Article(id=1149741763289596383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0185-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0810, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049397537, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049397537, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049397537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049397537, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=185, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741764459807211, articleId=1149741763289596383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of monopile in heterogeneous clay, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To mitigate the long-term impact of horizontal loads (such as wind,waves and currents) on offshore wind turbines,a finite element model for the ultimate bearing capacity of heterogeneous clay single-pile foundations was developed using ABAQUS software. Temperature was employed as a virtual variable to reflect the relationship between shear strength of heterogeneous soil and depth. The Model Change technique was employed to achieve geostatic equilibrium,and the obtained results regarding the variation in horizontal loads on single-pile foundations were compared with centrifuge test outcomes to validate accuracy. Combining the failure modes of soil under horizontal ultimate loads for both rigid and rigid-flexible piles,the influence of parameters such as aspect ratio,soil elastic modulus coefficient and pile-soil friction coefficient on the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of single pile foundations was analyzed. The findings indicate that with an increase in pile embedment depth,the pile transitions from a rigid state to a rigid-flexible state,and the soil failure mode shifts from wedge and rotational failure to wedge,full-flow and rotational failure. The soil elastic modulus coefficient has a minor impact on the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of single-pile foundations,while the aspect ratio and pile-soil friction coefficient exert a significant influence.

, correspAuthors=Chen AN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Songlin GAO, Chen AN, Chang LIU, Bo QI, Chunbo WANG, Jiaxing MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741785339052378, articleId=1149741763289596383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=非均质黏土地基单桩基础水平极限承载力研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为减少海上风机长期受到风浪流等水平荷载的影响,利用ABAQUS软件建立非均质黏土单桩基础极限承载力有限元模型,利用温度作为虚拟变量以反映非均质黏性土抗剪强度随深度变化的关系,采用生死单元法进行地应力平衡,并比较有限元得到的水平荷载下单桩基础承载力变化结果与离心机试验结果,以验证其准确性。结合刚性桩与刚柔性桩水平极限荷载下土体失效模式,分析不同长径比、土体弹性模量系数、桩土摩擦因数等参数对单桩基础水平极限承载力影响。结果表明:桩体预埋深度增加后,桩体从刚性桩向刚柔性桩转变,土体破坏模式从楔形、旋转破坏转变为楔形、满流和旋转破坏。土体弹性模量系数对单桩基础水平极限承载力影响较小,长径比和桩土摩擦系数对单桩基础水平极限承载力有较大影响。

, correspAuthors=安晨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 安晨(1981—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事海上风机、海底管道等方面的研究。E-mail:
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高松林 (1997—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为海上风电基础极限承载力、海洋漂浮软管结构力学。E-mail:

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高松林 (1997—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为海上风电基础极限承载力、海洋漂浮软管结构力学。E-mail:

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高松林 (1997—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为海上风电基础极限承载力、海洋漂浮软管结构力学。E-mail:

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Keyword(id=1168128947574289307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763289596383, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=水平极限承载力), Keyword(id=1168128947645592476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763289596383, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=海上风机), Keyword(id=1168128947716895645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763289596383, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=有限元模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1168128949478503347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741763289596383, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=DÍAZ H, SOARES C G, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DÍAZ H, SOARES C G. 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非均质黏土地基单桩基础水平极限承载力研究
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高松林 1 , 安晨 1, ** , 刘畅 1 , 齐博 2 , 王春波 2 , 马佳星 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(2): 185-191
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(2): 185-191
非均质黏土地基单桩基础水平极限承载力研究
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高松林1 , 安晨1, ** , 刘畅1, 齐博2, 王春波2, 马佳星2
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(北京)安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
  • 2 中海油能源发展股份有限公司 清洁能源分公司,天津 300452
  • 高松林 (1997—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为海上风电基础极限承载力、海洋漂浮软管结构力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 安晨(1981—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事海上风机、海底管道等方面的研究。E-mail:
Research on horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of monopile in heterogeneous clay
Songlin GAO1 , Chen AN1, ** , Chang LIU1, Bo QI2, Chunbo WANG2, Jiaxing MA2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety and Ocean Engineering,China University of Petroleum,Beijing 102249,China
  • 2 Clean Energy Branch,CNOOC Energy Development Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300452,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0810
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为减少海上风机长期受到风浪流等水平荷载的影响,利用ABAQUS软件建立非均质黏土单桩基础极限承载力有限元模型,利用温度作为虚拟变量以反映非均质黏性土抗剪强度随深度变化的关系,采用生死单元法进行地应力平衡,并比较有限元得到的水平荷载下单桩基础承载力变化结果与离心机试验结果,以验证其准确性。结合刚性桩与刚柔性桩水平极限荷载下土体失效模式,分析不同长径比、土体弹性模量系数、桩土摩擦因数等参数对单桩基础水平极限承载力影响。结果表明:桩体预埋深度增加后,桩体从刚性桩向刚柔性桩转变,土体破坏模式从楔形、旋转破坏转变为楔形、满流和旋转破坏。土体弹性模量系数对单桩基础水平极限承载力影响较小,长径比和桩土摩擦系数对单桩基础水平极限承载力有较大影响。

非均质黏土  /  单桩基础  /  水平极限承载力  /  海上风机  /  有限元模型

To mitigate the long-term impact of horizontal loads (such as wind,waves and currents) on offshore wind turbines,a finite element model for the ultimate bearing capacity of heterogeneous clay single-pile foundations was developed using ABAQUS software. Temperature was employed as a virtual variable to reflect the relationship between shear strength of heterogeneous soil and depth. The Model Change technique was employed to achieve geostatic equilibrium,and the obtained results regarding the variation in horizontal loads on single-pile foundations were compared with centrifuge test outcomes to validate accuracy. Combining the failure modes of soil under horizontal ultimate loads for both rigid and rigid-flexible piles,the influence of parameters such as aspect ratio,soil elastic modulus coefficient and pile-soil friction coefficient on the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of single pile foundations was analyzed. The findings indicate that with an increase in pile embedment depth,the pile transitions from a rigid state to a rigid-flexible state,and the soil failure mode shifts from wedge and rotational failure to wedge,full-flow and rotational failure. The soil elastic modulus coefficient has a minor impact on the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of single-pile foundations,while the aspect ratio and pile-soil friction coefficient exert a significant influence.

heterogeneous clay  /  single pile foundation  /  horizontal ultimate bearing capacity  /  offshore wind turbines  /  finite element model
高松林, 安晨, 刘畅, 齐博, 王春波, 马佳星. 非均质黏土地基单桩基础水平极限承载力研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 185 -191 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0810
Songlin GAO, Chen AN, Chang LIU, Bo QI, Chunbo WANG, Jiaxing MA. Research on horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of monopile in heterogeneous clay[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 185 -191 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0810
随着碳中和目标的提出,海上风电已发展成为我国的战略性新兴产业,近年来,国家给予了高度重视和支持。我国近海海上风电场技术已逐渐成熟,伴随着海上风电场逐步迈向深远海的发展趋势,探索适用于我国深海区域的风机基础研究将成为海上风电发展的关键技术突破点[1]。深远海复杂环境将对海上风机基础结构的设计与分析产生一定的技术挑战[2]。从海上风机基础设计与分析的专业角度出发,为满足风机正常运行要求,现有DNVGL-ST-0126[3]等海上风电基础设计规范规定,基础在泥面处永久性转角不超过0.25°,短暂性转角不超过0.5°。整个风机系统需避免出现基础变形过大,因此,提高海上风电基础的承载性能对海上风电结构的稳定性十分重要。
为保证海上风电基础有较好承载性能,众多学者研究了不同传统桩基类型及新型复合基础的承载性能。朱照清等[4]利用循环加载法进行原尺寸大直径单桩水平极限承载力试验研究,结果表明:混凝土浇筑桩体可有效提高桩体极限承载能力;土体中软土层的分布将降低桩体的极限承载能力,李超杰等[5]利用数值分析得到了不同位置软土层对单桩基础极限承载力影响特征。海洋环境恶劣,海床冲淤、软土、液化砂土等地质条件[6]对风机的安装以及运维[7]带来了巨大挑战,刘惠[8]利用有限元建模分析了冲刷深度对单桩基础极限承载力的影响;WANG Xuefei等[9]采用离心机试验研究土质参数变化对单桩基础极限承载力的影响,并与美国石油学会(American Petroleum Institute,API)发布的“规划、设计和建造固定海上平台的推荐实践——工作应力设计”规范计算结果比较,结果表明:API规范低估小埋深的水平承载力,高估了大埋深水平承载力;ZHANG Youhu等[10]研究了黏土中桩基水平极限承载力受轴向荷载和土壤强度各向异性的影响,但只研究了细长桩在不排水抗剪强度恒定的单一黏土层中水平极限承载力;MURALI等[11]利用离心机试验与有限元结合的方法研究了单桩基础水平极限承载力,重点分析了极限承载力系数。
单桩基础形态的变化对桩体承载性能具有一定的影响,李荣娜等[12]提出一种加翼单桩基础,相比普通单桩基础,加翼单桩基础可有效提高桩体的承载性能;郑川等[13]研究了一种变径单桩基础的承载性能,变径单桩可提高外侧摩阻力的比重,对于极限承载性能无明显提高。张旭[14]通过复合加载模式下的破坏包络线,明确了复合桶型基础在不同荷载作用下的承载能力与极限特性;黄周泉等[15]揭示了竖向荷载作用下桩桶复合基础的工作机制,研究了竖向荷载下复合基础的荷载分担、工作性状及破坏形式;夏浩等[16]利用静载试验,分析桩基在不同性质桩侧土、不同桩顶约束及不同受力方向等条件下的水平承载力试验值,归纳总结了水平承载力的影响因素。
上述文献针对单桩基础竖向极限承载力、水平向极限承载力、抗弯矩极限承载力以及复合荷载作用下桩体极限承载力等方面进行了广泛的研究与分析,但海底土体强度往往分布不均,常规有限元方法大多采用相同抗剪强度或切块的方式进行土体参数的赋予。鉴于此,笔者拟采用温度场作为虚拟变量以反映非均质黏土抗剪强度随深度变化的关系,利用离心机试验数据验证有限元模型的准确性,结合刚性桩与刚柔性桩在极限水平荷载作用下土体的破坏模式,分析桩体长径比、土体弹性模量系数、桩土摩擦因数等参数的敏感性,以期应用和推广大直径单桩基础。
采用ABAQUS软件建立非均质黏土中单桩基础在水平极限承载作用下的有限元模型,土体采用经典摩尔库仑弹塑性准则,摩尔库仑给出的土体强度公式为:
τ f = C u + σ t a n φ
式中: τ f为土体抗剪强度,kPa;Cu为土体黏聚力,kPa φ为土体摩擦角,对于黏土,摩擦角为0°。高岭土是一种常见的松软黏土,广泛存在西奥、马来西亚、中国南海等领域[17-18],南海海域辽阔,风电发展前景广阔,这对海上风机作业的稳定性提出更高的挑战。参照LAI Yongqing等[19]进行的饱和高岭土离心机水平极限承载力试验研究,土体抗剪强度与深度关系如图1a所示,Su =1.5z,其中,Su为土体抗剪强度,kPa;z为土体深度,m。常规方法中大多采用全局土体抗剪强度相同的方法,或将土体切割成块,利用块表示不同抗剪强度[10],通过增加切割数量来近似表示线性变化的土体抗剪强度,操作繁琐且可重复性低。
在土体模型中引入温度场,将土体的抗剪强度与温度相关联,为保证温度不扩散,将土体导热系数设置为无穷小,比热容设置为无穷大,即热扩散系数为0。比热容是物质的基本物理属性,导热系数表征物体导热能力的强弱。根据热扩散系数方程:
α = λ ρ c
式中: α为热扩散系数,m2/s; λ为导热系数,W/(m·K); ρ为密度,kg/m3c为比热容,J/(kg·K)。在温度场中增加温度与模型相关的线性函数,从而达到使用温度作为虚拟变量来定义非均质黏土抗剪强度随深度变化的关系,土体温度场与深度变化云图如图1b所示。桩土有限元模型中,土体干密度取870kg/m3,泊松比取0.49,摩擦角与剪胀角均取0°。桩材料采用DH36型钢材,弹性模量E=210 GPa,泊松比 μ =0.3,密度ρ=7 850 kg/m3
风机桩体采用实心单桩基础,桩体上部表面耦合为一点RP1,桩体采用C3D8R网格类型划分,网格单元数量为1 496。土体采用C3D8R网格类型划分,桩土接触区域2D范围内网格适当加密,网格单元数量为195 500。单桩基础具有非常好的对称性,桩土模型均采用轴对称模型,桩体直径D=6m,桩体预埋深度L=10D,桩顶距泥面距离为8m。土体直径为100m,高度为80m,如图2所示。
为还原真实海底土壤的应力情况,在加载前平衡土体部分的地应力,以准确模拟施工前土体的初始应力状态。采用生死单元法进行地应力平衡,在地应力平衡分析步时将桩体杀死,施加荷载分析步时将桩体激活。单桩与非均质黏土之间采用面面接触,法向采用“硬接触”,并允许桩体与土体之间接触后分离,桩土之间切向摩擦因数取0.1。土体底部固定z方向,对称面固定y方向,圆弧面固定xy方向。
经过几十年的发展,离心机试验为研究土体-结构的相互作用提供了一个新的视角[20]。土体的有效应力决定土体的强度和刚度,因此,缩尺物理试验模型中必须满足试验土层与原位土层之间的自重应力相似要求,离心模型试验通过将模型试验箱旋转至离心加速度等于n倍重力加速度后,使模型试验箱中的土层重力增大n倍,从而满足模型试验土层与原型试验土层之间的重力相似要求[2123]。选取LAI Yongqing等[19]提出的饱和高岭土水平极限承载力离心机试验数据。图2中,为消除边界效应影响,土体半径为桩体半径的15倍。为实现有限元模型土体参数与离心机试验土体参数一致,将温度场作为虚拟变量以反映非均质黏土抗剪强度随深度变化的关系,离心机试验结果与有限元结果如图3所示。由图3可知:有限元计算结果比试验结果偏大,误差在2.85%以内(误差 δ = P 1 - P 2 P 2 其中P1为有限元计算结果,P2为试验结果),离心机试验的配土以及同深度的土体仍存在一定的不均匀性,有限元模型中同深度土体的抗剪强度完全一致,因此,误差在可控范围之内,符合工程实际要求。可有效反映有限元模型计算单桩基础水平极限承载力准确性、有效性和合理性。
采用温度作为虚拟变量,以反映非均质黏土抗剪强度与深度的关系。当桩体埋深减少,桩体从刚柔性桩过渡到刚性桩。土体位移破坏如图4所示。图4c图4d中,L/D≥10,水平荷载作用下桩体产生水平位移,土体破坏模式随深度的增加呈现3种形态,以L/D=10为例,土体上部呈现楔形破坏区,中部表现出满流破坏区,深处呈现竖向平面旋转破坏区。图4a图4b中,L/D<10,桩体在水平荷载作用下,土体破坏模式随着深度增加呈现2种形态,以L/D=4为例,上部呈现楔形破坏区,下部呈现旋转破坏区,桩身整体绕某点呈现刚性转动。
土体等效塑性应变云图如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,土体在楔形破坏区域的土体已发生塑性破坏,旋转破坏区域与满流破坏区域土体仍处于弹塑性阶段,与图4中位移结果相呼应,楔形破坏区域位移较大。
单桩基础埋深长径比通常在4~8,软黏土中长径比可能达到10。文中主要研究刚性桩长径比在4~10 的极限承载力。现有对于桩体水平极限承载力的判断主要有2个标准:①陡变型曲线,根据水平位移与承载力变化的拐点判断水平极限承载力;②缓变形曲线,水平位移与承载力曲线中没有明显拐点,根据水平位移增量进行判断水平极限承载力。
为进一步研究长径比、土体弹性模量系数、桩土摩擦因数等参数对单桩基础水平极限承载力影响,采用温度场作为虚拟变量以反映有限元模型中非均质黏土的抗剪强度。不同长径比单桩水平极限承载力如图6所示,对水平位移以及水平承载力进行归一化处理,Pu为长径比为10的极限承载力。从图6中可以看出,随桩体长径比的增大,水平极限承载力变化明显。从水平极限承载力增长趋势来看,长径比的增大,桩体承载力的缓增区域更大。不同长径比桩体位移与深度的变化曲线如图7所示,图中的拐点与桩体底部的旋转破坏有关,桩体长径比的增大,桩体位移从V字型向U字型过渡,这反映了长径比增大后,桩体从刚性桩变化为刚柔性桩,土体破坏模式从楔形、旋转破坏转变为楔形、满流和旋转破坏。
不同土体弹性模量系数下单桩水平极限承载力如图8所示。桩体长径比为10,土体弹性模量系数分别取E/Su=250、500、1000,其中,E为土体弹性模量。归一化处理水平位移与极限承载力,可以看出土体弹性模量系数的变化对土体水平极限承载力的影响较小。
不同摩擦因数下单桩水平极限承载力如图9所示。桩体基础长径比为10,桩土之间摩擦因数分别取0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5。对水平位移与极限承载力分别进行归一化处理,Pu为摩擦因数为0.5的单桩基础水平极限承载力。
不同摩擦因数与水平极限承载力之间的关系如图10所示。从图10可以看出,摩擦因数的增加,横线极限承载力呈现线性增加,并且增加趋势有所减缓。不同摩擦因数下,水平承载力与位移的变化趋势基本相同。
1) 利用ABAQUS软件建立单桩基础在非均质黏土中的有限元模型,将温度作为虚拟变量,可有效实现非均质黏土抗剪强度随深度的变化关系,有限元结果与离心机试验结果具有较好的一致性。
2) 桩体预埋深度的增加,桩体从刚性桩转变为刚柔性桩,土体破坏模式从楔形和旋转破坏转变为楔形、满流和旋转破坏。
3) 土体弹性模量系数对海上风机单桩基础的水平极限承载力影响较小,增加桩体长径比,可有效提高桩体的水平极限承载力。摩擦因数的增大,可在一定范围内增加单桩基础的水平极限承载力。
  • 中海油能源发展股份有限公司重大科技专项项目(HFZXKT-JN2021-01)
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0810
  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
基金
中海油能源发展股份有限公司重大科技专项项目(HFZXKT-JN2021-01)
作者信息
    1 中国石油大学(北京)安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
    2 中海油能源发展股份有限公司 清洁能源分公司,天津 300452

通讯作者:

** 安晨(1981—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事海上风机、海底管道等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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