞留时间、距出口的距离、周围人员密度等要素关联,具体计算过程如下:
p i 1 ( t ) = m a x { T i ( t ) D i ( t ) ρ i ( t ) p i 1 ( t - 1 ) }
T i ( t ) = { 1 + e x p ( ( α 1 t - β ) ) } - 1
D i ( t ) = { 1 + e x p ( - ( α 2 t - β ) ) } - 1
ρ i ( t ) = { 1 + e x p ( - ( α 3 t - β ) ) } - 1
式中: p i 1 ( t )为行人i的自恐慌值; T i ( t )为行人i受滞留时间影响的自恐慌值; D i ( t )为行人i受与出口的距离影响的自恐慌值; ρ i ( t )为行人i受周围人员密度影响的自恐慌值; α 1 α 2 α 3分别为 T i ( t ) D i ( t ) ρ i ( t )自恐慌值的激增系数,取值分别为0.427、0.556[12]、1.669; β为自恐慌值函数的边界约束;为了确保 T ( 0 ) 0 D ( 0 ) 0 ρ ( 0 ) 0,文中取值7.5[13]
2) 仿真试验分析。文中试验场景为边长L=15 m的正方形房间,疏散出口宽度U=2 m,位于房间的右边界。初始时刻设置120个行人随机分布在房间内,选取不同疏散位置的3类行人(以黑色实心正方形、黑色实心三角形、黑色实心心形标记),应用Anylogic软件仿真计算自恐慌值的变化情况,如图1所示。
从仿真场景中选取的3类行人自恐慌值的变化情况如图2所示。为方便表述,选取的3人分别记为疏散人员1、2、3,他们分别对应正方形、三角形、心形标记。
根据仿真场景的空间分布可知:疏散人员1、2、3所处位置距离出口由近到远。在疏散时,处于不同位置的行人,其自恐慌值的变化特征也有差异。从图2a中可以看出,疏散人员1的自恐慌值整体较低,受周围人员密度的影响不大,峰值未达到临界值。图2b中疏散人员2的自恐慌值变化趋势为先降后升再降的趋势,然后逐步趋于稳定,但未达到最大值。疏散开始时,行人由于距离出口较远导致其具有一定的初始自恐慌值,逐渐往出口方向运动后,自恐慌值开始下降;随着周围人员密度的增加自恐慌值逐渐增大,距出口越来越近时,自恐慌值又呈下降趋势,疏散接近成功时由于滞留时间的影响自恐慌值有小幅回升现象。图2c中疏散人员3距离出口远,初始自恐慌值较大,随着疏散过程的进行,自恐慌值先降后升,由于周围人员密度的不断增加及滞留时间的增长,自恐慌值逐渐稳定上升至最大值。综上可以看出,行人距离出口越远,自恐慌峰值越大,受到周围人员密度和滞留时间的影响也越大。
从疏散时间来看,3类行人的自恐慌值受到的影响因素存在一定差异。疏散人员1主要与周围人员密度相关;疏散人员2主要与出口的距离和周围人员密度相关;疏散人员3主要与出口的距离、周围人员密度、滞留时间等相关。因此在疏散过程中为了降低行人的自恐慌值,需要重点关注如何减少距出口较远群体的周围人群密集程度,有序开展引导,减少疏散时间。
1) 模型构建。当行人产生恐慌情绪后,由于个体间年龄、性别等因素的差异,其恐慌程度也各不相同,容易导致个体之间恐慌情绪的相互传播和交叉感染。文中采用下式对此特性进行分析:
p i 2 ( t ) = j γ i j × r i × η j j ( i )
γ i j = R - d i j R d i j R 0 d i j > R
r i = ω g × f g + ω a × f a
η j = p j 1 × r j
式中: j 邻域(i)表示个体j属于以个体i为圆心,半径为R=2 m的感知范围内人员的集合; γ i j为距离衰减系数,表示个体ij之间距离越大,ij恐慌情绪传播值越小; r i为行人i的情绪感染系数; f g f a为性别传播因子、年龄传播因子; ω g ω a为性别因素的权重、年龄因素的权重; η j为个体j的情绪发散值。
2) 仿真试验分析。运用Anylogic软件进行仿真模拟,选取2种情形开展试验。在试验 1 中,以不同形状区分不同类型的行人,圆形为青年男性、六边形为青年女性、三角形为中年男性、六角星为中年女性、正方形为老年男性、五角星为老年女性,共6种类型的人,如图3a所示;在试验 2 中,用圆形表示所有个体,当个体被恐慌情绪传播后,图形会变成实心,如图3b所示。初始时刻假设疏散人数为 120 人,随机初始化个体位置,并向目标方向移动。初始设定2个感染个体(η=1.0)和(η=0)。
图3a表示初始状态下只有1个正方形和五角星个体受到的恐慌情绪影响,此时有利于观察个体在恐慌传播过程中的情绪状态;图3b表示在所有圆形个体中随机选取2个个体受到的恐慌情绪影响。
图3a中,当t 为8 s 时,可以明显观察到五角星个体周围的恐慌人数要明显多于正方形个体周围恐慌人数,这是因为中年女性的恐慌传播速率要高于青年男性;当 t 为16和28 s时,受到恐慌情绪传播影响的个体迅速增多,且不同类型的个体之间也存在一定差异。主要原因是不同个体由于性别和年龄等差异,导致其受情绪感染的概率不同。图3b中由于个体之间不存在差异性,则感染概率呈现出相似的分布特征。
试验1中,不同类型行人受恐慌情绪传播的人数与疏散时间的变化关系如图4所示。从图4可以看出,不同类型的恐慌人数均与疏散时间呈现单调递增的变化趋势;当疏散时间超过12 s时,6种类型受到恐慌的人数均呈现快速上升的趋势,其中青年女性个体的变化幅度更大;当疏散时间达到24 s时,6种类型受到恐慌的人数均呈现趋于平稳的趋势,整体变化幅度不大;老年男性受到恐慌影响的人数总体最少。
试验结果表明:性别和年龄会对个体的恐慌传播产生影响,不同个体存在不同的情绪感染特性,其中女性要比男性更容易传播恐慌情绪,老年男性具备较高的心理承受能力。
综合考虑自恐慌与恐慌传播的特性,构建基于恐慌情绪的行人疏散模型,如下:
P i ( t ) = σ 1 p i 1 ( t ) + σ 2 p i 2 ( t )
式中: P i ( t )t时刻行人i的恐慌情绪值,取值范围为[0,1]; σ 1 σ 2为常数,且 σ 1 + σ 2 = 1
选取距离出口较远的个体进行疏散试验仿真测试,结果如图5所示。从图5a中可以看出,不同权重系数下的自恐慌瞬时值差异很小。图5b中当疏散时间为0~7 s时,受恐慌传播的影响较小;当疏散时间为8~20 s时,受恐慌传播的影响较大;当疏散时间为21~30 s时,受恐慌传播的影响较小。当疏散时间小于7 s时,恐慌传播影响程度较低。当行人与周围人群的恐慌程度逐渐增大且疏散时间大于20 s时,恐慌传播的影响开始呈现下降趋势。
由文献[14]得出的行人恐慌程度与疏散时间的关系如图6所示。图5c中选取 σ 1 σ 2为0.6、0.4进行仿真分析,通过与图6对比分析,可以看出文中得出的变化关系与经典的Eric研究结论基本一致,验证了文中研究方法具有可行性。
现有社会力模型虽然在很大程度上模拟了疏散人员的运动状态,但未考虑恐慌情绪对行人运动状态的影响,因此,需要在实际情景中进行改进。恐慌情绪演化分析流程如图7所示。
文中将恐慌情绪模型与基础社会力模型相结合,并对行人期望速度和行人之间的心理作用力进行改进,改进后的行人期望速度和行人之间心理作用力如下:
v i 0 ( t ) = [ 1 - P i ( t ) ] v 0 + P i ( t ) v m a x
式中: v i 0 ( t )为改进后的行人期望速度,m/s;v0为行人正常的行走速度,m/s;vmax为行人行走的最大速度,m/s。可以看出当行人的恐慌情绪值越高,期望速度越大;产生恐慌情绪的行人对周围行人的避让概率越小,越容易引起推搡、碰撞等行为的发生,进而降低疏散效率。
考虑到在现实中进行验证存在一定难度,文中采取与经典现象作对比[15]的方法进行仿真验证,并选取“瓶颈成拱”和“快即是慢”2种现象进行分析,若符合经典现象,则模型有效。
1) “瓶颈成拱”现象。当人群密集的场所发生突发事件时,人群会快速向出口方向聚集,由于疏散出口宽度的限制,行人会在出口处产生瓶颈成拱现象并造成拥堵。在选择疏散路径时,行人都会选择距离出口最近的位置等待,以出口处为圆心,不同的行人站在与出口距离相同的位置形成弧形,无数的弧线又形成了拱形,如图8所示。
2) “快即是慢”。文中改进后的社会力模型与HELBIN等[3]提出“快即是慢”现象的对比分析结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,二者的曲线变化趋势大致相同。当行人期望速度小于2 m/s时,疏散完成时间与其呈现单调递减趋势,且变化幅度大;当行人期望速度大于2 m/s时,疏散完成时间与其呈现单调递增的变化趋势,变化幅度较小。
在此基础上,文中进一步分析恐慌度与疏散完成时间的变化关系,如图10所示。恐慌度表示群体的恐慌平均值。由图10可以看出,当恐慌度为0.3时行人的疏散完成时间最短,此时疏散效率最高;当恐慌度低于0.3时,疏散完成时间与其成反比关系;当恐慌度高于0.3时,疏散完成时间与其成正比关系。结果表明:适度的恐慌可以降低疏散时间,提高疏散效率;而当恐慌程度过高,反而导致疏散效率降低,这表明改进的社会力模型可以较好的重现“快即是慢”现象。
文中应用改进后的社会力模型,以低密度人群(N=30)为例,对不同恐慌值Pmax的人群疏散过程进行模拟分析。行人平均速度与疏散时间的变化关系如图11所示。从图11可以看出,低密度人群在Pmax=0.1、0.4、0.7共3种不同恐慌值下,其平均速度会在短时间内达到最大值,随着恐慌情绪的传播与感染,平均速度会相对维持在最大速度左右再缓慢降低;恐慌值越大,其总体疏散时间越短。
不同时间下的时空演化斑图如图12所示,深色个体表示恐慌度低于0.3的行人,浅色个体表示恐慌度高于0.3的行人。由图12可以看出,当t=0 s时,Pmax=0.4和 Pmax=0.7情况下有少量行人恐慌度超过阈值0.3,随着恐慌情绪的传播和感染,行人的平均速度开始增加,并以最快速度向出口方向疏散;当 t=5 s和t=10 s 时,Pmax=0.1和 Pmax=0.4情况下大部分行人已经疏散,且没有在出口处形成拥堵瓶颈,而此时Pmax=0.7已经全部疏散出去,可以看出,恐慌程度越大,越有利于低密度人群疏散。
1) 改进后的社会力模型科学、有效,可以准确地模拟仿真行人在恐慌情形下的运动特性。
2) 恐慌度对于疏散过程存在影响,当恐慌度小于0.3时,恐慌度越大,疏散效率越高;当恐慌值大于0.3时,恐慌度越大,疏散效率越低。
3) 目前已有的疏散仿真模型都以行人未发生跌倒、踩踏事件等为假设条件,且文中主要是应用Anylogic仿真软件进行模拟分析,相关研究结论仍需进一步验证。后续将充分考虑更多的实际场景,不断优化完善仿真模型,进一步提高分析决策的科学性和可靠性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1600702)
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金资助(19YJAZH011)
  • 江苏省社会科学基金资助(2022XZB022)
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1277
  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-17
  • 修回日期:2023-11-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1600702)
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金资助(19YJAZH011)
江苏省社会科学基金资助(2022XZB022)
作者信息
    1 扬州大学 建筑科学与工程学院,江苏 扬州 225127
    2 交控科技股份有限公司,北京 100070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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