Article(id=1149739138313793984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0001-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1288, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695139200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-20, revisedDate=1704816000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048771693, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048771693, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048771693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048771693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739138506731969, articleId=1149739138313793984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on early warning for prefabricated building workers' unsafe behaviors of working at height based on RF-SFLA-SVM, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to effectively provide early warning of the occurrence trend or state of prefabricated building workers' unsafe behaviors (PBWUBs) of working at height,and to enhance the control of PBWUBs,RF-SFLA-SVM model was proposed to conduct an early warning study on workers' unsafe behaviors. Firstly,the SHEL (Software-Hardware-Environment-Liveware) model was used to analyze the factors influencing the unsafe behaviors of prefabricated building workers in danger of working at height. RF was used to determine the key warning indicators. Then SFLA was used to find the best parameters for SVM. Finally,the RF-SFLA-SVM model was used to predict and warn about the unsafe behavioral state of the prefabricated building workers working at height,and its performance was compared with other warning models. The results show that the RF-SFLA-SVM-based warning accuracy of PBWUBs of working at height was the highest,91.67%,which was a maximum improvement of 14% compared with the warning performance of other models. The research results can give a reference for the control and prevention of PBWUBs working at height.

, correspAuthors=Jingyi GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Junwu WANG, Juanjuan HE, Yinghui SONG, Yipeng LIU, Zhao CHEN, Jingyi GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149739151865589775, articleId=1149739138313793984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于RF-SFLA-SVM的装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为预警, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效预警装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为的发生趋势或状态,增强对装配式建筑工人不安全行为(PBWUBs)的管控,采用随机森林(RF)-混合蛙跳算法(SFLA)-支持向量机(SVM)模型,开展工人不安全行为预警研究。首先,采用SHEL模型分析处于高空作业危险中的PBWUBs的影响因素,并通过RF确定关键预警指标;然后,采用SFLA对SVM的参数进行寻优改进;最后,利用RF-SFLA-SVM预警高空作业PBWUBs,提出应对措施,并与其他预警模型对比。研究结果表明:基于RF-SFLA-SVM预警高空作业PBWUBs,准确率最高,为91.67%,与其他模型的预警性能相比,最高提升14%。研究结果可为高空作业PBWUBs的防控提供参考。

, correspAuthors=郭婧怡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 郭婧怡(1986—),女,湖北襄阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事建筑项目评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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王军武 (1965—),男,江西德安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土木工程建造与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王军武 (1965—),男,江西德安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土木工程建造与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王军武 (1965—),男,江西德安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土木工程建造与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=hwK7SDQAcCpXWv36zTXzxg==, figureFileBig=jBPYG29tsL89HqkbT9gLdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130322177729285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Division of early warning thresholds for PBWUBs of working at height

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 描述 区间划分 数字
表示
预警
颜色
安全 工人施工作业状况正
常,处于安全状态
[0,0.2) 1 绿色
轻警 工人正常作业,处于
一般安全状态
[0.2,0.5) 2 黄色
中警 工人作业时作出不安
全行为,安全状态较
为严重
[0.5,0.7) 3 橙色
级别 描述 区间划分 数字
表示
预警
颜色
重警 工人发生多项不安全
行为举动,安全状态
严重
[0.7,1] 4 红色
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322253226759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高空作业PBWUBs预警阈值划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 描述 区间划分 数字
表示
预警
颜色
安全 工人施工作业状况正
常,处于安全状态
[0,0.2) 1 绿色
轻警 工人正常作业,处于
一般安全状态
[0.2,0.5) 2 黄色
中警 工人作业时作出不安
全行为,安全状态较
为严重
[0.5,0.7) 3 橙色
级别 描述 区间划分 数字
表示
预警
颜色
重警 工人发生多项不安全
行为举动,安全状态
严重
[0.7,1] 4 红色
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322320335625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Preliminary selection of early warning indicators for PBWUBs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 影响因素
L因素子
系统
风险感知L1,工作经验L2,安全态度L3,心理状况L4,安全知识L5,工作技能L6
L-L因素
子系统
工友影响LL1,领导风格LL2,沟通交流LL3
L-S因素
子系统
安全规章制度LS1,安全投入LS2,事故预防及应急准备LS3,安全生产教育培训LS4,安全监管LS5,施工组织设计LS6
L-H因素
子系统
安全应急装置LH1,预制构件LH2,设备检查与维修LH3,施工作业设备LH4,临边、高处及登高安全防护设施LH5,支撑体系LH6,人机协同LH7
L-E因素
子系统
光线照明LE1,施工高度LE2,现场清洁状况LE3,天气及气候状况LE4,工地噪音LE5
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322400027403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

初选的工人不安全行为预警指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 影响因素
L因素子
系统
风险感知L1,工作经验L2,安全态度L3,心理状况L4,安全知识L5,工作技能L6
L-L因素
子系统
工友影响LL1,领导风格LL2,沟通交流LL3
L-S因素
子系统
安全规章制度LS1,安全投入LS2,事故预防及应急准备LS3,安全生产教育培训LS4,安全监管LS5,施工组织设计LS6
L-H因素
子系统
安全应急装置LH1,预制构件LH2,设备检查与维修LH3,施工作业设备LH4,临边、高处及登高安全防护设施LH5,支撑体系LH6,人机协同LH7
L-E因素
子系统
光线照明LE1,施工高度LE2,现场清洁状况LE3,天气及气候状况LE4,工地噪音LE5
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322483913484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Example of unsafe behavior questions setting

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指标 题目
数量
示例
类型
问题设置举例
安全态度 4 我认为是运气不好才会在施工过程中受伤
工友影响 2 我会跟从同事工作时不良的施工行为
事故预防及
应急准备
2 我具备安全应急知识,能够在危险来临时正确应对
人机协同 3 我熟悉机器的操作步骤或工作流程
工地噪音 2 施工作业时设备发出的巨大噪音会影响我工作的专注度
不安全行为 8 我施工作业时会站、坐、攀在不太安全的地方
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322597159693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不安全行为问卷题项设置示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 题目
数量
示例
类型
问题设置举例
安全态度 4 我认为是运气不好才会在施工过程中受伤
工友影响 2 我会跟从同事工作时不良的施工行为
事故预防及
应急准备
2 我具备安全应急知识,能够在危险来临时正确应对
人机协同 3 我熟悉机器的操作步骤或工作流程
工地噪音 2 施工作业时设备发出的巨大噪音会影响我工作的专注度
不安全行为 8 我施工作业时会站、坐、攀在不太安全的地方
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322685240079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Final early warning indicators of PBWUBs of working at height

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类别 影响因素
L 风险感知X11,工作经验X12,安全态度X13,心理状况X14,安全知识X15,工作技能X16
L-L 工友影响X21,领导风格X22,沟通交流X23
L-S 安全规章制度X31,安全投入X32,事故预防及应急准备X33,安全生产教育培训X34,安全监管X35
L-H 预制构件X41,设备检查与维修X42,施工作业设备X43,临边、高处及登高安全防护设施X44,支撑体系X45,人机协同X46
L-E 光线照明X51,现场清洁状况X52,天气及气候状况X53
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322815263505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

最终的工人不安全行为预警指标

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类别 影响因素
L 风险感知X11,工作经验X12,安全态度X13,心理状况X14,安全知识X15,工作技能X16
L-L 工友影响X21,领导风格X22,沟通交流X23
L-S 安全规章制度X31,安全投入X32,事故预防及应急准备X33,安全生产教育培训X34,安全监管X35
L-H 预制构件X41,设备检查与维修X42,施工作业设备X43,临边、高处及登高安全防护设施X44,支撑体系X45,人机协同X46
L-E 光线照明X51,现场清洁状况X52,天气及气候状况X53
), ArticleFig(id=1168130322886566674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739138313793984, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Early warning results and optimal parameters of different models

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分类算法模型 准确率/% 精确率/% 召回率/% F1/% 参数C 参数g
RF-SFLA-SVM 91.67 92.08 91.33 91.45 3.701 1 0.769 7
RF-PSO-SVM 86.11 89.02 86.38 86.11 327.176 7 0.001 0
RF-GA-SVM 83.33 85.60 83.13 83.10 2.446 2 1.996 0
RF-SVM 77.78 80.18 74.92 79.21 241.000 0 3.000 0
SFLA-SVM 84.72 84.34 84.29 84.21 1.231 9 0.600 6
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不同模型的预警结果与最优参数

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分类算法模型 准确率/% 精确率/% 召回率/% F1/% 参数C 参数g
RF-SFLA-SVM 91.67 92.08 91.33 91.45 3.701 1 0.769 7
RF-PSO-SVM 86.11 89.02 86.38 86.11 327.176 7 0.001 0
RF-GA-SVM 83.33 85.60 83.13 83.10 2.446 2 1.996 0
RF-SVM 77.78 80.18 74.92 79.21 241.000 0 3.000 0
SFLA-SVM 84.72 84.34 84.29 84.21 1.231 9 0.600 6
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基于RF-SFLA-SVM的装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为预警
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王军武 1, 2 , 何娟娟 2 , 宋盈辉 2 , 刘一鹏 1, 2 , 陈兆 2 , 郭婧怡 3, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(3): 1-8
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(3): 1-8
基于RF-SFLA-SVM的装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为预警
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王军武1, 2 , 何娟娟2, 宋盈辉2, 刘一鹏1, 2, 陈兆2, 郭婧怡3, **
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 三亚科教创新园,海南 三亚 572025
  • 2 武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3 湖北文理学院 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 襄阳 441053
  • 王军武 (1965—),男,江西德安人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土木工程建造与管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 郭婧怡(1986—),女,湖北襄阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事建筑项目评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
Research on early warning for prefabricated building workers' unsafe behaviors of working at height based on RF-SFLA-SVM
Junwu WANG1, 2 , Juanjuan HE2, Yinghui SONG2, Yipeng LIU1, 2, Zhao CHEN2, Jingyi GUO3, **
Affiliations
  • 1 Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology,Sanya Hainan 572025,China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Hubei University of Arts and Science,Xiangyang Hubei 441053,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1288
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为有效预警装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为的发生趋势或状态,增强对装配式建筑工人不安全行为(PBWUBs)的管控,采用随机森林(RF)-混合蛙跳算法(SFLA)-支持向量机(SVM)模型,开展工人不安全行为预警研究。首先,采用SHEL模型分析处于高空作业危险中的PBWUBs的影响因素,并通过RF确定关键预警指标;然后,采用SFLA对SVM的参数进行寻优改进;最后,利用RF-SFLA-SVM预警高空作业PBWUBs,提出应对措施,并与其他预警模型对比。研究结果表明:基于RF-SFLA-SVM预警高空作业PBWUBs,准确率最高,为91.67%,与其他模型的预警性能相比,最高提升14%。研究结果可为高空作业PBWUBs的防控提供参考。

随机森林(RF)  /  蛙跳算法(SFLA)  /  支持向量机(SVM)  /  装配式建筑  /  高空作业  /  不安全行为

In order to effectively provide early warning of the occurrence trend or state of prefabricated building workers' unsafe behaviors (PBWUBs) of working at height,and to enhance the control of PBWUBs,RF-SFLA-SVM model was proposed to conduct an early warning study on workers' unsafe behaviors. Firstly,the SHEL (Software-Hardware-Environment-Liveware) model was used to analyze the factors influencing the unsafe behaviors of prefabricated building workers in danger of working at height. RF was used to determine the key warning indicators. Then SFLA was used to find the best parameters for SVM. Finally,the RF-SFLA-SVM model was used to predict and warn about the unsafe behavioral state of the prefabricated building workers working at height,and its performance was compared with other warning models. The results show that the RF-SFLA-SVM-based warning accuracy of PBWUBs of working at height was the highest,91.67%,which was a maximum improvement of 14% compared with the warning performance of other models. The research results can give a reference for the control and prevention of PBWUBs working at height.

random forest (RF)  /  shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA)  /  support vector machine (SVM)  /  prefabricated buildings  /  working at height  /  unsafe behaviors
王军武, 何娟娟, 宋盈辉, 刘一鹏, 陈兆, 郭婧怡. 基于RF-SFLA-SVM的装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为预警. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1288
Junwu WANG, Juanjuan HE, Yinghui SONG, Yipeng LIU, Zhao CHEN, Jingyi GUO. Research on early warning for prefabricated building workers' unsafe behaviors of working at height based on RF-SFLA-SVM[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1288
在大力推行绿色低碳建造的背景下,装配式建筑因其节能减排、缩短工期的特点,受到政府的大力支持[1]。然而,建筑业职业事故率高,其中,高空作业安全事故率高达76%,并且近98%的事故归咎于工人的不安全行为[2]。此外,较之传统建筑,装配式建筑高空作业的施工工艺有很大不同,对工人所具备的专业知识和素质要求更高,给建筑业带来了新的施工安全隐患。因此,准确合理预警高空作业装配式建筑工人不安全行为(Prefabricated Building Workers' Unsafe Behaviors,PBWUBs)状态或趋势,对保障工人安全、减少施工事故发生,具有重要意义。
目前,对于装配式建筑高空作业的研究主要集中于高空坠落[3]、塔吊施工[4]等,其研究的侧重点是进行事故致因分析,关键影响因素识别以及事故链研究,对建筑高空作业展开的系统研究较少,且对工人不安全行为的重视程度不够。此外,对于工人不安全行为的研究主要集中于煤矿、航空领域,关于建筑领域的研究主要聚焦于建筑的全施工过程,其研究成果主要分2个部分:其一是从某个角度如工作压力[5]、领导风格[6]等分析工人不安全行为的形成机制;其二则是构建影响不安全行为的指标体系,对工人的不安全行为展开评价与预警。不安全行为评价主要是用结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model,SEM)[7]、解释结构模型(Interpretative Structural Model,ISM)[8]等对指标和行为之间进行线性分析。考虑到影响不安全行为的潜在因素众多且存在复杂的非线性关系,且其发生具有不确定性,而行为预警可以从源头控制风险并降低事故损失,为此,学者们引入视频监控[9]、反向传播神经网络[10]、支持向量机[11](Support Vector Machine,SVM)等为核心的预警方法。上述方法推动了不安全行为预警发展,但仍存在可以改进的方面,如视频监控存在盲区且成本高,神经网络虽然能避免上述问题,但其预测精度受样本量的影响;影响因素与不安全行为状态间存在复杂非线性关系,SVM 具有小样本学习的优势且在非线性拟合上表现较好的性能,但单一使用存在受冗余信息干扰、参数易陷入局部最优等问题。
鉴于此,笔者拟在以 SHEL 模型分析装配式建筑高空作业不安全行为影响因素的基础上,采用随机森林(Random Forest,RF)剔除冗余数据,提取关键指标,引入寻优能力强的混合蛙跳算法(Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm,SFLA)确定SVM 的最优参数组合,构建集成的RF-SFLA-SVM 的预警模型,以期有效预警处于高空作业危险中的PBWUBs。
考虑到RF具有在不影响模型预测精度情况下剔除冗余数据、提炼关键指标的特点,因此,将其作为选取影响装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为主要指标的方法。其具体步骤如下:①建立影响工人不安全行为的预警指标体系;②使用bootstrap方法从N个原始样本中随机选择若干样本以构建决策树,使用基尼指数评估特征重要度,作为数据降维的依据;③剔除工人不安全行为预警指标体系中的冗余指标,获得约简后的特征集合。
SVM是一种小样本的机器学习方法,是由支持向量确定的线性分类机,其目的是在最小化预测错误概率的原则下,找到一个超平面 f ( x ) = ω T x + b来分割样本,用于处理高度非线性回归和分类问题。然而,并不是所有的数据都是线性可分的,引进一个松弛变量εi和惩罚函数C>0,将其转化为凸二次规划问题,见下式:
m i n ω b 1 2 ω 2 + C i = 1 N ε i s . t . y i ( ω T · φ ( x i ) + b ) 1 - ε i       i = 1,2 N ε i 0
式中:ω为权值向量;b为超平面偏置量;yi为样本标签;xi为样本的输入向量;φ(xi)为样本数据映射后的对应向量。
对于多分类问题,一般都是非线性的,因此,依照Largrange对偶理论,将上式转化为:
m a x i = 1 N α i - 1 2 i j = 1 N α i α j y i y j φ T ( x i ) φ ( x j ) s . t . i = 1 N α i y j = 0,0 α i C i = 1,2 N
式中αiαj为Largrange乘子。
为将非线性问题转化为线性问题,选择具有更好泛化能力的径向基核函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF):
K ( x i x j ) = e x p - x i - x j 2 2 σ 2
式中σ为径向基半径。
得到基于RBF的SVM分类函数:
f ( x ) = i = 1 N α i y i K ( x i x j ) + b
将描述不安全行为的预警指标作为SVM的输入向量,将工人可能出现的不安全行为状态作为SVM的输出向量。根据文献[12-13],结合装配式建筑安全生产领域的专家意见,划分不安全行为状态的预警阈值,得到工人行为风险分值归一化为[0,1],具体划分类别见表1
SFLA是一种元启发式算法,结合了粒子群算法和模因算法的进化思想及优势[14],可以用来寻找SVM的最优解。SFLA优化SVM参数的实现步骤如下:首先,在惩罚函数C和核函数g的取值范围内随机产生一组SVM参数,构造出初始群体;其次,根据个体适应度值(经K折交叉验证(Cross Validation,CV)得到的模型准确率),按照SFLA的运行规则进行迭代更新;最后,迭代数达到最大值时,终止运行并输出SVM的最优解,即最优个体的位置信息。
综上所述,提出的基于RF-SFLA-SVM的高空作业PBWUBs预警流程如图1所示。
为了更为直观地衡量模型在分类预警方面的效果,根据混淆矩阵运用准确率A、精确率P、召回率RF1值分析模型的预警效果。准确率表示被测量为正确分类的样本数与总体样本数的比值;精确率表示在所有被预测为正类的样本中,实际为正类的比例;召回率表示在所有真正的正类样本中,被正确地预测为正类的比例;F1为精确率与召回率的调和平均值,即结合两者结果的综合评定指标,其值越接近1意味着模型性能越好。各评估指标的计算见下式:
A = T P + T N T P + T N + F P + F N
P = T P T P + F P
R = T P T P + F N
F 1 = 2 P R P + R
式中:TP(True Positive)为真正类且被判断为正类的样本数量;TN(True Negative)为真负类且被判定为负类的样本数量;FP(False Positive)为真负类而被错误判定为正类的样本数量;FN(False Negative)为真正类而被错误判定为负类的样本数量。
然而,式(5)—式(8)主要针对二分类评价。考虑到文中将工人不安全行为分为4种状态,为使该评估方法更贴近本文的实际情况,利用Macro average规则求取每一种模型准确率APRF1,见下式:
A M = 1 n m = 1 n A m
P M = 1 n m = 1 n P m
R M = 1 n m = 1 n R m
F 1 M = 1 n m = 1 n F m
式中:M为利用Macro average规则求取APRF1的缩写;m为多分类的类别,即m=1,2,3,4;n为不安全行为预警类别总数,取为4。
根据已有研究及相关规范,将装配式建筑高空作业定义为在坠落高度基准面2m及以上、100m以下的有可能坠落的高处进行的作业;将不安全行为定义为在职工施工作业过程中,不遵守安全规章制度、错误决策、违反操作方法和生产规定致使本人或同伴处于危险状态,提高事故发生概率的危险性行为。
建筑施工的复杂性导致很多因素都能对工人行为安全产生影响,梳理文献[12-13],住房和城乡建设部发布的涉及建筑高空作业的事故调查报告、行业操作标准整理出影响不安全行为的指标。根据Reason事故致因理论可知不安全行为的发生是由一系列潜在因素逐层失效导致的,当多层次致因因素同时出现时,不安全行为就失去了阻隔屏障,从而导致事故发生。然而,Reason模型[15]强调事故发生的时间效应,未合理归类影响因素,缺乏系统性;此外,人为因素是进行影响因素分析的核心,是将组织、环境、机械设备等因素相联结的关键要点,SHEL模型[16]从以人L为中心的5个子系统出发分析整个系统因素,但存在影响因素分析时的理论依据性及连贯性不足的缺点,为此,结合上述 2种模型的优势,采用SHEL模型[17]从人L、人与人(L-L)、人与软件(L-S)、人与硬件(L-H)、人与环境(L-E) 5个层面划分通过Reason模型整理出的27个影响因素,以全面识别影响因素,具体预警指标见表2
以武汉、海南的装配式建筑项目的工人为研究对象,采用工人自我行为报告法通过匿名问卷调查的形式收集数据。问卷采用李克特五级计分法进行,问卷中每个预警指标设置2~4个题项不等,取其均值作为各因素的得分,不安全行为为工人在装配式建筑高空作业过程中极易发生的8种行为。部分问卷题项设置见表3
此次调查发放380份问卷,其中,回收问卷数为297份,回收有效问卷数为 243份,回收率为目标样本的78.1%,有效率为目标样本的81.8%。通过SPSS23分析调查问卷的信度和效度,得出各维度的克隆巴赫系数接近0.9,该问卷具有较高可靠性;KMO接近0.9且Battlett球检验中p值小于0.001,说明此问卷效度好。
将问卷调查所得的243份样本数据的输出指标进行归一化处理,并参照表1的预警区间划分各样本的不安全行为风险等级,归一化公式如下:
x ' i j = x i j - x m i n x m a x - x m i n
式中:xij为第i份问卷的第j项影响因素的值;xmax为所有问卷中第j项影响因素的最大值;xmin为所有问卷中第j项影响因素的最小值。
利用Python中的feature_importance计算各指标的重要度并利用Numpy库中的argsort函数和切片对其进行排序,运行结果如图2所示。
因子的条形图越长说明其对不安全行为预测结果的贡献越大。选取指标累计重要性占比前90%的指标作为预警模型的指标体系[18]。从图2可以看出,指标LE2LH1LE5LS6对处于高空作业的PBWUBs为结果影响最小,从事故报告原因分析也发现,这几个因素出现的频次很低,为此,剔除5个指标。还可发现,L5LH5L2LS4LH6这5个指标对处于高空作业的装配式建筑工人而言是最重要的。由于装配式建筑施工过程中不便脚手架的搭建,因此,在装配预制外墙板时,工人常处于高空临边作业的状态,此外塔吊的安拆及使用、在临边与洞口处作业等也都存在着坠落的可能,为此,临边、高处及登高安全防护用品成为了装配式建筑工人高空作业的关键防护设备,一旦缺失可能给装配式建筑工人造成永久性伤害;此外,由于装配式建筑的主体都是由预制构件装配而成的,省去了绑扎钢筋和支模环节,因此,预制构件的固定由支撑体系完成,如果支撑体系的承载强度或稳定性出现问题将会带来巨大的安全隐患;再者,目前装配式建筑的工人主要是从传统建筑领域转过来的,具有从事装配式建造经验丰富的工人相对较少,装配式建筑工人对于所属岗位技术要点、操作流程及应对事故发生所需知识和技能的缺失或不足,从事装配式建造经验不足造成的在突发事件无法正确应对,接受有关装配式高空作业安全教育培训的缺乏或不专注会严重影响装配式建筑工人高空作业的行为安全,当然,预制构件的质量和形状、工人和施工机械的配合也是不容忽视的。工人不安全行为的最终预警指标见表4
将经2.3.1节处理后的问卷调查所得的243份数据以7:3比例分为训练集与测试集,输入向量为经RF约简后的23个指标,输出向量为工人不安全行为的等级。然后,基于Matlab平台,利用LIBSVM-3.11工具箱建立RF-SFLA-SVM预警模型。SFLA的初始参数设置:种群规模为200;各子群的个体数为10;每个子群内进行迭代的次数均为10;全局迭代次数为100;参数C取值为[0.001,1 000];g的参数取值为[0.001,1 000];CV参数为5。在完成SFLA的初始化设置后,将训练集代入模型中以寻找SVM模型的最优参数,其适应度曲线变化如图3所示。适应度值表示一个个体解的优劣,其值越大,则解的质量越高,从图3可以看出,随着迭代次数的增加,模型的预测准确率逐步提升,预测误差相应逐渐降低,在第30次迭代时,准确率达到91.610 5%,然后保持稳定,从而得到SVM的最优参数为C=3.701 1,g= 0.769 7。此后,模型的最佳适应度与平均适应度具有较小差距,说明该优化算法收敛快速,具有较高的预测准确性。
将获得的2个最优参数代入SVM模型中,分析测试集,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,安全、轻警和中警3个级别各预测错误1、2和3个,重警无错误,预测准确率为91.67%,精确率、召回率以及F1值也均超过90%,预警效果接近实际。
PBWUBs预警能否实现预期目标,不仅与制定合理的预警指标和建立准确的预警模型有关,还与建立确保实施的配套机制有关。根据RF-SFLA-SVM模型预测得出的装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为的风险等级,并根据图5的预警机制,制定相应级别的预警管理措施:装配式建筑工人处于安全级别时发布绿色警报,管理者维持对此工人现有的管理强度即可,工人们照常活动,安全管理措施不变;处于轻警级别时发布黄色警报,管理人员应及时提醒装配式建筑工人调整其施工行为,并针对其主要诱因加以控制;处于中警级别时发布橙色警报,管理人员应立即赶到施工现场,暂停装配式建筑工人必要的生产活动,通过整改管理达到合格后让他们继续从事生产活动;处于重警级别时响起红色警报,应立即要求该装配式建筑工人停止施工,并结合工种特点对其进行针对性管理,待其不安全行为状态转为无警时,则可重新返回项目上进行生产活动。同时,处于高空作业PBWUBs的信息也会被储存记录下来,当相同的危险情形发生时,可以结合工人当时的状态以及历史信息,甄别并及时提出应对措施。
为验证RF-SFLA-SVM模型在预警不安全行为风险方面的优越性,将RF-SFLA-SVM模型训练数据输入到RF-PSO-SVM、RF-GA-SVM、RF-SVM以及SFLA-SVM模型中,预警不安全行为,并将各模型的预警结果与文中模型结果进行对比。各预警模型的预警结果如图6所示,预警结果与最优参数见表5
表5可知:RF-PSO-SVM、RF-GA-SVM、RF-SVM、SFLA-SVM的预测准确率分别为86.11%、83.33%、77.78%和84.72%,未经改变的SVM模型的预测能力低于经改进后的SVM模型,说明优化算法可提高SVM模型的预测性能。未经RF指标约简的SFLA-SVM模型的预测能力低于经RF指标约简后的SFLA-SVM模型的预测能力,说明RF能在一定程度上提升SVM模型的预测性能。显然,RF-SFLA-SVM模型预测性能最好,它的准确率、精确率、召回率及F1值均比其他预测模型高,如其准确率比其他算法分别约高出5%、8%、14%、7%,再次证明RF-SFLA-SVM模型对处于高空作业危险中的PBWUBs的预测预警具有优越性。
1) 基于RF算法得到23个装配式建筑高空作业工人不安全行为预警指标,并将其作为RF-SFLA-SVM模型的输入向量,结果表明:RF-SFLA-SVM的预警准确率比SFLA-SVM高6.95%。
2) 建立RF-SFLA-SVM预警模型预警工人不安全行为的状态并提供应对措施。通过与其他模型的对比得出其预警性能最优,预警准确率最大提升14%,表明该模型对处于高空作业的PBWUBs的预警具有较好的适用性。
3) 基于RF的指标重要度可以有效分析影响因素对不安全行为预警的影响。根据RF指标重要度可以了解各因素对工人不安全行为的影响,为加强对装配式建筑高空作业过程中对工人行为安全管理提供思路。
  • 2021年海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021024)
  • 三亚崖州湾科技城科技专项项目(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-81)
  • 三亚科教创新园开发基金资助(2022KF0003)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1288
  • 接收时间:2023-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-20
  • 修回日期:2024-01-10
基金
2021年海南省重大科技计划项目(ZDKJ2021024)
三亚崖州湾科技城科技专项项目(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-81)
三亚科教创新园开发基金资助(2022KF0003)
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学 三亚科教创新园,海南 三亚 572025
    2 武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    3 湖北文理学院 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 襄阳 441053

通讯作者:

** 郭婧怡(1986—),女,湖北襄阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事建筑项目评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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