Article(id=1149739139995709925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0155-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0742, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694707200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-15, revisedDate=1703001600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048772095, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048772095, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048772095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048772095, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=155, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739140339642858, articleId=1149739139995709925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on deviation characteristic of gas extraction borehole drilling in underground coal mine, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the construction of underground extraction boreholes,trajectory deviation is common,prone to blind gas extraction areas and produces gas extraction blank zones. In order to ensure that gas extraction achieves the expected results,the 15121 bottom pumping lane,15124 low level lane and 15124 return air lane of Xinjing mine in Shanxi province were taken as the background of the project. We tested the deviation of borehole drilling through the seam and along the seam respectively,calculated the three-dimensional trajectory of the drill holes by using the mean angle full distance method,established the three-dimensional trajectory of the drill holes and the three-dimensional layer relationship of coal rock based on the geological information of coal seam assignment,realized the visualization of the trajectories of the drill holes,analyzed the factors affecting the deviation of the drill holes and the experimental fitting data,and came up with a characteristic of the deviation of the boreholes. The research findings suggest that cross-layer boreholes initially exhibit deviation within fine sandstone layers,with the deviation intensifying notably within the coal seam segment,reaching a maximum deviation of up to 0.52 meters within this section. In the case of in-seam drilling,greater drilling depth results in larger vertical deviations,with an average vertical offset of 1.37 meters at a depth of 40 meters when the opening angles of boreholes are similar. Overall,low-angle boreholes are more susceptible to gravity-induced deviations,leading to a higher likelihood of trajectory deflection,while high-angle boreholes tend to exhibit vertical deviations,albeit with a smaller overall deviation compared to low-angle boreholes. In the horizontal direction,borehole spacing is reduced by 0.68 meters for bottom drainage galleries,0.28 meters for lower position galleries,and 0.54 meters for return airways. The research results effectively guide the design of subsequent gas extraction drilling trajectories under the same geological conditions,provide theoretical support for controlling and eliminating the blind zone of gas extraction,and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of gas extraction.

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为避免井下瓦斯抽采钻孔发生轨迹偏移,出现瓦斯抽采盲区,产生瓦斯抽采空白带,首先以山西阳泉新景煤矿15121底抽巷、15124低位巷、15124回风巷为工程背景,测试穿层钻孔和顺层钻孔的偏移情况;然后利用均角全距法计算钻孔三维轨迹数值,并结合煤层赋存地质信息,绘制钻孔三维轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系可视化图,分析影响钻孔偏移的因素和拟合数据,并得出钻孔偏移特性。研究表明:穿层钻孔主要在细砂岩层开始偏移,且均在煤层段偏移变大,煤层段最大偏移量为0.52 m; 顺层钻孔开孔倾角相近时,孔深越深终孔垂直偏差越大,40 m孔深平均垂直偏移量为1.37 m; 小角度钻孔受重力影响较大,轨迹易发生偏移,大角度钻孔在垂直方向上向上或向下偏移,偏移量比小角度钻孔偏移量小;在水平方向上,底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷布孔间距分别缩短0.68、0.28、0.54 m。

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杜栋栋 (1999—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为瓦斯地质理论与应用。E-mail:

雷文杰,教授。

李东会,讲师。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130351349113753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=CN, label=图7, caption=开孔角度与终孔垂直偏差关系, figureFileSmall=MIHoun0EH/TGlSJ2WbUBAQ==, figureFileBig=SLL49vOpcfPWbg9ZZ7ExDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130351529468826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation of the thickness of each section of drill hole 4 in the bottom extraction lane

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 4
开孔角度/(°) 27
深度/厚度 沿孔段长度 对应岩层厚度
砂质泥岩/m 15.8 7.5
细粒泥岩/m 3.5 1.6
泥岩/m 2.0 0.9
煤厚/m 9.1 3.9
夹矸/m 3.3 1.4
煤层/m 6.5 2.4
总计/m 40.1 17.7
), ArticleFig(id=1168130351684658075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

底抽巷4号钻孔各段厚度计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 4
开孔角度/(°) 27
深度/厚度 沿孔段长度 对应岩层厚度
砂质泥岩/m 15.8 7.5
细粒泥岩/m 3.5 1.6
泥岩/m 2.0 0.9
煤厚/m 9.1 3.9
夹矸/m 3.3 1.4
煤层/m 6.5 2.4
总计/m 40.1 17.7
), ArticleFig(id=1168130351743378332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Drill hole three-dimensional trajectory coordinatesm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际轨迹坐标 理论轨迹坐标
X1 Y1 Z1 X0 Y0 Z0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.03 1.71 0.99 0.00 0.87 0.50
-0.04 2.55 1.50 0.00 1.73 1.00
-0.03 3.39 2.02 0.00 2.60 1.50
-0.05 4.23 2.52 0.00 3.46 2.00
-0.07 5.08 3.02 0.00 4.33 2.50
-0.08 5.93 3.52 0.00 5.20 3.00
-0.10 6.79 4.02 0.00 6.06 3.50
-0.11 7.64 4.52 0.00 6.93 4.00
-0.12 8.50 5.03 0.00 7.79 4.50
-0.13 9.35 5.54 0.00 8.66 5.00
-0.15 10.18 6.05 0.00 9.53 5.50
-0.17 11.02 6.56 0.00 10.39 6.00
-0.19 11.86 7.08 0.00 11.26 6.50
-0.21 12.70 7.60 0.00 12.12 7.00
-0.22 13.53 8.13 0.00 12.99 7.50
-0.24 14.36 8.65 0.00 13.86 8.00
-0.26 15.18 9.20 0.00 14.72 8.50
-0.28 16.00 9.75 0.00 15.59 9.00
-0.29 16.82 10.29 0.00 16.45 9.50
-0.31 17.64 10.85 0.00 17.32 10.00
-0.32 18.48 11.38 0.00 18.19 10.50
-0.33 19.32 11.91 0.00 19.05 11.00
-0.33 20.14 12.48 0.00 19.92 11.50
-0.34 20.98 13.03 0.00 20.78 12.00
-0.34 21.83 13.56 0.00 21.65 12.50
-0.34 22.65 14.13 0.00 22.52 13.00
-0.35 23.50 14.65 0.00 23.38 13.50
-0.34 24.34 15.18 0.00 24.25 14.00
-0.32 25.19 15.70 0.00 25.11 14.50
-0.31 26.04 16.20 0.00 25.98 15.00
-0.29 26.89 16.69 0.00 26.85 15.50
-0.28 27.75 17.19 0.00 27.71 16.00
-0.27 28.61 17.58 0.00 28.58 16.50
-0.27 29.49 18.00 0.00 29.44 17.00
-0.27 30.37 18.50 0.00 30.31 17.50
-0.28 31.18 18.89 0.00 31.18 18.00
-0.29 32.04 19.29 0.00 32.04 18.50
), ArticleFig(id=1168130351885984669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

钻孔三维轨迹坐标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际轨迹坐标 理论轨迹坐标
X1 Y1 Z1 X0 Y0 Z0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.03 1.71 0.99 0.00 0.87 0.50
-0.04 2.55 1.50 0.00 1.73 1.00
-0.03 3.39 2.02 0.00 2.60 1.50
-0.05 4.23 2.52 0.00 3.46 2.00
-0.07 5.08 3.02 0.00 4.33 2.50
-0.08 5.93 3.52 0.00 5.20 3.00
-0.10 6.79 4.02 0.00 6.06 3.50
-0.11 7.64 4.52 0.00 6.93 4.00
-0.12 8.50 5.03 0.00 7.79 4.50
-0.13 9.35 5.54 0.00 8.66 5.00
-0.15 10.18 6.05 0.00 9.53 5.50
-0.17 11.02 6.56 0.00 10.39 6.00
-0.19 11.86 7.08 0.00 11.26 6.50
-0.21 12.70 7.60 0.00 12.12 7.00
-0.22 13.53 8.13 0.00 12.99 7.50
-0.24 14.36 8.65 0.00 13.86 8.00
-0.26 15.18 9.20 0.00 14.72 8.50
-0.28 16.00 9.75 0.00 15.59 9.00
-0.29 16.82 10.29 0.00 16.45 9.50
-0.31 17.64 10.85 0.00 17.32 10.00
-0.32 18.48 11.38 0.00 18.19 10.50
-0.33 19.32 11.91 0.00 19.05 11.00
-0.33 20.14 12.48 0.00 19.92 11.50
-0.34 20.98 13.03 0.00 20.78 12.00
-0.34 21.83 13.56 0.00 21.65 12.50
-0.34 22.65 14.13 0.00 22.52 13.00
-0.35 23.50 14.65 0.00 23.38 13.50
-0.34 24.34 15.18 0.00 24.25 14.00
-0.32 25.19 15.70 0.00 25.11 14.50
-0.31 26.04 16.20 0.00 25.98 15.00
-0.29 26.89 16.69 0.00 26.85 15.50
-0.28 27.75 17.19 0.00 27.71 16.00
-0.27 28.61 17.58 0.00 28.58 16.50
-0.27 29.49 18.00 0.00 29.44 17.00
-0.27 30.37 18.50 0.00 30.31 17.50
-0.28 31.18 18.89 0.00 31.18 18.00
-0.29 32.04 19.29 0.00 32.04 18.50
), ArticleFig(id=1168130352041173918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Deviation of drill hole trajectory in bottom extraction lane

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 实际开
孔角/
(°)
终孔角/
(°)
见煤点
垂直偏
差/m
终孔水
平偏差/
m
终孔垂
直偏差/
m
1 29 26 0.23 0.14 0.27
2 28 24 0.38 0.22 0.49
3 28 21 0.40 0.44 0.92
4 27 23 0.35 0.37 0.50
5 31 26 0.41 0.29 0.79
6 52 57 0.15 0.45 0.33
7 51 57 0.27 0.68 0.50
8 82 83 0.01 0.32 -0.04
9 81 82 0.04 0.43 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1168130352171197343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

底抽巷钻孔轨迹偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 实际开
孔角/
(°)
终孔角/
(°)
见煤点
垂直偏
差/m
终孔水
平偏差/
m
终孔垂
直偏差/
m
1 29 26 0.23 0.14 0.27
2 28 24 0.38 0.22 0.49
3 28 21 0.40 0.44 0.92
4 27 23 0.35 0.37 0.50
5 31 26 0.41 0.29 0.79
6 52 57 0.15 0.45 0.33
7 51 57 0.27 0.68 0.50
8 82 83 0.01 0.32 -0.04
9 81 82 0.04 0.43 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1168130352255083424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Deviation of drilling trajectory in low level lane

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 实际开
孔角度/
(°)
终孔角
度/(°)
见煤点
垂直偏
差/m
终孔水
平偏差/
m
终孔垂
直偏差/
m
1 -61 -63 0.10 0.28 0.20
2 -60 -62 0.09 0.28 0.14
3 -61 -62 0.05 0.21 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1168130352313803681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

低位巷钻孔轨迹偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 实际开
孔角度/
(°)
终孔角
度/(°)
见煤点
垂直偏
差/m
终孔水
平偏差/
m
终孔垂
直偏差/
m
1 -61 -63 0.10 0.28 0.20
2 -60 -62 0.09 0.28 0.14
3 -61 -62 0.05 0.21 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1168130352460604322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Deviation of drilling trajectory along the back wind alley

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 实际开
孔倾角/
(°)
终孔
倾角/
(°)
孔深/
m
终孔水
平偏差/
m
终孔垂
直偏差/
m
1 -1 -3 43.1 0.22 1.27
2 3 -2 41.3 0.29 1.28
3 1 -4 45.1 0.38 1.56
4 2 -6 59.5 0.54 1.79
), ArticleFig(id=1168130352573850531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139995709925, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

回风巷顺层钻孔轨迹偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔号 实际开
孔倾角/
(°)
终孔
倾角/
(°)
孔深/
m
终孔水
平偏差/
m
终孔垂
直偏差/
m
1 -1 -3 43.1 0.22 1.27
2 3 -2 41.3 0.29 1.28
3 1 -4 45.1 0.38 1.56
4 2 -6 59.5 0.54 1.79
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矿井瓦斯抽采钻孔偏移特性研究
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杜栋栋 , 雷文杰 , 李东会 , 李哲
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 155-161
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 155-161
矿井瓦斯抽采钻孔偏移特性研究
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杜栋栋 , 雷文杰, 李东会, 李哲
作者信息
  • 河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
  • 杜栋栋 (1999—),男,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为瓦斯地质理论与应用。E-mail:

    雷文杰,教授。

    李东会,讲师。

Study on deviation characteristic of gas extraction borehole drilling in underground coal mine
Dongdong DU , Wenjie LEI, Donghui LI, Zhe LI
Affiliations
  • School of Safety Science and Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454000,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0742
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为避免井下瓦斯抽采钻孔发生轨迹偏移,出现瓦斯抽采盲区,产生瓦斯抽采空白带,首先以山西阳泉新景煤矿15121底抽巷、15124低位巷、15124回风巷为工程背景,测试穿层钻孔和顺层钻孔的偏移情况;然后利用均角全距法计算钻孔三维轨迹数值,并结合煤层赋存地质信息,绘制钻孔三维轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系可视化图,分析影响钻孔偏移的因素和拟合数据,并得出钻孔偏移特性。研究表明:穿层钻孔主要在细砂岩层开始偏移,且均在煤层段偏移变大,煤层段最大偏移量为0.52 m; 顺层钻孔开孔倾角相近时,孔深越深终孔垂直偏差越大,40 m孔深平均垂直偏移量为1.37 m; 小角度钻孔受重力影响较大,轨迹易发生偏移,大角度钻孔在垂直方向上向上或向下偏移,偏移量比小角度钻孔偏移量小;在水平方向上,底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷布孔间距分别缩短0.68、0.28、0.54 m。

瓦斯抽采  /  穿层钻孔  /  顺层钻孔  /  三维轨迹  /  偏移特性  /  布孔参数

During the construction of underground extraction boreholes,trajectory deviation is common,prone to blind gas extraction areas and produces gas extraction blank zones. In order to ensure that gas extraction achieves the expected results,the 15121 bottom pumping lane,15124 low level lane and 15124 return air lane of Xinjing mine in Shanxi province were taken as the background of the project. We tested the deviation of borehole drilling through the seam and along the seam respectively,calculated the three-dimensional trajectory of the drill holes by using the mean angle full distance method,established the three-dimensional trajectory of the drill holes and the three-dimensional layer relationship of coal rock based on the geological information of coal seam assignment,realized the visualization of the trajectories of the drill holes,analyzed the factors affecting the deviation of the drill holes and the experimental fitting data,and came up with a characteristic of the deviation of the boreholes. The research findings suggest that cross-layer boreholes initially exhibit deviation within fine sandstone layers,with the deviation intensifying notably within the coal seam segment,reaching a maximum deviation of up to 0.52 meters within this section. In the case of in-seam drilling,greater drilling depth results in larger vertical deviations,with an average vertical offset of 1.37 meters at a depth of 40 meters when the opening angles of boreholes are similar. Overall,low-angle boreholes are more susceptible to gravity-induced deviations,leading to a higher likelihood of trajectory deflection,while high-angle boreholes tend to exhibit vertical deviations,albeit with a smaller overall deviation compared to low-angle boreholes. In the horizontal direction,borehole spacing is reduced by 0.68 meters for bottom drainage galleries,0.28 meters for lower position galleries,and 0.54 meters for return airways. The research results effectively guide the design of subsequent gas extraction drilling trajectories under the same geological conditions,provide theoretical support for controlling and eliminating the blind zone of gas extraction,and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of gas extraction.

gas extraction  /  cross-seam borehole drilling  /  in-seam borehole drilling  /  three-dimensional trajectory  /  deviation characteristic  /  hole parameter guidance
杜栋栋, 雷文杰, 李东会, 李哲. 矿井瓦斯抽采钻孔偏移特性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0742
Dongdong DU, Wenjie LEI, Donghui LI, Zhe LI. Study on deviation characteristic of gas extraction borehole drilling in underground coal mine[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0742
高瓦斯矿井中,瓦斯抽采是防治瓦斯灾害的主要措施[1],为实现区域防突,按照一定空间距离设计大量穿层钻孔和顺层钻孔,预抽瓦斯等有害气体,减少煤层瓦斯含量,提升开采工作安全性[2-3]。由于受钻机制造水平、钻机定位精准性等主观因素和钻进规程参数、孔内岩层性质等客观因素的影响,钻孔实际轨迹会产生偏移,从而出现抽采盲区,影响瓦斯抽采效率[4-6]。因此,为保证瓦斯抽采达到预期效果,研究钻孔实际轨迹十分重要。
学者们对钻孔轨迹偏移开展了大量研究,例如:蒋必辞等[7]研究了随钻测井过程中,自然伽马探测器(软磁性材质)对轨迹测量的影响;石智军等[8]通过复合钻进的轨迹控制技术,使钻孔轨迹沿煤层定向延伸,提高了钻进能力和效率,完成了井下3 000m 顺煤层定向钻孔的施工;李泉新等[9]开发了中硬煤层超长孔定向钻进技术,分析了适用条件和主要特点,为矿井瓦斯高效抽采提供技术支撑;石浩[10]总结了一套煤矿井下巷道中短距离精准对穿钻孔施工及下套管技术;许彦鹏等[11]针对煤矿瓦斯抽采顺层钻孔偏斜问题,研究了顺层钻孔的一般偏移机制;姚星等[12]用微机电系统模块测量了钻具姿态角,通过误差分析,使绘制的轨迹更接近真实;孙米银等[13]利用测井仪提取了钻孔轨迹等信息,简要分析了钻孔的偏移特性和原因;王小龙等[14]采用平均角法以折代曲,借助voxler平台建模分析了钻孔偏移特性,以补充钻孔轨迹设计。
上述钻孔轨迹研究主要包括随钻测井、定向钻孔及特定位置钻孔偏移分析等,但是对于同一矿井不同位置的钻孔轨迹偏移数据分析与拟合研究较少,鉴于此,笔者拟采用均角全距法,计算轨迹偏移数据,绘制钻孔轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系图,并分别从倾角方向垂直偏差、方位角方向水平偏差等方面多角度分析数据并拟合,得出穿层钻孔及顺层钻孔的偏移特性。
试验区域为山西省阳煤集团新景矿15号煤层,选择15121底抽巷、15124低位巷、15124回风巷作为测井试验的位置。15号煤层主要位于太原组下段,K2石灰岩之下,埋深位于400~850m之间,煤层厚度3.80~8.85m,平均厚度6.29m,含有夹矸,煤层直接顶板为泥岩,底板为砂质泥岩、细粒砂岩。底板岩层致密完整,孔隙率仅为0.064,具有良好的封闭能力,瓦斯逸散条件差,有利于瓦斯赋存,煤层瓦斯含量为7~15m3/t。
试验仪器为矿用侧向电阻率视频成像测井仪,主要由主机、绞车、测井仪探杆及探头3部分组成,具备采集钻孔测井数据、钻孔窥视视频、钻孔轨迹数据(包括方位角、倾角)、钻孔深度数据等功能,探测过程中,探头扶正器可保障测井探头位于钻孔中央,减少数据采集误差,实时采集井下钻孔信息数据。
通过测定新景矿15号煤层已经施工的底抽巷上行穿层钻孔、低位巷下行穿层钻孔和回风巷顺层钻孔的成孔效果,获得钻孔倾角、方位角、孔深等轨迹数据,分析不同钻孔的偏移特性。
钻孔三维轨迹坐标计算采用均角全距法,钻孔轨迹由多个直线段组成的折线,2测点间线段的倾角和方位角,分别等于上下2测点倾角和方位角的平均值。
在标准坐标系下,以巷道方向为X轴,以X轴所在平面水平逆时针旋转90°为Y轴,以竖直向上为Z轴,空间投影如图1所示。以钻孔开孔位置为原点坐标,取孔深、倾角、方位角作为主要数据,在前点坐标的基础上求得后点的增量,相继求出后点的坐标,见以下6式。
Δ X = Δ l c o s α n + α n + 1 2 c o s β n + β n + 1 2
Δ Y = Δ l c o s α n + α n + 1 2 s i n β n + β n + 1 2
Δ Z = Δ l s i n α n + α n + 1 2
X n + 1 = X n + Δ X
Y n + 1 = Y n + Δ Y
Z n + 1 = Z n + Δ Z
式中:ΔXΔYΔZ分别为XYZ等3个方向的增量;Δl为钻孔内部2个测点间的孔深,m;αnαn+1分别为钻孔内部第nn+1个测点的倾角,(°);βnβn+1分别为钻孔内部第nn+1个测点的方位角,(°);(XnYnZn)为前一个点的三维坐标;(Xn+1Yn+1Zn+1)为后一个点的三维坐标。根据井下测井曲线结果、钻孔轨迹视频成像及地质资料,结合式(3)计算底抽巷4号钻孔煤岩厚度,结果见表1
在广泛采集井下钻孔探测数据的基础上,计算坐标数值,生成垂直方向倾角轨迹变化数据和水平方向方位角轨迹变化数据。根据式(1)—式(6)计算钻孔三维轨迹数值,选取底抽巷5号钻孔,计算三维轨迹偏移坐标及理论坐标,见表2
依据计算出的三维坐标,绘制三维轨线图(图2)。底抽巷5号钻孔开孔角度31°,方位角270°,分别将理论轨迹、实际轨迹、见煤点等信息在三维空间中显现,在XYYZ平面直观展示水平投影、垂直投影以及水平(X轴)、垂直(Z轴)方向上的偏移情况。
综合井下钻孔轨迹、视频成像及井下工程实揭地质资料,计算并整理底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷钻孔施工轨迹参数,导入每个钻孔三维轨迹坐标并形成三维钻孔轨迹,结合钻孔煤层及围岩分布,直观展示钻孔轨迹,包括多个钻孔轨迹间关系及钻孔轨迹与煤层围岩间的关系。底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷钻孔三维轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系如图3所示。
在底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷3个位置进行现场试验,根据已有的钻孔实际轨迹与设计轨迹找到不同类型钻孔偏移的整体特性。为评价钻孔施工效果及钻孔偏移情况,分别从开孔和终孔角度、方位角方向水平偏差、倾角方向垂直偏差分析。
1—5号钻孔开孔角度均接近30°,其中1号钻孔在泥岩段出现塌孔堵孔现象,1—5号钻孔在垂直方向偏移较大,6—9号大角度钻孔偏移量整体较1—5号小角度钻孔偏移量少。以5号钻孔为展示对象,如图4所示。在穿层钻孔钻进过程中,钻杆通过软硬交互岩层时,钻头前端工作面同时接触不同性质岩石,受力不均匀,合力作用线与钻头轴线不重合,导致钻头偏载,从硬岩(细粒砂岩)进入软岩(煤层)时,钻杆具有偏离轴线方向的趋势,导致钻孔偏移主要由细砂岩层段开始,且在煤层中偏移变大。
底抽巷整体终孔水平偏差为0.14~0.68m,终孔垂直偏差为0.04~0.92m,根据水平方向上偏移情况,考虑抽采半径,在原布孔参数基础上缩短布孔间距,底抽巷布孔间距缩短0.68m,各钻孔轨迹参数详见表3
低位巷1—3号钻孔开孔角度接近-60°钻孔轨迹偏差较小,与理论轨迹基本一致,终孔水平最大偏差为0.28m,终孔垂直最大偏差为0.20m,根据水平方向上偏移情况,考虑抽采半径,在原来布孔参数基础上缩短布孔间距,低位巷布孔间距缩短0.28m,钻孔参数见表4
结合底抽巷(表3)、低位巷(表4)的见煤点垂直偏差数据,拟合分析开孔角度和见煤点垂直偏差,如图5所示。结果符合线性关系y = -0.006 7x + 0.540 5(R2 = 0.847 1),表明见煤点垂直偏差随开孔角度增大减小,且均在煤层段偏移变大,在底抽巷3号钻孔,煤层段最大垂直偏移量为0.52m。
回风巷1—4号孔开孔高度为2.0m,钻孔倾角变化约5°。回风巷顺层钻孔内部钻进时,基本忽略煤岩性质变化的影响,主要受自身钻杆重力影响而向下偏移。随钻孔深度增加,钻杆质量不断变化,钻头轴压力随钻杆数量增加增大,发生偏移。倾角由孔口开始逐渐减小,实际轨迹与理论轨迹水平最大偏差为0.54m,垂直最大偏差为1.79m。根据水平方向偏移情况,考虑抽采半径,在原来布孔参数基础上缩短布孔间距,回风巷布孔间距缩短0.54m,钻孔参数见表5
结合回风巷多个钻孔孔深与终孔垂直偏差的关系情况,拟合结果如图6所示。拟合关系式为y=0.000 4x2-0.007 8x+1.032 7(R2=0.818 7)。在顺煤层钻进过程中,钻杆重量增加,钻头对孔底轴压力增大,钻孔轨迹呈逐渐下垂趋势,钻孔越长下垂趋势越明显,40m孔深平均垂直偏移量为1.37m。
根据底抽巷(表3)、低位巷(表4)、回风巷(表5) 3个位置的钻孔偏移数据,拟合开孔角度和终孔垂直偏差,如图7所示。
结果符合线性关系y = -0.015 8x + 1.279 8(R2 = 0.868 7),拟合结果表明:开孔角度对钻孔偏移有较大影响,钻孔角度较小时(0~45°),钻孔易塌孔,轨迹易发生偏移,钻孔偏移主要受重力影响,钻孔向下偏移,偏移量较大;钻孔角度较大时(45~90°),偏移量较小,在钻进过程中钻头会在垂直方向上下偏移。根据已经分析的偏移量和拟合结果,提前设计后续钻孔的开孔倾角、方位角,使得在后续相同地质条件下钻孔实际轨迹与设计轨迹尽可能相同。
1) 结合钻孔轨迹数据及煤层赋存地质信息,绘制钻孔轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系图,实现钻孔轨迹与相应煤岩层位的三维可视化。
2) 通过现场试验和数据处理统计,得到不同钻孔的偏移特性,穿层钻孔主要在细砂岩层开始偏移,且在煤层段偏移量变大;顺层钻孔开孔倾角相近时,孔深越深终孔垂直偏差越大。
3) 底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷3个位置开孔角度和终孔垂直偏差数据拟合结果表明:小角度钻孔受重力影响较大,轨迹易发生偏移;大角度钻孔在垂直方向上向上或向下偏移,偏移量较小角度钻孔偏移量少。
4) 本文得出的偏移量和拟合结果,可指导后续相同地质条件下的钻孔轨迹设计,确保钻孔终孔位置达到要求,进而实现控制与消除瓦斯抽采盲区的目的。
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0742
  • 接收时间:2023-09-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-15
  • 修回日期:2023-12-20
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    河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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