Article(id=1149739139521753563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0216-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693065600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-27, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048771981, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048771981, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048771981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048771981, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=216, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739139735663072, articleId=1149739139521753563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Networks robustness evaluation of urban flood emergency organizations from perspective of emergency plans, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the difficulty to quantifying the emergency coordination ability of related organizations during the formation of urban flood emergency plans,a method to evaluate the robustness of inter-organizational networks for urban flood emergency response considering cascading failure was proposed. First,the inter-organizational networks for flood control emergency plans in Beijing,Shanghai and Shenzhen were established,and attack strategies and evaluation indexes of network robustness were proposed. Secondly,network characteristic statistical parameters are computed,and the network topology properties were analyzed. Then,the natural connectivity was selected as the robustness indicator to evaluate the network robustness under node single-attack strategy and continuous attack strategy. Finally,the robustness of networks under different attacks was compared,and the key organizations that have a great influence on robustness were found. The results indicate that inter-organizational networks of urban flood control emergency plans in Beijing,Shanghai,and Shenzhen have small-world and scale-free characteristics. Under single attacks of nodes,compared with the case of non-cascading failures,the robustness of inter-organizational networks is weaker considering cascading failures. Organizations with a large number of failure nodes are key to making the networks robust. Under continuous attacks,networks are strongly robust to random attacks,but weakly robust to deliberate attacks,where organizations with high degree values are key to making networks robust.

, correspAuthors=Yingbo JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinnan LIU, Tingting XUE, Yingbo JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149739150179480488, articleId=1149739139521753563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=预案视角下城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价, columnId=1149733268855108116, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=应急技术与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决城市防汛应急预案在制订过程中,相关组织应急协同能力难以量化的问题,提出考虑级联失效的城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价方法。首先,以北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预案为研究对象,构建组织间网络,并提出网络攻击策略与鲁棒性评价指标;其次,计算网络特征统计参数,并分析网络拓扑特性;然后,以自然连通度为鲁棒性指标,评价城市防汛应急组织间网络在遭受节点单次攻击与连续攻击下的鲁棒性;最后,对比不同攻击下网络的鲁棒性强弱并找出对鲁棒性影响较大的关键组织。结果表明:北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预组织间网络具有无标度特性和小世界特性;节点单次攻击时,相较于非级联失效情形,组织间网络在级联失效情况下鲁棒性较弱,造成级联失效节点数较大的组织为影响网络鲁棒性的关键组织;连续攻击时,组织间网络在蓄意攻击情形下鲁棒性较弱,度值较大的组织为影响网络鲁棒性的关键组织。

, correspAuthors=纪颖波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 纪颖波(1975—),女,河北唐山人,博士,教授,主要从事城市安全风险管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘心男 (1990—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市安全风险管理和应急疏散等方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘心男 (1990—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市安全风险管理和应急疏散等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Topological characteristics of inter-organization network for flood control and emergency response

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络类型 节点数/个 边数/条 密度 平均度 平均路径长度 平均聚类系数
北京市 106 723 0.13 13.64 2.09 0.34
上海市 87 373 0.10 8.57 2.35 0.33
深圳市 112 498 0.08 8.89 2.50 0.35
1 000个随机网络1 106 723 0.13 13.64 2.02 0.13
1 000个随机网络2 87 373 0.10 8.57 2.29 0.10
1 000个随机网络3 112 498 0.08 8.89 2.38 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1168130315378766486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739139521753563, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

防汛应急组织间网络拓扑特征指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络类型 节点数/个 边数/条 密度 平均度 平均路径长度 平均聚类系数
北京市 106 723 0.13 13.64 2.09 0.34
上海市 87 373 0.10 8.57 2.35 0.33
深圳市 112 498 0.08 8.89 2.50 0.35
1 000个随机网络1 106 723 0.13 13.64 2.02 0.13
1 000个随机网络2 87 373 0.10 8.57 2.29 0.10
1 000个随机网络3 112 498 0.08 8.89 2.38 0.08
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预案视角下城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价
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刘心男 , 薛婷婷 , 纪颖波 **
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(3): 216-221
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(3): 216-221
预案视角下城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价
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刘心男 , 薛婷婷, 纪颖波**
作者信息
  • 北方工业大学 土木工程学院,北京 100144
  • 刘心男 (1990—),男,河南商丘人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市安全风险管理和应急疏散等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 纪颖波(1975—),女,河北唐山人,博士,教授,主要从事城市安全风险管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:
Networks robustness evaluation of urban flood emergency organizations from perspective of emergency plans
Xinnan LIU , Tingting XUE, Yingbo JI**
Affiliations
  • North China University of Technology,School of Civil Engineering,Beijing 100144,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1267
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为解决城市防汛应急预案在制订过程中,相关组织应急协同能力难以量化的问题,提出考虑级联失效的城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价方法。首先,以北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预案为研究对象,构建组织间网络,并提出网络攻击策略与鲁棒性评价指标;其次,计算网络特征统计参数,并分析网络拓扑特性;然后,以自然连通度为鲁棒性指标,评价城市防汛应急组织间网络在遭受节点单次攻击与连续攻击下的鲁棒性;最后,对比不同攻击下网络的鲁棒性强弱并找出对鲁棒性影响较大的关键组织。结果表明:北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预组织间网络具有无标度特性和小世界特性;节点单次攻击时,相较于非级联失效情形,组织间网络在级联失效情况下鲁棒性较弱,造成级联失效节点数较大的组织为影响网络鲁棒性的关键组织;连续攻击时,组织间网络在蓄意攻击情形下鲁棒性较弱,度值较大的组织为影响网络鲁棒性的关键组织。

城市防汛  /  应急预案  /  组织间网络  /  鲁棒性  /  级联失效

In order to address the difficulty to quantifying the emergency coordination ability of related organizations during the formation of urban flood emergency plans,a method to evaluate the robustness of inter-organizational networks for urban flood emergency response considering cascading failure was proposed. First,the inter-organizational networks for flood control emergency plans in Beijing,Shanghai and Shenzhen were established,and attack strategies and evaluation indexes of network robustness were proposed. Secondly,network characteristic statistical parameters are computed,and the network topology properties were analyzed. Then,the natural connectivity was selected as the robustness indicator to evaluate the network robustness under node single-attack strategy and continuous attack strategy. Finally,the robustness of networks under different attacks was compared,and the key organizations that have a great influence on robustness were found. The results indicate that inter-organizational networks of urban flood control emergency plans in Beijing,Shanghai,and Shenzhen have small-world and scale-free characteristics. Under single attacks of nodes,compared with the case of non-cascading failures,the robustness of inter-organizational networks is weaker considering cascading failures. Organizations with a large number of failure nodes are key to making the networks robust. Under continuous attacks,networks are strongly robust to random attacks,but weakly robust to deliberate attacks,where organizations with high degree values are key to making networks robust.

urban flood control  /  emergency plan  /  inter-organizational networks  /  robustness  /  cascading failure
刘心男, 薛婷婷, 纪颖波. 预案视角下城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 216 -221 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1267
Xinnan LIU, Tingting XUE, Yingbo JI. Networks robustness evaluation of urban flood emergency organizations from perspective of emergency plans[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 216 -221 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1267
我国是世界上内涝灾害频发的国家之一,而城市防汛应急管理的重要基础是制定应急预案,及时、有序、高效地开展城市内涝灾害应急救援工作[1]。城市防汛应急预案涉及的应急联动组织较多,组织间良好的应急联动对提升应急处置效率和控制灾害链蔓延至关重要。
目前,国内外学者已对应急组织间网络的拓扑结构、韧性及鲁棒性开展了深入研究。JUNWON等[2]测度了泰国洪水灾害应急组织间网络,研究了泰国大规模、跨部门和多辖区洪水响应协调的结构特征。陈为公等[3]构建我国突发公共卫生事件政府协同治理网络,从结构拓扑视角评价了协同治理组织的韧性。LI Yitong等[4]分析哈维飓风期间利益相关者间的响应网络,通过自然连通度衡量网络鲁棒性,为优化美国城市应急管理网络鲁棒性提供了理论指导。目前,我国城市内涝应急组织联动领域的研究主要聚焦于应急组织协调能力及应急联动体系建设等方面。谌舟颖等[5]分析了郑州市“7·20” 特大暴雨事件中应急主体碎片化行动的表现与负面影响,分析了应急制度及信息碎片化等原因及其具体影响,并提出暴雨洪涝灾害应急管理碎片化的综合治理措施。王旭等[6]基于包以德循环理论,构建了城市内涝灾害描述模型,并提出应急联动策略。然而,体现我国应急管理特色的城市防汛应急组织间网络结构特征和鲁棒性的研究尚未开展。此外,级联失效是组织间网络常面临的威胁,某节点的失效将蔓延至整个网络,引发一系列的失效连锁效应[7],已有的应急组织间网络相关研究尚未深入考虑级联失效情形。
鉴于此,笔者提出考虑级联失效的城市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性评价方法,通过分析北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急预案,构建应急组织间网络并用模拟攻击验证方法的有效性,系统评价3个城市防汛应急组织间网络的鲁棒性,以期为城市相关管理部门制定防汛应急预案提供指导,为完善城市防汛应急联动提供参考与借鉴。
防汛应急组织间网络将城市防汛应急预案中的市应急局、市政府与市水利局等组织提取为点,形成节点集合V={V1,…,Vi,…,Vj,…Vnij}。若节点ViVj间存在报送、通知、组织与协同等关系,则记其边Eij=1,否则Eij=0,可形成边集合E={Eijij=1,2,…,nij}。
以北京、上海及深圳3市的防汛应急预案[8-10]为数据来源,分别构建北京、上海及深圳3个城市的防汛应急组织间网络,如图1所示。参考常见的网络结构特征参数[11],选取节点度与度分布、网络密度、网络平均路径长度及平均聚类系数等指标分析网络结构特征。
采用耦合映像格(Coupled Map Lattices,CML)方法,构建级联失效模型[12]
x c ( m ) = | ( 1 - ε ) f ( x c ( m - 1 ) ) + ε j = 1 j c N a c j f ( x j ( m - 1 ) ) / k ( c ) | + R
式中:xc(m)为节点cm时刻的状态;xc(m-1)为节点cm-1时刻的状态;f为该级联失效模型中的局部动力学混沌逻辑映射;ε为耦合强度,取[0,1];k(c)为节点c的度。节点间的连接信息用邻接矩阵A=(aij ) N × N表示,N为节点个数,若节点i与节点j之间具有相连关系,则aij=aji=1;否则,aij=aji=0。
当0<xc(m-1)<1,节点状态在正常范围内,节点处于正常状态。假设在m时刻对节点c施加外部扰动R≥1,使xc(m)≥1,则认为该节点发生故障,该节点为失效节点。失效节点c将在m时刻从网络中移除,其后节点状态值均为0。由于CML模型具有故障传播机制,下一时刻c的相邻节点将受到影响并可能导致故障,继而触发网络级联失效过程。
连续攻击策略包含蓄意攻击与随机攻击。蓄意攻击是指从网络初始状态开始,按照网络度值降序排序删除网络中节点。
自然连通度是通过计算网络中不同长度闭环数目的加权和来量化网络中替代途径的冗余性,并以此衡量网络的结构鲁棒性。已有研究显示,自然连通度能够用于准确刻画网络鲁棒性的演化[13]。其表达式如下:
R ( G ) = l n ( 1 N i = 1 N e x p ( λ i ) )
式中:R(G)为网络自然连通度; λ i为网络G邻接矩阵的特征值。
为进一步探明北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急组织间网络拓扑结构特征,构建1 000个同等规模的随机网络,并计算其拓扑特征指标均值,见表1。从表1可以看出,3个网络的平均路径长度与同等规模的随机网络相差不大,平均聚类系数却远大于同等规模的随机网络,说明该3个网络均具有明显的小世界特性。
双对数坐标系下的累计度分布曲线如图2所示。图2中,纵坐标为对数下的网络中所有度大于或等于k的节点的概率分布。从图2可以看出,网络度分布具有显著的非均匀特征,累积度分布曲线可以较好地拟合为2段直线,网络节点度满足双段幂律分布,说明网络具有无标度特性。
小世界和无标度网络具有共同的特征,即少数关键节点能够对网络的结构和性能产生较大影响。后文将通过网络的仿真攻击进行深入研究。
级联失效规模的时序图如图3所示。通过向任意节点施加外部干扰R,在一个ε=0.4、攻击截止时间t=1 000的耦合映像格中,可观察到故障在网络中的扩散过程。分别选取3市防汛应急组织间网络中度值最高的组织为攻击节点,其中,北京市为“区防指”,上海市与深圳市为“市防指”。
图3可知:随着外部干扰R的强度增加,3市防汛应急组织间网络中失效节点数量迅速增加直至全部节点失效。当R=4时,级联失效的效应已较为显著。故以R=4为例,对比级联失效与非级联失效情形下节点遭受单次攻击时的3市防汛应急组织间网络鲁棒性差异,结果如图4所示。
图4a图4c为级联失效情形下的北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急组织间网络自然连通度大小变化,图4d 为非级联失效情形。由图4a图4c可知:级联失效情形下,防汛应急组织间网络中某些关键节点一旦受到攻击,网络自然连通度将下降为0。由图4d可知:在非级联失效情形下,3市防汛应急组织间网络受到节点单次攻击下自然连通度变化幅度均较小。
对比图4a图4d可知:相较非级联失效,级联失效情形下网络鲁棒性表现更差。主要原因是网络中关键节点拥有较多的资源与信息,与其他节点之间具有大量的联动协同,这些节点遭受攻击将使其他节点失去获取信息与资源的来源,协同工作的连贯性被破坏,网络整体鲁棒性受到影响,且3个城市的防汛应急组织间网络高度集聚的结构特征进一步加大了网络级联失效的风险。
连续攻击策略下的北京、上海与深圳市防汛应急组织间网络自然连通度变化如图5所示。其中,图5b随机攻击的自然连通度结果取20次攻击结果的平均值。
图5a可知:在按点度值进行蓄意攻击的策略下,3市防汛应急组织间网络的节点攻击比例为0%~15%,自然连通度急速下降。预案中度值排行前15%的组织在防汛应急中担负组织领导全市防汛工作的职责,连接大量其余组织,当此类高度值节点被蓄意攻击时,网络自然连通度快速下降。由图5b可知:在随机攻击策略下,3市防汛应急组织间网络自然连通度下降曲线呈线性,在节点攻击比例80%左右下降至0,组织间网络具有较强的鲁棒性。
对比图5a图5b可知:城市防汛应急组织间网络的自然连通度变化趋势差异较为明显,网络在随机攻击策略下鲁棒性较强,但在蓄意攻击策略下鲁棒性较弱。蓄意攻击时,在网络中有较大影响力的高度值节点被针对性攻击,加剧了网络鲁棒性被破坏的严重程度。同时,这一结果符合无标度网络遭受连续攻击时的特性,进一步验证了第2节分析结果。
分析图4图5可知:节点进行单次攻击或连续攻击时,网络中存在部分关键节点一旦被针对性攻击,网络鲁棒性急剧下降的情况。基于此,采取措施保护这些节点可有效防止网络鲁棒性的快速下降,如针对单次攻击时的关键节点,可在网络中加入冗余节点以确保网络中有备用节点;针对连续攻击时的高度值节点,可通过将网络资源与信息分散至不同节点以将高度值节点分散为多个低度值节点,减少对网络产生的负面影响。
1) 北京、上海与深圳3个城市防汛应急组织间网络中节度满足双段幂律分布,网络具有无标度特性。此外,3市防汛应急组织间网络聚类系数较高而平均路径长度较小,网络具有小世界特性。
2) 节点单次攻击策略下,相较于非级联失效,级联失效情形下部分节点失效带动了与其紧密相连的大量节点失效,网络鲁棒性较弱,城市防汛应急中应避免出现关键组织失效引发网络级联失效的问题。
3) 节点连续攻击策略下,3市防汛应急组织间网络仍可以保持相对稳定的连接,鲁棒性较高。然而在蓄意攻击策略下,高度值节点受到攻击后网络自然连通度迅速下降,鲁棒性较差。
4) 在节点单次攻击和连续攻击2个策略下,防汛应急组织间网络中均存在部分关键组织,对网络鲁棒性有较大影响。城市防汛应急中,应采取切实有效的措施保护这类关键组织。
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1267
  • 接收时间:2023-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-27
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3002300)
北京市科协青年人才托举工程(BYESS2023324)
北方工业大学有组织科研项目(110051360023XN278-02)
作者信息
    北方工业大学 土木工程学院,北京 100144

通讯作者:

** 纪颖波(1975—),女,河北唐山人,博士,教授,主要从事城市安全风险管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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