Article(id=1149741763738383289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0094-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0946, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691683200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-11, revisedDate=1700236800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049397644, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049397644, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049397644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049397644, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741764099093436, articleId=1149741763738383289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Analysis on characteristics and severity of major work safety accidents in China, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A comprehensive database of MWSA was established to facilitate the data management to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents in China. From 2010 to 2022,a total of 278 records,supervised by the State Council Security Committee,were collected and stored in the MWSA database. The distribution of accident characteristics was explored for the dimensions of accident time,space,industry and type,which were examined in this study. Using a comprehensive quantitative index,a quantile regression model was developed to identify factors that significantly influenced accident severity. The results show that in terms of spatial and temporal distribution,the number of accidents and deaths from June to September is at the peak,and the number of accidents and deaths on sunny days (7:00-18:00) accounts for as much as two-thirds. There are fewer accident records in Beijing,Tianjin,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shanghai and Fujian. Explosions and vehicle injuries notably stand out as the primary accident types. At a significance level of 0.05,the accident severity is correlated with various factors,including accident type,date,season,sunlight,weather,average temperature,company staff size and company establishment time. Weather and average temperature emerge as pivotal factors influencing low-severity accidents. Moreover,enterprises with less than 100 employees are more prone to severe accidents.

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为实现我国较大及以上生产安全事故(MWSA)数据的有效管理,减少事故发生及降低事故严重程度,基于2010—2022年国务院安委会挂牌督办的278起MWSA,建立通用的MWSA数据库,从事故发生时间、空间、行业、类型维度探究事故特征分布,并依据事故严重程度的综合量化指标,构建分位数回归模型全面识别事故严重程度的影响因素。结果表明:在时空分布上,6—9月的事故起数和死亡人数处于高峰,日照充足的白天(7:00—18:00)事故起数和死亡人数占比多达2/3,经济发达省/直辖市(京津江浙沪闽)事故较少;爆炸和车辆伤害为主要事故类型。在0.05的显著性水平下,事故类型、发生日期、季节、日照条件、天气、平均温度、企业员工规模、企业成立时长等8个因素分别在不同分位点处与事故严重程度显著相关。其中,天气、平均温度是低严重度事故中影响事故后果的重要因素,100人以下的企业员工规模因素增大了极端严重事故发生的可能性。

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焦 宇 (1981—),男,河南汝州人,博士,副教授,主要从事船舶与海洋工程安全与应急方面的研究。E-mail:

马洪亮 高级工程师

康与涛 讲师

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焦 宇 (1981—),男,河南汝州人,博士,副教授,主要从事船舶与海洋工程安全与应急方面的研究。E-mail:

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焦 宇 (1981—),男,河南汝州人,博士,副教授,主要从事船舶与海洋工程安全与应急方面的研究。E-mail:

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马洪亮 高级工程师

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马洪亮 高级工程师

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康与涛 讲师

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康与涛 讲师

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Applied Statistics, 1980, 29(2): 119-127., articleTitle=An exploratory technique for investigating large quantities of categorical data, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168128945623933925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168128945640711142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, companyId=1168128945623933925, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Ocean Science and Engineering,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168128945649099751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, companyId=1168128945623933925, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海海事大学 海洋科学与工程学院,上海 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ArticleFig(id=1168128948065017875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Distribution of MWSA by month, figureFileSmall=xtixhFC06fZjXYxdp1HsLQ==, figureFileBig=JH/UK+fE/XScaV6i6UYcMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948127932436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MWSA月份分布特征, figureFileSmall=xtixhFC06fZjXYxdp1HsLQ==, figureFileBig=JH/UK+fE/XScaV6i6UYcMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948203429909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution of MWSA by time interval, figureFileSmall=Psp6chzTLFhT7/496vnk0A==, figureFileBig=5a3kfaw9k1IwOU+ecpdXkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948299898902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MWSA时间段分布特征, figureFileSmall=Psp6chzTLFhT7/496vnk0A==, figureFileBig=5a3kfaw9k1IwOU+ecpdXkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948362813463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Geographical distribution of MWSA by province, figureFileSmall=EfDwXf4lXJHCNaqWPJ3qqw==, figureFileBig=I56nddN+m8jjdtk5wX0SmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948425728024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MWSA省份区域分布特征, figureFileSmall=EfDwXf4lXJHCNaqWPJ3qqw==, figureFileBig=I56nddN+m8jjdtk5wX0SmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948492836889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of MWSA by accident type, figureFileSmall=70iPI4rMSoTB0ujeL9S+iQ==, figureFileBig=QHhRRrxjghXV7lVzZ5yMkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948576722970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MWSA类型分布特征, figureFileSmall=70iPI4rMSoTB0ujeL9S+iQ==, figureFileBig=QHhRRrxjghXV7lVzZ5yMkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948639637531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Q-Q plot of accident severity, figureFileSmall=FMM7ga5xcrDmknWTPETK6w==, figureFileBig=ASgvdpDC0bCzZBQCgJCR/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948698357788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=图7, caption=事故严重度Q-Q图, figureFileSmall=FMM7ga5xcrDmknWTPETK6w==, figureFileBig=ASgvdpDC0bCzZBQCgJCR/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948782243869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Parameter estimation of influencing factors of accident severity, figureFileSmall=JOO9uMZzlTQnQpx7crkl7w==, figureFileBig=iUpLziavgP5pvteSbSNHbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948845158430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=图8, caption=事故严重度各影响因素参数估计, figureFileSmall=JOO9uMZzlTQnQpx7crkl7w==, figureFileBig=iUpLziavgP5pvteSbSNHbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168128948912267295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Accident consequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段名称 事故ID 事故等级ID 死亡人数 受伤人数 重伤/失踪人数 直接经济损失
数据类型 int char int int int decimal
字段大小 4字节 4字节 4字节 4字节 4字节 12字节
), ArticleFig(id=1168128948966793248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

事故后果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段名称 事故ID 事故等级ID 死亡人数 受伤人数 重伤/失踪人数 直接经济损失
数据类型 int char int int int decimal
字段大小 4字节 4字节 4字节 4字节 4字节 12字节
), ArticleFig(id=1168128949050679329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Variable coding and frequency statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
类别
变量 变量分组 事故频数
(占比/%)
变量
类别
变量 变量分组 事故频数
(占比/%)
事故
属性
行业 交通运输业=1* 76(27.3) 环境
条件
发生
日期
工作日=0* 196(70.5)
矿业=2 107(38.5) 非工作日=1 82(29.5)
商贸制造业=3 23(8.3) 季节 春秋冬=0* 196(70.5)
建筑业及其他=4 72(25.9) 夏=1 82(29.5)
类型 车辆伤害=1* 72(25.9) 日照
条件
白天=0* 187(67.3)
火灾=2 23(8.3) 夜晚=1 91(32.7)
爆炸=3 80(28.8) 天气 晴=0* 170(61.2)
坍塌=4 23(8.3) 恶劣天气=1 108(38.9)
中毒和窒息=5 28(10.1) 平均温度 15.7(±10.7)
其他=6 52(18.7) 事故
企业
经营
状态
正常=0* 149(46.4)
环境
条件
发生
地区
西南=1* 42(15.1) 非正常(违法/规、
停产/业)=1
129(53.6)
西北=2 30(10.8)
华中=3 55(20.0) 员工
规模
(0,100] =1* 172(61.9)
华南=4 18(6.5) (100,999] =2 71(25.5)
华东=5 63(22.7) [1 000,+∞) =3 35(12.6)
华北=6 37(13.3) 成立时长(月) 120.5(±89.0)
东北=7 33(11.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1168128949117788194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自变量编码与频数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
类别
变量 变量分组 事故频数
(占比/%)
变量
类别
变量 变量分组 事故频数
(占比/%)
事故
属性
行业 交通运输业=1* 76(27.3) 环境
条件
发生
日期
工作日=0* 196(70.5)
矿业=2 107(38.5) 非工作日=1 82(29.5)
商贸制造业=3 23(8.3) 季节 春秋冬=0* 196(70.5)
建筑业及其他=4 72(25.9) 夏=1 82(29.5)
类型 车辆伤害=1* 72(25.9) 日照
条件
白天=0* 187(67.3)
火灾=2 23(8.3) 夜晚=1 91(32.7)
爆炸=3 80(28.8) 天气 晴=0* 170(61.2)
坍塌=4 23(8.3) 恶劣天气=1 108(38.9)
中毒和窒息=5 28(10.1) 平均温度 15.7(±10.7)
其他=6 52(18.7) 事故
企业
经营
状态
正常=0* 149(46.4)
环境
条件
发生
地区
西南=1* 42(15.1) 非正常(违法/规、
停产/业)=1
129(53.6)
西北=2 30(10.8)
华中=3 55(20.0) 员工
规模
(0,100] =1* 172(61.9)
华南=4 18(6.5) (100,999] =2 71(25.5)
华东=5 63(22.7) [1 000,+∞) =3 35(12.6)
华北=6 37(13.3) 成立时长(月) 120.5(±89.0)
东北=7 33(11.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1168128949193285667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Quantile regression fitting results

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变量 Q (0.25) Q (0.50) Q (0.75) Q (0.90) OLS
参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p
常量 7.017 <0.001** 7.764 <0.001** 10.738 <0.001** 13.057 <0.001** 10.412 <0.001**
事故类型
火灾 -1.603 0.168 1.149 0.237 -0.658 0.546 -4.920 0.041* -1.211 0.432
爆炸 -5.529 <0.001** -2.228 0.070 -1.369 0.297 -0.776 0.866 -1.918 0.066
坍塌 -5.119 <0.001** -2.822 0.032* -4.268 0.003** -5.179 0.056 -3.792 0.015**
中毒和窒息 -7.279 <0.001** -6.648 <0.001** -5.224 <0.001** -7.874 <0.001** -6.638 <0.001**
其他 -6.380 <0.001** -5.595 <0.001** -5.584 <0.001** -5.514 <0.001** -5.790 <0.001**
发生日期 2.109 0.003** 2.583 0.002** 2.473 0.001** 3.960 0.008** 2.749 0.001**
季节 1.719 0.029* 2.074 0.047* 2.374 0.019* 3.963 0.125 2.989 0.006**
日照条件 1.159 0.053 1.547 0.071 4.396 <0.001** 4.317 <0.001** 2.565 0.002**
天气 1.167 0.020* 0.792 0.312 0.265 0.719 0.630 0.633 1.168 0.144
平均温度 -0.085 0.001** -0.055 0.183 -0.047 0.230 -0.103 0.228 -0.063 0.181
员工规模
(100,999] 0.401 0.619 0.612 0.477 -0.458 0.627 -3.063 0.016** 0.101 0.914
[1000,+∞) 2.027 0.140 1.766 0.138 1.457 0.314 1.953 0.371 1.378 0.278
成立时长 0.007 0.036* 0.009 0.034* 0.006 0.230 0.010 0.112 0.007 0.130
), ArticleFig(id=1168128949306531877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763738383289, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分位数回归拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 Q (0.25) Q (0.50) Q (0.75) Q (0.90) OLS
参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p 参数估
计值
p
常量 7.017 <0.001** 7.764 <0.001** 10.738 <0.001** 13.057 <0.001** 10.412 <0.001**
事故类型
火灾 -1.603 0.168 1.149 0.237 -0.658 0.546 -4.920 0.041* -1.211 0.432
爆炸 -5.529 <0.001** -2.228 0.070 -1.369 0.297 -0.776 0.866 -1.918 0.066
坍塌 -5.119 <0.001** -2.822 0.032* -4.268 0.003** -5.179 0.056 -3.792 0.015**
中毒和窒息 -7.279 <0.001** -6.648 <0.001** -5.224 <0.001** -7.874 <0.001** -6.638 <0.001**
其他 -6.380 <0.001** -5.595 <0.001** -5.584 <0.001** -5.514 <0.001** -5.790 <0.001**
发生日期 2.109 0.003** 2.583 0.002** 2.473 0.001** 3.960 0.008** 2.749 0.001**
季节 1.719 0.029* 2.074 0.047* 2.374 0.019* 3.963 0.125 2.989 0.006**
日照条件 1.159 0.053 1.547 0.071 4.396 <0.001** 4.317 <0.001** 2.565 0.002**
天气 1.167 0.020* 0.792 0.312 0.265 0.719 0.630 0.633 1.168 0.144
平均温度 -0.085 0.001** -0.055 0.183 -0.047 0.230 -0.103 0.228 -0.063 0.181
员工规模
(100,999] 0.401 0.619 0.612 0.477 -0.458 0.627 -3.063 0.016** 0.101 0.914
[1000,+∞) 2.027 0.140 1.766 0.138 1.457 0.314 1.953 0.371 1.378 0.278
成立时长 0.007 0.036* 0.009 0.034* 0.006 0.230 0.010 0.112 0.007 0.130
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我国较大及以上生产安全事故特征及严重程度分析
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焦宇 1 , 马玉蕾 1 , 李显 1 , 马洪亮 2 , 康与涛 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(2): 94-102
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(2): 94-102
我国较大及以上生产安全事故特征及严重程度分析
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焦宇1 , 马玉蕾1, 李显1, 马洪亮2, 康与涛1
作者信息
  • 1 上海海事大学 海洋科学与工程学院,上海 201306
  • 2 中国职业安全健康协会,北京 100029
  • 焦 宇 (1981—),男,河南汝州人,博士,副教授,主要从事船舶与海洋工程安全与应急方面的研究。E-mail:

    马洪亮 高级工程师

    康与涛 讲师

Analysis on characteristics and severity of major work safety accidents in China
Yu JIAO1 , Yulei MA1, Xian LI1, Hongliang MA2, Yutao KANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Ocean Science and Engineering,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China
  • 2 China Occupational Safety and Health Association,Beijing 100029
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0946
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为实现我国较大及以上生产安全事故(MWSA)数据的有效管理,减少事故发生及降低事故严重程度,基于2010—2022年国务院安委会挂牌督办的278起MWSA,建立通用的MWSA数据库,从事故发生时间、空间、行业、类型维度探究事故特征分布,并依据事故严重程度的综合量化指标,构建分位数回归模型全面识别事故严重程度的影响因素。结果表明:在时空分布上,6—9月的事故起数和死亡人数处于高峰,日照充足的白天(7:00—18:00)事故起数和死亡人数占比多达2/3,经济发达省/直辖市(京津江浙沪闽)事故较少;爆炸和车辆伤害为主要事故类型。在0.05的显著性水平下,事故类型、发生日期、季节、日照条件、天气、平均温度、企业员工规模、企业成立时长等8个因素分别在不同分位点处与事故严重程度显著相关。其中,天气、平均温度是低严重度事故中影响事故后果的重要因素,100人以下的企业员工规模因素增大了极端严重事故发生的可能性。

较大及以上生产安全事故(MWSA)  /  事故严重程度  /  事故特征  /  分位数回归  /  异质性  /  数据库

A comprehensive database of MWSA was established to facilitate the data management to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents in China. From 2010 to 2022,a total of 278 records,supervised by the State Council Security Committee,were collected and stored in the MWSA database. The distribution of accident characteristics was explored for the dimensions of accident time,space,industry and type,which were examined in this study. Using a comprehensive quantitative index,a quantile regression model was developed to identify factors that significantly influenced accident severity. The results show that in terms of spatial and temporal distribution,the number of accidents and deaths from June to September is at the peak,and the number of accidents and deaths on sunny days (7:00-18:00) accounts for as much as two-thirds. There are fewer accident records in Beijing,Tianjin,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shanghai and Fujian. Explosions and vehicle injuries notably stand out as the primary accident types. At a significance level of 0.05,the accident severity is correlated with various factors,including accident type,date,season,sunlight,weather,average temperature,company staff size and company establishment time. Weather and average temperature emerge as pivotal factors influencing low-severity accidents. Moreover,enterprises with less than 100 employees are more prone to severe accidents.

major work safety accidents(MWSA)  /  accident severity  /  accident characteristics  /  quantile regression  /  heterogeneity  /  database
焦宇, 马玉蕾, 李显, 马洪亮, 康与涛. 我国较大及以上生产安全事故特征及严重程度分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0946
Yu JIAO, Yulei MA, Xian LI, Hongliang MA, Yutao KANG. Analysis on characteristics and severity of major work safety accidents in China[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0946
近10年来,我国安全生产形势持续稳定向好,2022年生产安全事故约2.52万起,死亡人数约2.10万人,相比2010年分别下降93.07%、73.62%[1](文中所有提及的全国性统计数据均不包括港澳台地区)。然而,涉及人员伤亡的较大及以上尤其是重特大生产安全事故仍在不断上演。较大及以上生产安全事故(Major Work Safety Accidents,MWSA)不仅会造成人员伤亡和经济损失,还极易引发社会舆情。因此,研究MWSA事故特征和严重程度,对于预防严重事故发生、减轻事故伤害具有重要的现实意义。
以往研究针对各领域MWSA事故分布特征进行了大量探索。XU Qingwei等[2]通过统计2010—2019年中国建筑业致命事故,提出较大、重大事故应是建筑业事故预防的重点对象;王伟等[3]分析了1981—2020年6月我国较大及以上危化品事故特征,发现事故多发生于4—7月份,高发省份主要是山东、江苏等;XIANG Yue等[4]结合事故起数和死亡人数从时空、类型、原因等方面分析了2000—2020年我国较大工业事故特征,发现工业事故主要发生在东部沿海工业省份,集中在3—4、7—8月份;张慧等[5]分析了我国较大及以上煤矿事故的发展趋势、地区差异等,发现西南和东北地区是事故发生的主要区域。聚焦全行业领域的重特大事故,焦宇等[6]分析了2005—2019年我国重特大事故的特征,发现第4季度事故最多,事故起数和死亡人数随月份波动;王琼等[7]发现2015—2021年华东地区尤其是山东省的重特大事故起数和死亡人数最多。
现有针对MWSA的研究大多停留在事故特征的描述性统计上,鲜有学者进一步挖掘事故特征与严重程度的关系。事故严重程度的相关研究主要集中在水陆交通、建筑施工等领域,研究方法已从最初的统计分析[8]发展到经典回归模型,应用最广泛的如logit模型[9-10]、Probit模型[11]及其衍生模型[12-13]。全行业MWSA数据异质性问题是进行严重程度分析的一大挑战。忽略数据分布的异质性问题会导致参数估计及推论结果的偏差[14]。分位数回归是回归模型的推广,关注自变量对因变量特定分位数的影响[15],能够模拟不同分位点处事故严重程度与影响因素之间的异质关系。QIN Xiao等[16-17]将分位数回归应用于交通事故严重程度研究,通过构建交叉口事故的分位数回归模型,提供了各因素对事故严重程度影响关系的完整视图。SONG Bing等[18]整合了1996—2019年美国货运列车脱轨事故数据,针对零截断负二项式模型只能反映因变量均值信息的局限性,构建了分位数回归模型评估脱轨事故严重程度。BENLAGHA等[19]构建了分位数回归模型,确定了不同分位点处事故严重程度的影响因素,结果显示,性别因素仅在极端分位数处有意义,影响事故严重程度的因素在正常和极端严重事故之间(不同分位数处)存在显著差异,进一步证明了分位数回归对于理解因变量非正态分布的优越性。
综上,由于宏观层面事故数据获取困难,不同行业和事故类型的严重程度难以统一量化,致使全行业MWSA特征与严重程度关系的研究缺乏。鉴于此,笔者拟设计并建立MWSA数据库,考虑数据异质性构建分位数回归模型,全面识别影响事故严重程度的因素,并量化显著因素的影响程度,以期为制定MWSA预防措施提供数据和理论支撑。
国务院安委会定期会在应急管理部网站事故及灾害查处对发生过的特别重大、重大、典型、性质恶劣、涉及非法违法或瞒报的较大和一般事故进行挂牌督办[20]。采集2010—2022年挂牌督办的MWSA作为研究对象。将官方公布的事故调查报告作为获取事故数据的途径,共获得278份完整的事故调查报告。
从事故调查报告中获取特征变量,并分为以下2个步骤。①采集事故调查报告中可以直接获取的特征变量,如事故名称、事故发生日期、事故地点等。②在第1步的基础上获取衍生变量,如从日期中获得季节、星期等,根据日期和城市获取天气、温度、风力等。文中事故等级和事故类型的划分分别依据《生产安全事故报告和调查处理条例》(第493号令)和《企业职工伤亡事故分类》(GB/T 6441—1986)。
文中研究工作包括2个部分:①基于MySQL设计并建立MWSA数据库。将提取到的事故特征变量进行组织分类,建立MWSA数据库便于后续研究。②基于MWSA数据库分析事故特征分布及严重程度。采用死亡人数、受伤人数、直接经济损失3个指标衡量事故严重程度。考虑严重度分布的异质性,采用分位数回归方法探究不同分位点处事故严重程度的影响因素。
分位数回归通过对观测值与回归线预测值之间的距离进行差异加权,进而求取加权距离之和的最小值[21]。分位数回归模型采用分位数函数 Q τ ( Y | X )估计自变量与因变量之间的关系。数学原理如下:
对于连续随机变量Y,均存在概率分布函数 F Y ( y ):
F Y ( y ) = P r ( Y y )
则随机变量Y在任意分位点 τ ( 0 < τ < 1 )处的条件分位数函数 Q τ ( Y | X )表示为:
Q τ ( Y | X ) = i n f { y : F Y | X ( y ) τ } τ ( 0,1 )
式中: P r为概率; F Y | X ( y )为随机变量Y在给定X下的条件分布。
事故的发生可以看作是一系列重大事件连环作用的结果,其中,初始事件是原因,最终事件是后果[22]。基于发生条件—基本信息—后果的事故框架,对事故特征组织分类。采用关系数据库管理系统MySQL进行数据库设计。
数据库表是关系数据库中基本的数据逻辑存储块。根据数据库表设计的信息分类原则[23]和范式原则[24],共创建16个表。每个表中,标识了字段名称、数据类型和字段大小,示例见表1。在MWSA数据库中,每个表的第一个字段为编号(Identification,ID),该字段设置为主键,相关表中的公共字段设置为外键。根据每个表内容的相关性,定义表关系。MWSA数据库表的基本内容及其关系如图1所示。
MWSA数据库中包含我国2010—2022年发生的278起MWSA,死亡人数共3 295人,伤亡人数共6 391人。事故等级分布如图2所示。重大事故占所有统计事故的71.2%,较大事故次之。
MWSA月份分布特征如图3所示。事故起数和死亡人数的月份特征分布趋势基本一致,出现了 3次先上升后下降的小波峰,与我国2005—2019年重特大事故月份分布特征类似[6]。6—9月的事故起数和死亡人数处于高峰,占比分别为39.2%和41.8%。我国在这几个月的白天时间较长,工人可能被安排进行长时间作业,加上6—8月正处于夏季,高温下疲劳作业是导致事故频发的原因之一。作为农历新年后的第一个工作月,3月事故数量明显增多。11月事故数量和死亡人数出现极值,主要是由于受年度生产目标驱动,企业容易因追求经济效益而忽视安全问题[25]。此外,对于有法定假期的月份(1、2、10月),事故数量和死亡人数也较少。
MWSA时间段分布特征如图4所示。白天(7:00—18:00)是事故的高发时间,事故数量和死亡人数占比多达2/3。由于夜间工作条件的局限,大多工人的作业时间集中在白天,这也致使白天事故率高。然而,夜间重大及特重大事故率(81.9%)高于白天(67.2%),22:00—23:00、0:00—2:00、3:00—4:00时间段发生的事故均是重大事故。MWSA死亡人数分别在9:00—10:00、16:00—17:00达到峰值,其中,前者的每起事故平均死亡人数(15.1)高于后者(10.5)。
事故起数和死亡人数的省份特征分布如图5所示,共涉及中国29个省份(自治区、直辖市)。整体上,我国MWSA呈现明显的区域分布不平衡特征。中东部(山东省、河南省、湖南省)事故数量明显高于其他省份,占统计数据的23.0%。与王琼[7]对全国(不包含港澳台地区)2015—2021年重特大事故省份特征统计结果类似,山东省事故起数和死亡人数远高于其他省份。以往研究发现[826],事故的发生与省份的经济发展水平密切相关。经济欠发达的青海省在这12年间没有发生MWSA。经济发达地区(北京市、天津市、上海市、浙江省、江苏省、福建省)事故数量和死亡人数较少,原因可能是这些地区提高了对MWSA的管控意识和自身安全管理水平,加大了对设备、设施、工具等的安全投入[27-28]
统计事故共涉及车辆伤害、中毒和窒息火灾、瓦斯爆炸、火药爆炸等16种事故类型,各类型的事故起数分布特征如图6所示。各类爆炸和车辆伤害是主要事故类型,共发生152起,死亡1 963人,分别占总量的54.7%、59.6%。其次是中毒和窒息(28/10.1%)、坍塌(23/8.3%)、火灾(23/8.3%)等。
MWSA数据库中包含事故死亡人数、受伤人数、直接经济损失3个用来描述事故后果的指标。根据领域专家对生产安全事故影响因素的综合考虑,确定事故死亡人数、受伤人数、直接经济损失(亿元)对应的判断权重集为w=[0.708 0.231 0.061][29]。对3个指标分别赋权获得衡量事故后果严重程度的综合指标——严重度。Shapino-Wilk检验拒绝了“严重度属于正态分布”假设。事故严重度Q-Q图如图7所示。从图7可以看出,严重度实测值与理论正态值存在偏差,这种偏差在严重度下分位数和上分位数处尤为明显。这一结果证实事故严重度不符合正态分布,且两端存在极端值。
考虑数据的完整性,从事故属性、环境、事故企业3个方面选取11个影响因素作为文中探究事故严重程度的自变量。结合月份特征分析结果和不同分类形式对因变量的响应情况,将季节变量分为夏、春秋冬2类。借助水平压缩技术[30],将5类爆炸事故合并为爆炸类,将数量较少的事故类型(透水、冒顶片帮、淹溺、起重伤害、放炮、物体打击、高处坠落)合并为其他类,确定事故类型为六分类变量。自变量描述和频数统计见表2
经变量的共线性诊断和预测力分析,事故行业和事故类型高度相关,发生地区和经营状态对严重度的预测力较差。因此,剔除事故行业、发生地区、经营状态,最终保留8个影响因素:事故类型、发生日期、季节、日照条件、天气、平均温度、员工规模、成立时长。其中,平均温度和成立时间为连续变量,剩余为分类变量。多分类变量(事故类型、员工规模)需转化为虚拟变量。
选取分位数0.25、0.50、0.75、0.90,分位数回归与普通最小二乘法(Ordinary Least Square,OLS)回归拟合结果见表3。参数估计值的符号表明该变量对事故严重度的增加有促进(抑制)作用。事故严重度各影响因素的参数估计值变化如图8所示,其中,实线为分位数回归参数估计值,点划线为OLS回归的参数估计值。
与OLS估计结果相似,中毒和窒息事故、其他事故、发生日期3个变量在各分位点处均与事故严重度显著相关。相较于车辆伤害事故,中毒和窒息事故的严重度低。发生日期的参数估计值恒为正值且随着分位数的增大而增大(图9),表明非工作日发生事故的严重度更高,且严重度越高该因素发挥的作用越大。
若某变量在不同分位点与事故严重度的显著性不同,说明该变量只有满足特定条件时才会显著影响事故严重度[18]。除大于1 000人的企业员工规模与事故严重度无显著关系外,火灾事故、爆炸事故、坍塌事故、季节、日照条件、天气、平均温度、100~999人的企业员工规模、企业成立时长分别在特定分位点与事故严重度显著相关。
火灾事故、100~999人的企业员工规模在分位点0.90处与事故严重度显著相关,即这2个变量仅对极端严重事故有影响,火灾事故的严重度低于车辆伤害事故,100~999人的企业员工规模的严重度低于100人以下的企业员工规模。日照条件在分位点0.75、0.90处与事故严重度显著正相关,夜晚发生事故的严重度更高。由图9可知:日照条件对事故严重度的影响作用在分位点0.75~0.85间逐渐增强,在分位点0.85后逐渐减弱。
在主流较低分位点(0.25、0.50、0.75)处,坍塌事故、季节与事故严重度显著相关。相比于其他季节,夏季发生事故的严重度高,且严重度越高季节这一因素的影响作用越大。事故企业成立时长在分位点0.25、0.50与事故严重度显著相关,企业成立时间越长越会发生更严重的事故。爆炸事故、天气、平均温度这3个变量在分位点0.25处与事故严重度显著相关,是低分位数中影响事故严重程度的重要因素。其中,恶劣天气更易发生严重度高的事故,平均温度越低事故严重度越高。
1) 采集国家安委会挂牌督办的MWSA数据,基于发生条件—基本信息—后果的事故框架,构建我国MWSA通用事故数据库。
2) 创建分位数回归模型对MWSA严重程度展开量化分析,解决以往研究中忽略导致不同严重程度事故因素的异质性问题。模型结果表明:事故类型、发生日期、季节、日照条件、天气、平均温度、企业员工规模、企业成立时长等8个因素会显著影响事故严重程度,且在不同分位点处的影响作用不同。其中,季节、日照条件、天气、平均温度、100~999人的企业员工规模、企业成立时长和火灾、爆炸、坍塌事故类型等变量对事故严重程度的影响存在异质性。
3) 文中难以涵盖2010—2022年的所有MWSA,导致相应的事故特征研究的局限性。针对该问题,一方面可随着数据量的扩大,进一步完善研究结果;另一方面根据研究的目的和需求,拓展数据来源。
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0946
  • 接收时间:2023-08-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-11
  • 修回日期:2023-11-18
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    1 上海海事大学 海洋科学与工程学院,上海 201306
    2 中国职业安全健康协会,北京 100029
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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