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In order to study the evacuation of passengers in a train fire in a vacuum tube transportation system and the smoke spreading law,The fire numerical simulation software FDS and the personnel simulation evacuation software Pathfinder were used to study the evacuation of passengers in case of fire in a high-speed train compartment consisting of 5 cars in a low-vacuum tunnel. Comprehensively comparing the evacuation time,the degree of smoke spread and the CO concentration in 10 evacuation schemes,the best evacuation method for passengers was obtained,and a rescue vehicle was designed to assist evacuation by docking the door of the high-speed train. The results show that: when the passengers in the fire compartment are evacuated to the neighboring compartments,the best evacuation method for the passengers is to leave the two rows of passengers close to the doorway and the rows of passengers close to the fire source at the same time,and then evacuate the passengers row by row by the distance from the fire source from near to far. If the rescue vehicle is used to assist the rescue,when the fire occurs in compartment 1,compartment 2,or compartment 3,the total time to complete the evacuation of all passengers after the arrival of the rescue vehicle is 533,586,and 376 s,respectively. When a fire occurs in compartment 1,the utilization time of door 1 is 200 s; when a fire occurs in compartment 2,the utilization time of door 1 is 145 s; when a fire occurs in compartment 3,the utilization rate of the two doors is more balanced. Therefore,during the actual evacuation,passengers can be guided to fully utilize the two doors in the form of voice announcements to save the evacuation time. The research results can provide a reliable reference basis for the emergency rescue of passengers in future low vacuum tunnel train fires.

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为探究真空管道运输系统内列车火灾的人员疏散问题及烟气蔓延规律,运用火灾模拟软件(FDS)及人员仿真疏散软件Pathfinder,以低真空隧道内由5节车厢构成的高速列车车厢火灾时乘客疏散为研究对象,综合比较10种疏散方案中疏散时间、烟气蔓延程度及CO体积分数,得到乘客最佳疏散方案,并设计救援车对接高速列车车门的辅助疏散方式。结果表明:当着火车厢的乘客疏散至相邻车厢时,乘客的最佳疏散方式为靠近门口的2排乘客与靠近火源的1排乘客同时离开,随后按照与火源的距离由近到远逐排撤离。若采用救援车辅助疏散,当火灾发生在车厢1、车厢2或车厢3时,救援车到达后完成全车乘客疏散的总用时分别为533、586和376 s;车厢1发生火灾时,门1的利用时间为200 s;车厢2发生火灾时,门1的利用时间为145 s;当车厢3发生火灾时,2个门的利用率较为均衡。因此,在实际疏散时,可以采用语音播报的形式引导乘客充分利用好2个车门,以节约疏散时间。

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陈大伟 (1982—),男,山东济南人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事高速列车防灾减灾方面的工作。E-mail:

郗艳红,副研究员。

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陈大伟 (1982—),男,山东济南人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事高速列车防灾减灾方面的工作。E-mail:

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陈大伟 (1982—),男,山东济南人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事高速列车防灾减灾方面的工作。E-mail:

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郗艳红,副研究员。

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郗艳红,副研究员。

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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266111)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168130358320047050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130358328435659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, companyId=1168130358320047050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Civil Engineering and Construction,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130358332629964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, companyId=1168130358320047050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168130360199095272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=FDS fire simulation diagram, figureFileSmall=wLBWX8h6iTJlUbQx+5vWRw==, figureFileBig=0QLxba/PE4rvbPj04uFeqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360262009833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FDS火灾模拟图, figureFileSmall=wLBWX8h6iTJlUbQx+5vWRw==, figureFileBig=0QLxba/PE4rvbPj04uFeqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360308147178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Smoke spread at 110 s for each fire source power, figureFileSmall=sJgTSK40ROR18R+cQuWVjg==, figureFileBig=S146/y7yzqh7rKyyvpyAeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360358478827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各火源功率下110 s时的烟气蔓延, figureFileSmall=sJgTSK40ROR18R+cQuWVjg==, figureFileBig=S146/y7yzqh7rKyyvpyAeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360408810476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Time for passengers to arrive at typical locations for different scenarios, figureFileSmall=H9aZzz3YjjdRpIJ+YwEiTg==, figureFileBig=T+fjO8UDZR5NAjOERxBowg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360463336429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同方案下乘客到达典型位置的时间, figureFileSmall=H9aZzz3YjjdRpIJ+YwEiTg==, figureFileBig=T+fjO8UDZR5NAjOERxBowg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360517862382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=CO Concentration at typical passenger arrival position for different scenarios, figureFileSmall=HKpvbavMezvYAt13D2Xyug==, figureFileBig=nDcekaTVRNzomg0utqNVhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360589165551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同方案下乘客到达典型位置时的体积分数浓度, figureFileSmall=HKpvbavMezvYAt13D2Xyug==, figureFileBig=nDcekaTVRNzomg0utqNVhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360681440240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Rescue vehicle assisted evacuation, figureFileSmall=SidqSmrl0H4BSZ3x7tyxLA==, figureFileBig=Q202nmiHKYJ2DJQDDc/awQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130360740160497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图5, caption=救援车辅助疏散, figureFileSmall=SidqSmrl0H4BSZ3x7tyxLA==, figureFileBig=Q202nmiHKYJ2DJQDDc/awQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130362661151730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relationship between the parking position of the rescue vehicle and the location of the fire, figureFileSmall=JkNk7XlKcsQi/eEMu5PAFg==, figureFileBig=mP9cpEoMvB2ABOGHFzhzBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130362740843507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图6, caption=救援车停车位置和火灾发生位置的关系, figureFileSmall=JkNk7XlKcsQi/eEMu5PAFg==, figureFileBig=mP9cpEoMvB2ABOGHFzhzBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130362803758068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Flow of entrance doors of rescue vehicles in case of fire in different compartments, figureFileSmall=YF0RUuFra6ljK0NPBZJWKA==, figureFileBig=3IZiruQLyWxqbhluIktLOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130362875061237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同车厢发生火灾时救援车入口门流量, figureFileSmall=YF0RUuFra6ljK0NPBZJWKA==, figureFileBig=3IZiruQLyWxqbhluIktLOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130362929587190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Evacuation plan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 疏散方案 疏散时
间/s
1 乘客自由向两侧疏散,不进行人为干预 100
2 将乘客分为3个部分,每部分3排,依次按照靠近火源的距离分批撤离,离火源越近的部分撤离越早 133.4
3 将乘客分为3个部分,每部分3排,其中靠近门口与靠近火源的2个部分同时离开,随后中间部分撤离 99.4
4 乘客按距火源的距离,由近到远,逐排离开 135.2
5 首先靠近门口1排的人员与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后分别按照距门的距离与距火源的距离,逐排离开,直到乘客全部撤离 104.2
6 首先靠近门口2排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后分别按照距门的距离与距火源的距离,逐排离开,直到乘客全部撤离 95.2
7 首先靠近门口3排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后分别按照距门的距离与距火源的距离,逐排离开,直到乘客全部撤离 94.4
8 靠近门口的1排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远,逐排撤离 132
9 靠近门口的2排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远,逐排撤离 108.4
10 靠近门口的3排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远,逐排撤离 103.3
), ArticleFig(id=1168130363034444791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739140830376465, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

疏散方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 疏散方案 疏散时
间/s
1 乘客自由向两侧疏散,不进行人为干预 100
2 将乘客分为3个部分,每部分3排,依次按照靠近火源的距离分批撤离,离火源越近的部分撤离越早 133.4
3 将乘客分为3个部分,每部分3排,其中靠近门口与靠近火源的2个部分同时离开,随后中间部分撤离 99.4
4 乘客按距火源的距离,由近到远,逐排离开 135.2
5 首先靠近门口1排的人员与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后分别按照距门的距离与距火源的距离,逐排离开,直到乘客全部撤离 104.2
6 首先靠近门口2排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后分别按照距门的距离与距火源的距离,逐排离开,直到乘客全部撤离 95.2
7 首先靠近门口3排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后分别按照距门的距离与距火源的距离,逐排离开,直到乘客全部撤离 94.4
8 靠近门口的1排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远,逐排撤离 132
9 靠近门口的2排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远,逐排撤离 108.4
10 靠近门口的3排的乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远,逐排撤离 103.3
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低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾乘客疏散方案
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陈大伟 1 , 庞世俊 1 , 郗艳红 2
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(3): 186-191
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(3): 186-191
低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾乘客疏散方案
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陈大伟1 , 庞世俊1, 郗艳红2
作者信息
  • 1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266111
  • 2 北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044
  • 陈大伟 (1982—),男,山东济南人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事高速列车防灾减灾方面的工作。E-mail:

    郗艳红,副研究员。

Study on evacuation of passengers from train compartment fires in low-vacuum tunnels
Dawei CHEN1 , Shijun PANG1, Yanhong XI2
Affiliations
  • 1 CRRC Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co.,Ltd.,Qingdao Shandong 266111,China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering and Construction,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1785
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为探究真空管道运输系统内列车火灾的人员疏散问题及烟气蔓延规律,运用火灾模拟软件(FDS)及人员仿真疏散软件Pathfinder,以低真空隧道内由5节车厢构成的高速列车车厢火灾时乘客疏散为研究对象,综合比较10种疏散方案中疏散时间、烟气蔓延程度及CO体积分数,得到乘客最佳疏散方案,并设计救援车对接高速列车车门的辅助疏散方式。结果表明:当着火车厢的乘客疏散至相邻车厢时,乘客的最佳疏散方式为靠近门口的2排乘客与靠近火源的1排乘客同时离开,随后按照与火源的距离由近到远逐排撤离。若采用救援车辅助疏散,当火灾发生在车厢1、车厢2或车厢3时,救援车到达后完成全车乘客疏散的总用时分别为533、586和376 s;车厢1发生火灾时,门1的利用时间为200 s;车厢2发生火灾时,门1的利用时间为145 s;当车厢3发生火灾时,2个门的利用率较为均衡。因此,在实际疏散时,可以采用语音播报的形式引导乘客充分利用好2个车门,以节约疏散时间。

低真空隧道  /  列车车厢  /  列车火灾  /  乘客疏散  /  疏散方案  /  火灾模拟软件(FDS)

In order to study the evacuation of passengers in a train fire in a vacuum tube transportation system and the smoke spreading law,The fire numerical simulation software FDS and the personnel simulation evacuation software Pathfinder were used to study the evacuation of passengers in case of fire in a high-speed train compartment consisting of 5 cars in a low-vacuum tunnel. Comprehensively comparing the evacuation time,the degree of smoke spread and the CO concentration in 10 evacuation schemes,the best evacuation method for passengers was obtained,and a rescue vehicle was designed to assist evacuation by docking the door of the high-speed train. The results show that: when the passengers in the fire compartment are evacuated to the neighboring compartments,the best evacuation method for the passengers is to leave the two rows of passengers close to the doorway and the rows of passengers close to the fire source at the same time,and then evacuate the passengers row by row by the distance from the fire source from near to far. If the rescue vehicle is used to assist the rescue,when the fire occurs in compartment 1,compartment 2,or compartment 3,the total time to complete the evacuation of all passengers after the arrival of the rescue vehicle is 533,586,and 376 s,respectively. When a fire occurs in compartment 1,the utilization time of door 1 is 200 s; when a fire occurs in compartment 2,the utilization time of door 1 is 145 s; when a fire occurs in compartment 3,the utilization rate of the two doors is more balanced. Therefore,during the actual evacuation,passengers can be guided to fully utilize the two doors in the form of voice announcements to save the evacuation time. The research results can provide a reliable reference basis for the emergency rescue of passengers in future low vacuum tunnel train fires.

low-vacuum tunnel  /  train carriages  /  train fire  /  passenger evacuation  /  evacuation plan  /  fire dynamics simulator (FDS)
陈大伟, 庞世俊, 郗艳红. 低真空隧道列车车厢内部火灾乘客疏散方案. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 186 -191 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1785
Dawei CHEN, Shijun PANG, Yanhong XI. Study on evacuation of passengers from train compartment fires in low-vacuum tunnels[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 186 -191 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1785
随着城市建设的不断发展,现代社会对列车时速的要求越来越高。列车在低真空隧道内行驶时,受到的空气阻力影响较小,可以在较低的功耗下高速运行。KEMPER H[1] 提出,列车在真空管道内行驶的速度可达到1 000km/h。GODDARD R[2-3]认为,列车在真空管道中行驶时速度可达1 600km/h。美国麻省理工学院的学者认为列车在1 kPa的真空管道内行驶时,速度可达到22 500 km/h[4]。因此,真空管道运输系统成为各国积极探索试验的对象[5-6]。低真空管道内气压低,不适宜人类生存,且密封好,难以被外界破坏,因此,高速列车在低真空隧道中发生火灾时,怎样对乘客实施有效的疏散救援,成为亟需解决的问题。
目前,国内外对常压情况下烟气蔓延特性及人员疏散问题的研究已取得较大进展 [7-9],关于真空管道运输系统的研究也在逐步完善,如张继业[10]和李庆领[11]等均研究了真空管道运输模式下的气动阻力、气动生热及热压耦合等问题。但是,关于真空管道运输系统内列车火灾的烟气蔓延及人员疏散的研究还较为鲜见。
因此,文中拟参考国内外现有研究成果,运用火灾模拟软件 (Fire Dynamics Simulator,FDS)及人员仿真疏散软件pathfinder,将真空隧道内列车车厢火灾时的火灾烟气蔓延、CO体积分数与乘客疏散相结合,探寻乘客疏散的最佳方式;并设计救援车,计算不同车厢着火后的疏散时间,以期为未来低真空隧道列车火灾救援提供可靠的参考依据。
采用FDS对低真空隧道列车车厢内火灾进行仿真计算,其模型如图1所示。列车主体由5节车厢构成,火源设置在中间列车的中部,火源表面与列车地面平齐,单节车厢长18m,高2.23m,宽3.4m。2节车厢连接部分长度为6m。每节车厢左右两侧分别设置3个座位,共17排,相邻座位间的距离为0.6m,列车过道宽度为0.6m。车厢左右两侧分别设有行李架,行李架距离地面高度为1.7m,车厢左右两端设有防火门,防火门高1.9m,宽0.8m。
由于高速列车处于低真空隧道内,所以设置车厢通风为内部空气循环。在车厢两侧壁底部设置出风带,宽0.1m,速度为0.15m/s,在靠近车厢纵向中线的顶棚下方设置进风带,宽0.1m,速度为0.15m /s。为控制火灾发生时车厢内烟气的蔓延,在车厢顶棚下方沿纵向中线以5.5、6、5.5m的间距对称布置4个排烟口,大小为0.2m×0.2m(图1b)。发生火灾时,为了尽可能地疏散烟气,为乘客提供更多的逃生时间,着火车厢提高进风出风功率至0.3m/s,并打开排烟口,以10m/s的速度排出烟气,减少烟气的聚集。
分别在距地面1.8和2.2m高度处沿列车长度方向每隔0.5m布置多个测点,以监测烟气的演化特性。高速列车车厢内人员组成复杂且可燃物众多,瑞典地铁火灾研究计划“METRO”项目通过对瑞典地铁乘客行李调研测试得出,普通乘客携带单件行李燃烧时火源功率不超过0.3MW[12];史聪灵等[13]计算得出恐怖分子携带6.9L汽油下火源功率约为1.4MW。参考文献[12-13],文中采用的火源功率范围为0.3~1.5MW,即0.3~0.7MW(间隔0.1 MW)、0.9~1.5MW(间隔0.2MW),共9个工况。
高速列车在低真空隧道内发生火灾时,着火车厢内的乘客首先疏散至相邻车厢,当乘客完全撤离着火车厢后关闭着火车厢和相邻车厢之间的防火门。通过Pathfinder软件模拟列车发生火灾后的人员疏散,得出人员安全撤离所需要的时间,进而确定防火门关闭的时间。
由于低真空隧道列车尚处于试验阶段,其乘客数据尚未产生,故对于低真空隧道列车的人员组成,参考李修柏等[14]通过问卷调查得出的高速列车乘客组成比例,设置人员组成比例为成年男性57.71%,成年女性32.80%,老年人4.66%,小孩4.84%。按照列车满载情况考虑乘车人数,5节车厢共388人。列车中人员行走速度受到年龄,性别以及火灾环境的影响,参考《地铁安全疏散规范》(GB/T 33668—2017),设置中青年男士、中青年女士、老人及儿童的行走速度分别为1.25 、1.05 、0.76、0.76 m/s。列车乘客肩宽参考《中国成年人体尺寸》(GB 10000—88),成年男性为48.6cm,成年女性为45.5cm,老年男性为48.6cm,老年女性为45.5cm,未成年人为34.5cm。
为得到最佳的乘客疏散方案,最大限度保障乘客的人身安全,设计10个疏散方案,见表1,表中时间为乘客全部疏散至相邻车厢所用的时间。由表1可知:方案2、方案4与方案8的疏散时间分别为133.4、135.2与132s,其余工况的疏散时间均在110s以内,故淘汰方案2、方案4和方案8。疏散方案中,防火门关闭时间主要由着火车厢人员完全疏散至相邻车厢的时间决定,由于其他方案的疏散时间均在110s以内,所以将防火门关闭时间均设置为110s,以满足人员疏散需求。
采用FDS对不同火源功率下的火灾烟气进行仿真。110s时,部分火源功率下车厢内部的烟气蔓延情况如图2所示。由图2可知:随着火源功率的增大,蔓延区域不断增大,相邻车厢内堆积的烟气也越多。由于车厢内的烟气蔓延范围随火源功率的增大而增大,故选取最不利火源功率即1.5MW下的烟气蔓延状况评估表1中各疏散方案。
按照表1中的疏散方案,利用pathfinder软件模拟乘客疏散,得到乘客疏散至车厢不同位置时的时间,如图3所示;再由FDS结果得到乘客到达各个位置(图2e)时刻的CO体积分数,如图4所示。
图4可知:所有位置的CO体积分数均小于500×10-4,翁庙成[15]研究建筑火灾烟气CO体积分数得出,当CO体积分数为400×10-4时,成年人在1~2h内会出现头痛情况,3h后将威胁生命;当CO体积分数为800×10-4时,45min内会头痛、眼花、恶心。综上可知:所有疏散方式均可以在短期内保障人员生命安全,但考虑到长时间处于高浓度烟气下,人体上呼吸道会受到损害,因此,通过对比各位置处烟气浓度选出最优疏散方式。
图4可知:各疏散方案中,最后一人离开位置1时,方案1的CO体积分数达到356×10-4,超过其他方案3倍,故淘汰方案1;当最后一人离开位置3时,只有方案7、9和10的 CO体积分数较低,而对比其余位置,方案9更为安全,故方案9为最佳方案。即当车厢内着火后,向相邻车厢疏散过程中的最佳疏散方式为:靠近门口的2排乘客与靠近火源1排的乘客同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远逐排撤离。
若车厢内部火灾严重,导致列车失去动力被迫停在隧道内部,乘客疏散至相邻车厢亦不能保证安全,需要实施通过救援车辆辅助疏散的方案。当列车随机停在隧道内时,总控台给就近的紧急救援站发出信息,派出救援列车与事故列车进行对接,乘客乘坐救援列车抵达紧急救援站,实现安全疏散。根据《客车装载质量计算方法》[16],按Ⅱ级客车确定每位乘员的随身行李质量为3kg,每位站立乘客所需面积为0.15m2。考虑到可能存在乘客受伤晕倒的紧急情况,车上需配备急救工具等,适当增加人均面积至0.28m2。结合列车长度及着火列车总人数,设计长50m、宽2.5m的救援列车来辅助疏散,如图5所示。
假设高速列车车厢内发生火灾时,在救援车到来之前,人员先疏散到其他车厢或走廊,等待救援,待救援车对接完成后组织全车乘客一起疏散。救援车车门和高速列车车门对接时,尽量对接在着火车厢的一侧,如当中间车厢(车厢2、3和4)发生火灾时,救援车直接停在着火车厢的一侧,救援车门直接和着火车厢两端的门相连接;但当端部车厢(车厢1和车厢5)发生火灾时,因端部车厢布局较宽敞且人数较少,因此设置救援车停在相邻车厢的一侧。因此,当车厢1、2着火时,救援车与车厢2对接;车厢3着火时,救援车与车厢3对接;车厢4、5着火时,救援车与车厢4对接。救援车停车位置和火灾发生位置的关系如图6所示。
通过pathfinder仿真得出,火灾发生在车厢1时,救援车到达后用时533s完成全车人员的疏散;火灾发生在车厢2时,救援车到达后用时586s完成全车人员的疏散。虽然救援车的位置一致,但是,火灾发生位置不同导致疏散时间不同。火灾发生在车厢1时,乘客首先疏散至车厢2和2节车厢的连接处,救援车门1承担车厢连接处和部分车厢内的乘客疏散;而火灾发生在车厢2内时,乘客首先疏散至车厢1和车厢3,当救援车到达之后,车厢1内的乘客由救援车门1疏散至救援车,而车厢3、车厢4和车厢5的乘客总人数增多,且距离车门相对较远,主要由门2疏散至救援车,救援车门2承担的客流量较大,因此,需要的总时间比火灾发生在车厢1时要多。
当火灾发生在车厢3时,人员首先向相邻的两侧车厢疏散,当救援车到达后,用时376s完成全车人员的疏散,由于门1和门2疏散的乘客数量较为平均,2个门的利用率均较高,疏散时间缩短。车厢1和5对称,2和4对称,结果基本一致,故不再讨论。
对救援车的2个门进行流量监测,结果如图7所示。由图7可知:当车厢1发生火灾时,由于火灾发生位置相对于整列车车厢较偏,救援车2个门的人员流率呈现不均匀的分布,门1在车门开启后200s时就不再被使用,门2则需要一直开启到最后。因此,在实际疏散时,可以语音播报的形式引导乘客充分利用好救援车的2个门,以节约疏散时间。当车厢2发生火灾时,门1仅供少量乘客疏散,在门开启后145s时便不再被使用,而门2则需要承担将近4个车厢人员的疏散。当车厢3发生火灾时,2个门的利用率较为均衡。
1) 当着火车厢的乘客疏散至相邻车厢时,靠近门口的2排乘客与靠近火源的1排乘客应同时离开,随后按照离火源的距离,由近到远逐排撤离。
2) 当采用外接救援车辅助乘客疏散时,火灾发生在车厢1、车厢2或车厢3时,救援车到达后完成全车乘客疏散用时分别为533、586和376s。
3) 在疏散救援时,不同车门的疏散利用率存在差异,当车厢1发生火灾时,救援车门1在车门开启后200s时就不再被使用,门2则需要一直开启到最后;当车厢2发生火灾时,门1仅供少量乘客疏散,在门开启后145s时便不再被使用,而门2则需要承担将近4个车厢人员的疏散;当车厢3发生火灾时,4个门的利用率较为均衡。因此,在实际疏散时,可以语音播报的形式引导乘客充分利用好救援车的2个门,以节约疏散时间。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB1200600)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1785
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 修回日期:2023-12-24
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国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB1200600)
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    1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266111
    2 北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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