Article(id=1149741765533545412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0138-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1222, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=1700150400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398071, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398071, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398071, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398071, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741765890061260, articleId=1149741765533545412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Temperature distribution characteristics of high-speed train fire in low vacuum tunnel, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problems such as the danger,the integrity of the train structure and the safety of personnel when the high-speed train was operated in a low-vacuum tunnel,the temperature attenuation characteristics of the high-speed train compartment in a low-vacuum tunnel in a fire were explored by numerical simulation. Then the temperature distribution inside the adjacent carriages was analyzed. Finally,the distribution characteristics of the maximum temperature inside the burning carriage were studied. The results show that the temperature of the burning carriage and adjacent carriage roof decreases exponentially along the longitudinal direction. In adjacent compartments,the power has an effect on temperature attenuation. At low fire source power (0.3-0.6 MW),the high temperature smoke spread is relatively weak,and passengers in the adjacent carriages are relatively safe. At medium source power (0.7-1.1 MW),the high temperature smoke spreading is significant,and the temperature abrupt point appears due to the influence of carriage wall and door. At high fire source power (1.2-1.5 MW),the heat plume intensity is higher,and high temperature smoke spread is relatively less affected by carriage wall and door,and temperature spreading trend in the connecting part of carriage is basically the same as that in the adjacent carriage. The maximum temperature in the carriage is related to power of fire source and distance from fire source to the ceiling,and there is a linear relationship.

, correspAuthors=Yanhong XI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shijun PANG, Dawei CHEN, Yanhong XI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741785951417006, articleId=1149741765533545412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾温度分布特征, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决低真空隧道内高速列车运营时,火灾突发事件中出现的危险性、列车结构的完整性及人员安全等问题,以低真空隧道内的高速列车车厢为研究对象,首先用数值模拟的方法,探究着火车厢内部发生火灾后的温度衰减特征;然后分析相邻车厢内部的温度分布情况;最后研究着火车厢内部最大温度的分布特征。结果表明:着火车厢及相邻车厢顶棚处沿着纵向的温度呈指数形式衰减;相邻车厢内,功率对温度衰减影响较大,即:低火源功率(0.3~0.6 MW)下,高温烟气蔓延相对较弱,相邻车厢内乘客相对安全;中火源功率(0.7~1.1 MW)下,高温烟气蔓延显著,由于受到车厢壁面以及车门的影响出现温度突变点;高火源功率(1.2~1.5 MW)下,热羽流强度较高,高温烟气蔓延受车厢壁面以及车门的影响相对较小,在车厢连接部分与相邻车厢内的高温蔓延趋势基本一致。车厢内的最大温度与火源功率及火源至顶棚的距离有关,并存在线性关系。

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** 郗艳红(1980—),女,河北唐山人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市及轨道交通工程的风灾与火灾安全与控制研究。E-mail:
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庞世俊 (1979—),男,河南商丘人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事轨道车辆工业设计与人因工程等方面的工作。E-mail:

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庞世俊 (1979—),男,河南商丘人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事轨道车辆工业设计与人因工程等方面的工作。E-mail:

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Simulating calculation and analysis of gasoline arson fires in metro compartment[J]. 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低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾温度分布特征
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庞世俊 1 , 陈大伟 1 , 郗艳红 2, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(2): 138-143
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(2): 138-143
低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾温度分布特征
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庞世俊1 , 陈大伟1, 郗艳红2, **
作者信息
  • 1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266111
  • 2 北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044
  • 庞世俊 (1979—),男,河南商丘人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事轨道车辆工业设计与人因工程等方面的工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 郗艳红(1980—),女,河北唐山人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市及轨道交通工程的风灾与火灾安全与控制研究。E-mail:
Temperature distribution characteristics of high-speed train fire in low vacuum tunnel
Shijun PANG1 , Dawei CHEN1, Yanhong XI2, **
Affiliations
  • 1 China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co.,Ltd.,Qingdao Shandong 266111,China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1222
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为解决低真空隧道内高速列车运营时,火灾突发事件中出现的危险性、列车结构的完整性及人员安全等问题,以低真空隧道内的高速列车车厢为研究对象,首先用数值模拟的方法,探究着火车厢内部发生火灾后的温度衰减特征;然后分析相邻车厢内部的温度分布情况;最后研究着火车厢内部最大温度的分布特征。结果表明:着火车厢及相邻车厢顶棚处沿着纵向的温度呈指数形式衰减;相邻车厢内,功率对温度衰减影响较大,即:低火源功率(0.3~0.6 MW)下,高温烟气蔓延相对较弱,相邻车厢内乘客相对安全;中火源功率(0.7~1.1 MW)下,高温烟气蔓延显著,由于受到车厢壁面以及车门的影响出现温度突变点;高火源功率(1.2~1.5 MW)下,热羽流强度较高,高温烟气蔓延受车厢壁面以及车门的影响相对较小,在车厢连接部分与相邻车厢内的高温蔓延趋势基本一致。车厢内的最大温度与火源功率及火源至顶棚的距离有关,并存在线性关系。

低真空隧道  /  高速列车  /  车厢内部  /  列车火灾  /  温度分布  /  最大温度

In order to solve the problems such as the danger,the integrity of the train structure and the safety of personnel when the high-speed train was operated in a low-vacuum tunnel,the temperature attenuation characteristics of the high-speed train compartment in a low-vacuum tunnel in a fire were explored by numerical simulation. Then the temperature distribution inside the adjacent carriages was analyzed. Finally,the distribution characteristics of the maximum temperature inside the burning carriage were studied. The results show that the temperature of the burning carriage and adjacent carriage roof decreases exponentially along the longitudinal direction. In adjacent compartments,the power has an effect on temperature attenuation. At low fire source power (0.3-0.6 MW),the high temperature smoke spread is relatively weak,and passengers in the adjacent carriages are relatively safe. At medium source power (0.7-1.1 MW),the high temperature smoke spreading is significant,and the temperature abrupt point appears due to the influence of carriage wall and door. At high fire source power (1.2-1.5 MW),the heat plume intensity is higher,and high temperature smoke spread is relatively less affected by carriage wall and door,and temperature spreading trend in the connecting part of carriage is basically the same as that in the adjacent carriage. The maximum temperature in the carriage is related to power of fire source and distance from fire source to the ceiling,and there is a linear relationship.

low vacuum tunnel  /  high-speed train  /  inside of train  /  train fire  /  temperature distribution  /  maximum temperature
庞世俊, 陈大伟, 郗艳红. 低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾温度分布特征. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 138 -143 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1222
Shijun PANG, Dawei CHEN, Yanhong XI. Temperature distribution characteristics of high-speed train fire in low vacuum tunnel[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 138 -143 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1222
真空管道运输系统以其快速、便捷、高效等优势成为各国关注的焦点[1-4],但是由于低真空隧道环境的特殊性,车厢需完全密封,列车车厢内发生火灾时,车厢内温度的演化特征及乘客的疏散方案均与普通隧道存在较大差异。常压隧道里的高速列车发生火灾后,可以打开着火车厢的车门,乘客疏散至隧道内,烟气也会蔓延至隧道。但是处于低真空隧道环境中的高速列车发生火灾后,乘客只能疏散至相邻车厢,随着通风排烟系统的开启,烟气主要在车厢内部蔓延。高速列车为狭长受限空间,车厢内发生火灾后,高温烟气极易聚集,对车厢内部设备甚至是车体结构造成严重损坏,并威胁乘客安全。
目前,国内外学者针对狭长受限空间内火灾情况下的温度纵向衰减特征开展了大量的研究[5-11],例如:XI Yanhong等[5]考虑高速列车车厢发生火灾时高温造成的车窗破裂问题,通过缩尺列车模型,试验研究了车厢内部的温度衰减特征,构建了温度衰减模型,并提出公式:
Δ T Δ T m a x = e x p - 0.21 H W 0.33 x H d
式中:ΔT为温升即测点温度与室温的差值,K;ΔTmax 为最大温升,K;x为监测点距火源的距离,m;Hd为火源上表面到列车顶棚的距离,m;H为开口高度,m;W为开口宽度,m。
INGASON等[6]构建了纵向通风作用下狭长受限空间内纵向温度分布的表达式。JI Jie等[7]基于缩尺隧道火灾模型试验,得出了隧道内温度变化特征,并基于此得到了温度衰减预测公式:
Δ T Δ T m a x = 0.65 e x p - 0.13 x H d + 0.35
此外,对于受限空间内部最大温度的预测,有学者也进行了研究,如LI Yingzhen等[9]得到了受限空间最大温度预测公式:
Δ T m a x = 17.5 Q 2 / 3 H d 5 / 3
式中Q为火源功率,kW。
国内外学者虽然已经对狭长受限空间火灾时温度分布特征进行了大量研究,但是未涉及低真空隧道中的高速列车车厢火灾,鉴于此,笔者将利用火灾动态模拟器(Fire Dynamics Simulator,FDS)这一数值模拟软件,探究低真空隧道内车厢火灾的温度变化特征,以期为这类列车火灾救援提供理论依据。
采用FDS软件进行仿真模拟,低真空隧道内的列车各节车厢之间为封闭设计,只有火灾发生时才会打开相邻车厢之间的防火门,乘客方可疏散至相邻车厢,由于火灾时烟气只在相邻的3节车厢内蔓延,故以3节车厢为例建立模型;列车单节车厢长18 m,高2.23 m,宽3.4 m;车厢间连接区域长度为6 m;车厢左右两侧分别设置3个座位,共17排,相邻座位间的距离为0.6 m,列车过道宽度为0.6 m;列车左右两侧上部分别设置有行李架,行李架距离地面高度为1.7 m。列车左右两端设有防火门,防火门高1.9 m,宽0.8 m。
假定低真空隧道列车车厢通风采用内部空气循环模式,在列车两侧壁底部分别设置出风口,顶部设置进风口,风带宽0.1 m,速度为0.15 m /s。火灾发生时,为了尽可能多地排出烟气,进风、出风速度均设置为0.3 m/s,同时开启列车顶部的4个排烟口,排烟口沿车厢纵向中线以5.5、6.0、5.5 m的间距对称布置在车厢顶棚下方,排烟口单个大小为0.2 m×0.2 m,以10 m/s的排气速度排出烟气,仿真模型如图1所示。车厢内距离顶棚10 cm处设置温度测点,相邻监测点间隔为0.2 m。
乘客携带行李等可燃物众多,由文献[12]可知:乘客携带的单件行李燃烧时,火源功率不超过0.3 MW。史聪灵等[13]认为,恐怖分子携带汽油的火源功率约为1.4 MW。参照文献[12-13],文中火源功率范围为0.3~1.5 MW,共设置10个工况,分别为0.3~0.6 MW(间隔为0.1 MW),0.7~ 1.5 MW(间隔为0.2 MW)。
决定网格尺寸的关键参数是火源特征直径D*(m)。
D * = Q ρ 0 c p T 0 g 1 / 2 2 5
式中: ρ 0为空气密度,1.204 kg/m3 c p为定压比热容,1.005 kJ/(kg·K);T0为环境空气温度,293 K;g为重力加速度,9.81m/s2,网格尺寸设为0.1 D*
着火车厢内顶棚温度沿着列车纵向的分布情况如图2所示。因为火源位于车厢地面中部,所以温度以火源为中心呈对称式衰减,因此,文中只研究车厢一侧的温度即可。由图2可知:在各个火源功率下,车厢的最大温度点均位于火源的正上方,测点温度值随着距离火源位置的增大而衰减。
以火源的正上方温度 Δ T m a x为参考点,无量纲化处理车厢内距离火源x m处的温度 Δ T x,处理结果如图3所示,图3中添加了文献[7]狭长受限空间火灾的纵向衰减特征曲线,其中, Δ T x / Δ T m a x为各温度点的无量纲化值。由图3可知:文中得到的温度分布与常压下狭长受限空间的纵向衰减存在较大差异,由此证明了疏散方式及通风方式的不同会影响受限空间的纵向衰减特征,因此,前人研究并不适用于低真空隧道列车火灾的场景。
由文献[9-14]可知:火灾场景下狭长空间内的无量纲温度衰减与无量纲距离之间呈指数关系,无量纲化处理监测点到火源的距离xx/Hd。对无量纲温度衰减数据进行拟合,拟合结果如图4所示。
图4可知:无量纲温度和无量纲距离之间符合指数函数关系,即着火车厢内部顶棚处的温度呈指数分布衰减。
Δ T x Δ T m a x = e x p - 0.19 x H d
着火车厢及相邻2节车厢的温度分布如图5所示。由图5可知:火源功率较低时,高温蔓延较弱,高温蔓延随着火源功率的增大而增大,其中火源功率为0.3 MW到0.5 MW工况下均未明显出现烟气向相邻车厢蔓延的情况。为了进一步了解火源功率对相邻车厢高温蔓延的影响,火源功率为0.6~1.5 MW的温度如图6所示,其中距离0时表示相邻车厢和着火车厢的连接处。由图6可知:0.6 MW下的温度数据数值较低,但列车连接部分的温度较高,而相邻车厢部分温度基本在30 ℃以内,对人员安全无影响。另外,高温蔓延程度与火源功率呈正相关关系。当火源功率小于0.6 MW时,火灾的高温蔓延不会对相邻车厢的温度产生较大影响,因此,不再研究这些工况在相邻车厢内的温度分布情况。
图6可知:火源功率为0.7~1.1 MW时,温度在车厢连接部分与相邻车厢门口处发生了突变,这是因为火源功率较小时相应的羽流强度较低,当热烟气蔓延出门口后,受到车厢壁面及门的影响,在较短的区域内造成温度突变。火源功率较大的工况(1.0~1.5 MW),热烟气羽流强度较高,较强的热烟气蔓延速度成为影响高温蔓延的主要因素,壁面以及门对于热烟气蔓延的影响较小。综上所述,低火源工况下高温蔓延不会对相邻车厢的人员造成威胁,故不分析其温度分布情况,只研究中火源功率与高火源功率下的温度分布特征,且由于中火源功率的温度分布有突变,因此,以突变位置为分割点,将温度趋势分为2个部分。
当火源功率为0.7~1.1 MW时,温度在距离车厢连接处8 m的位置出现温度突变,而火源功率为1.2~1.5 MW时温度不会出现突变,为了能更清晰地观察温度变化,将火源功率为0.7~1.1 MW与火源功率为1.2~1.5 MW的相邻车厢温度数据分别作图,如图7所示。其中,y为车厢长度方向离开火源的距离,m。
图7给出了火源功率为0.7~1.1 MW时的温度无量纲分布拟合曲线,其中, Δ T m a x y为相邻车厢最大温度,K; Δ T yy处的温升,K。由图7可知:突变前的温度衰减情况满足下式:
Δ T y Δ T m a x y = e x p - 0.12 y H d
突变后的温度衰减情况满足下式:
Δ T y Δ T m a x y = e x p - 0.15 y H d
火源功率为1.2~1.5 MW时相邻车厢顶棚处温度的温度衰减如图8所示,由图8可知:温度衰减满足下列方程:
Δ T y Δ T m a x y = e x p - 0.18 y H d
图8可知:着火车厢内最大温度受火源功率的影响,随着火源功率的增大,最大温度也不断增大。由式(4)和式(5)可知:最大温度 Δ T m a x Q 2 / 3 / H d 5 / 3呈线性关系,因此, Δ T m a x Q 2 / 3 / H d 5 / 3的变化关系如图9所示,并与文献[9]构建的最大温度公式进行对比。由图9可知:前人基于常压受限空间得出的公式并不适用于低真空隧道列车,这是由于相较于常压隧道里的高速列车,处于低真空隧道环境中的高速列车通风方式和乘客疏散方法有较大区别,导致车厢内的温度分布特征有所差异。对数据进行拟合,得到如下关系式:
Δ T m a x = 11.41 Q 2 / 3 H d 5 / 3
图9可知:拟合精度较高,卡方达为0.998,可以认为,该公式可以准确地预测低真空列车车厢火灾中顶棚的最大温度。
1) 着火车厢内部顶棚处的温度值随着距离火源位置的增大呈指数衰减特征;最大温度点均位于火源的正上方,其值ΔTmaxQHd有关,并与 Q 2 / 3 / H d 5 / 3存在线性关系。
2) 相邻车厢内,低火源功率为0.3~0.6 MW时,高温蔓延相对较弱,相邻车厢内乘客相对安全;火源功率为0.7~1.1 MW时,高温蔓延显著,受到车厢壁面以及车门的影响,出现温度突变点;火源功率为1.2~1.5 MW时,热羽流强度较高,高温蔓延受车厢壁面以及车门的影响相对较小,在车厢连接部分与相邻车厢内的高温蔓延趋势基本一致。
3) 相邻车厢内,当火源功率为0.7~1.5 MW时,顶棚处的温度值均随着距离火源位置的增大呈指数衰减特征,但是幂指数存在差别,分别为0.12、0.15和0.18。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB1200600)
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.1222
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
  • 修回日期:2023-11-17
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB1200600)
作者信息
    1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266111
    2 北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044

通讯作者:

** 郗艳红(1980—),女,河北唐山人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市及轨道交通工程的风灾与火灾安全与控制研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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