Article(id=1149739137831449020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0179-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=1703433600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048771578, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048771578, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048771578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048771578, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739138091495870, articleId=1149739137831449020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Fire safety assessment of urban buildings, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the fire safety risk of urban buildings and improve the ability of building units to resist fire accidents,the influencing factors of fire safety were identified from three aspects: building fire protection design,building fire protection facilities and fire safety management,and the assessment index system of fire safety of urban buildings was constructed. A combined weighting-TOPSIS model of structural entropy and information entropy was applied to assess the fire safety risk of each district and each type of building in the cities. The model was validated with 262 buildings in 5 major areas of X city in western China. Finally,fire safety index and comprehensive ranking were obtained,and then the existing weak points of urban buildings fire protection were clarified. The results indicate that comprehensive evaluation order of fire safety is commercial complexes > primary and secondary schools > heritage buildings > high-rise buildings,city center > north of the city > east of the city > west of the city > south of the city. The fire safety risk of urban fringe counties and high-rises need to be paid attention to. The assessment results calculated with this model are consistent with the current situation.

, correspAuthors=Lu TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Enyi ZHOU, Lu TAN, Jinrong HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149739142768144976, articleId=1149739137831449020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=城市建筑物消防安全评估, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为降低城市建筑物消防安全风险,提高建筑单体抵御火灾事故的能力,从建筑消防设计、建筑消防设施和消防安全管理3方面综合识别消防安全影响因素,构建城市建筑物消防安全评估指标体系;采用信息熵和结构熵组合权重-逼近理想解法(TOPSIS)模型综合评估城市各类建筑及各区域的消防安全风险,并以我国西部X市5大区域262个建筑物加以验证;最后得到消防安全指数和综合排序,进而明晰城市建筑物消防现存的薄弱点。结果表明:消防安全综合评估排序为商业综合体>中小学>文物古建筑>高层建筑,城中>城北>城东>城西>城南,需重点关注高层建筑和城市边缘区县的消防安全风险;用该模型得到的评估结果与现状概况相符。

, correspAuthors=谭露, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 谭露(1999—),女,四川广安人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为行政管理、社会治理。E-mail:
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周恩毅 (1963—),男,山东文登人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与社会治理相关研究。E-mail:

胡金荣,副教授。

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周恩毅 (1963—),男,山东文登人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与社会治理相关研究。E-mail:

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周恩毅 (1963—),男,山东文登人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与社会治理相关研究。E-mail:

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胡金荣,副教授。

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胡金荣,副教授。

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China Safety Science Journal, 2018, 28(4): 59-64., articleTitle=Bridge fire resilience assessment model based on TOPSIS method, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168130143802372238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, awardId=20XJA630004, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学研究基金(20XJA630004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130143852703887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, awardId=2019C089, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省社科界重大理论与现实问题研究项目(2019C089), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130143898841232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, awardId=S20220701103, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省大学生创新创业训练计划省级项目(S20220701103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168130140983799905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130140992188514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, companyId=1168130140983799905, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Marxism,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130140996382819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, companyId=1168130140983799905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西安建筑科技大学 马克思主义学院,陕西 西安 710055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168130141097046116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130141105434725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, companyId=1168130141097046116, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Public Administration,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130141118017638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, companyId=1168130141097046116, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西安建筑科技大学 公共管理学院,陕西 西安 710055)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168130142812516482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Fire safety of buildings in ZS zone, figureFileSmall=nuqQG9USukj60zAbdwdLLw==, figureFileBig=x1KlWrvVz7EYX6a+ph75qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130142867042435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ZS区建筑物消防安全, figureFileSmall=nuqQG9USukj60zAbdwdLLw==, figureFileBig=x1KlWrvVz7EYX6a+ph75qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130142921568388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Fire safety indicator system for urban buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 指标
建筑消防
设计A
建筑消防合法性A1;建筑使用情况A2;总平面布局A3;平面布置A4;安全疏散和消防电梯A5;建筑内部装修A6;防火构造A7;通风空调系统A8;建筑防爆A9
建筑消防
设施B
消防供配电设施B1;火灾自动报警系统B2;消防给水设施B3;消火栓系统B4;自动喷水灭火系统B5;气体灭火系统B6;机械加压送风系统B7;机械排烟系统B8;消防应急照明及疏散指示系统B9;消防应急广播系统B10;消防专用电话B11;防火分隔设施B12;消防设施联动控制功能B13;灭火器B14;消防站配置B15;其他消防设施检查B16
消防安全
管理C
消防工作组织C1;消防安全制度C2;防火检查巡查及隐患整改C3;消防安全宣传教育和培训C4;安全疏散设施管理C5;消防控制室管理C6;用火用气用电消防安全管理C7;消防安全重点部位管理C8;专职或志愿消防队C9;灭火救援响应能力C10;灭火和应急疏散预案演练管理C11;消防设施维护和保养C12;消防档案管理C13;人员消防安全意识C14
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143047397509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

城市建筑物消防安全指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 指标
建筑消防
设计A
建筑消防合法性A1;建筑使用情况A2;总平面布局A3;平面布置A4;安全疏散和消防电梯A5;建筑内部装修A6;防火构造A7;通风空调系统A8;建筑防爆A9
建筑消防
设施B
消防供配电设施B1;火灾自动报警系统B2;消防给水设施B3;消火栓系统B4;自动喷水灭火系统B5;气体灭火系统B6;机械加压送风系统B7;机械排烟系统B8;消防应急照明及疏散指示系统B9;消防应急广播系统B10;消防专用电话B11;防火分隔设施B12;消防设施联动控制功能B13;灭火器B14;消防站配置B15;其他消防设施检查B16
消防安全
管理C
消防工作组织C1;消防安全制度C2;防火检查巡查及隐患整改C3;消防安全宣传教育和培训C4;安全疏散设施管理C5;消防控制室管理C6;用火用气用电消防安全管理C7;消防安全重点部位管理C8;专职或志愿消防队C9;灭火救援响应能力C10;灭火和应急疏散预案演练管理C11;消防设施维护和保养C12;消防档案管理C13;人员消防安全意识C14
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143118700678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Descriptive statistics of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑类型 ZD ZE ZN ZW ZS 合计
PH 10 29 32 10 30 111
PC 12 2 5 0 9 28
PT 4 9 0 4 8 25
PS 16 35 27 10 10 98
合计 42 75 64 24 57 262
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143177420935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑类型 ZD ZE ZN ZW ZS 合计
PH 10 29 32 10 30 111
PC 12 2 5 0 9 28
PT 4 9 0 4 8 25
PS 16 35 27 10 10 98
合计 42 75 64 24 57 262
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143244529800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Indicator weighting results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 指标 组合权重 全局权重
A A1 0.146 9 0.055 7
A2 0.162 9 0.061 7
A3 0.132 2 0.050 1
A4 0.085 4 0.032 4
A5 0.078 5 0.029 8
A6 0.073 3 0.027 8
A7 0.078 9 0.029 9
A8 0.103 6 0.039 3
A9 0.138 2 0.052 4
B B1 0.040 7 0.012 4
B2 0.039 0 0.011 9
B3 0.037 9 0.011 5
B4 0.039 2 0.011 9
B5 0.035 9 0.010 9
B6 0.123 3 0.037 5
B7 0.099 8 0.030 3
B8 0.072 9 0.022 2
B9 0.065 6 0.019 9
B10 0.051 5 0.015 7
B11 0.069 3 0.021 1
B12 0.073 2 0.022 3
B13 0.060 7 0.018 5
B14 0.068 3 0.020 8
B15 0.058 8 0.017 9
B16 0.063 8 0.019 4
C C1 0.048 8 0.015 5
C2 0.046 4 0.014 7
C3 0.061 5 0.019 5
C4 0.069 2 0.021 9
C5 0.088 2 0.027 9
C6 0.066 4 0.021 0
C7 0.069 7 0.022 1
C8 0.079 0 0.025 0
C9 0.084 3 0.026 7
C10 0.073 6 0.023 3
C11 0.083 6 0.026 5
C12 0.078 3 0.024 8
C13 0.085 9 0.027 2
C14 0.065 1 0.020 6
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143387136137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

指标权重结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 指标 组合权重 全局权重
A A1 0.146 9 0.055 7
A2 0.162 9 0.061 7
A3 0.132 2 0.050 1
A4 0.085 4 0.032 4
A5 0.078 5 0.029 8
A6 0.073 3 0.027 8
A7 0.078 9 0.029 9
A8 0.103 6 0.039 3
A9 0.138 2 0.052 4
B B1 0.040 7 0.012 4
B2 0.039 0 0.011 9
B3 0.037 9 0.011 5
B4 0.039 2 0.011 9
B5 0.035 9 0.010 9
B6 0.123 3 0.037 5
B7 0.099 8 0.030 3
B8 0.072 9 0.022 2
B9 0.065 6 0.019 9
B10 0.051 5 0.015 7
B11 0.069 3 0.021 1
B12 0.073 2 0.022 3
B13 0.060 7 0.018 5
B14 0.068 3 0.020 8
B15 0.058 8 0.017 9
B16 0.063 8 0.019 4
C C1 0.048 8 0.015 5
C2 0.046 4 0.014 7
C3 0.061 5 0.019 5
C4 0.069 2 0.021 9
C5 0.088 2 0.027 9
C6 0.066 4 0.021 0
C7 0.069 7 0.022 1
C8 0.079 0 0.025 0
C9 0.084 3 0.026 7
C10 0.073 6 0.023 3
C11 0.083 6 0.026 5
C12 0.078 3 0.024 8
C13 0.085 9 0.027 2
C14 0.065 1 0.020 6
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143462633610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Fire safety assessment of urban buildings of all types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑类型 维度A 维度B 维度C 综合评估
贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序
PH 0.259 7 4 0.506 2 4 0.352 2 3 0.471 7 4
PC 0.763 4 1 0.709 6 1 0.574 4 1 0.567 2 1
PT 0.267 3 3 0.541 4 3 0.329 6 4 0.498 5 3
PS 0.274 1 2 0.543 4 2 0.565 9 2 0.553 1 2
总体均值 0.319 6 0.545 2 0.453 7 0.514 9
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143542325387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

城市各类建筑消防安全评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑类型 维度A 维度B 维度C 综合评估
贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序
PH 0.259 7 4 0.506 2 4 0.352 2 3 0.471 7 4
PC 0.763 4 1 0.709 6 1 0.574 4 1 0.567 2 1
PT 0.267 3 3 0.541 4 3 0.329 6 4 0.498 5 3
PS 0.274 1 2 0.543 4 2 0.565 9 2 0.553 1 2
总体均值 0.319 6 0.545 2 0.453 7 0.514 9
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143609434252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Fire safety assessment of various areas of city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 维度A 维度B 维度C 综合评估
贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序
ZD 0.476 1 1 0.604 9 1 0.528 2 1 0.545 1
ZE 0.285 5 4 0.541 9 4 0.463 3 0.530 8 2
ZN 0.296 7 3 0.562 4 3 0.490 7 2 0.539 7 3
ZW 0.260 1 5 0.535 9 5 0.425 3 5 0.509 4
ZS 0.426 3 2 0.572 2 0.448 3 4 0.506 5
总体均值 0.319 6 0.545 2 0.453 7 0.514 9
), ArticleFig(id=1168130143676543117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739137831449020, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

城市各区域消防安全评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 维度A 维度B 维度C 综合评估
贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序 贴近度 排序
ZD 0.476 1 1 0.604 9 1 0.528 2 1 0.545 1
ZE 0.285 5 4 0.541 9 4 0.463 3 0.530 8 2
ZN 0.296 7 3 0.562 4 3 0.490 7 2 0.539 7 3
ZW 0.260 1 5 0.535 9 5 0.425 3 5 0.509 4
ZS 0.426 3 2 0.572 2 0.448 3 4 0.506 5
总体均值 0.319 6 0.545 2 0.453 7 0.514 9
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城市建筑物消防安全评估
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周恩毅 1 , 谭露 2, ** , 胡金荣 2
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(3): 179-185
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(3): 179-185
城市建筑物消防安全评估
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周恩毅1 , 谭露2, ** , 胡金荣2
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 马克思主义学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 西安建筑科技大学 公共管理学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 周恩毅 (1963—),男,山东文登人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与社会治理相关研究。E-mail:

    胡金荣,副教授。

通讯作者:

** 谭露(1999—),女,四川广安人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为行政管理、社会治理。E-mail:
Fire safety assessment of urban buildings
Enyi ZHOU1 , Lu TAN2, ** , Jinrong HU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marxism,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 School of Public Administration,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0201
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为降低城市建筑物消防安全风险,提高建筑单体抵御火灾事故的能力,从建筑消防设计、建筑消防设施和消防安全管理3方面综合识别消防安全影响因素,构建城市建筑物消防安全评估指标体系;采用信息熵和结构熵组合权重-逼近理想解法(TOPSIS)模型综合评估城市各类建筑及各区域的消防安全风险,并以我国西部X市5大区域262个建筑物加以验证;最后得到消防安全指数和综合排序,进而明晰城市建筑物消防现存的薄弱点。结果表明:消防安全综合评估排序为商业综合体>中小学>文物古建筑>高层建筑,城中>城北>城东>城西>城南,需重点关注高层建筑和城市边缘区县的消防安全风险;用该模型得到的评估结果与现状概况相符。

城市建筑物  /  消防安全评估  /  组合权重  /  逼近理想解法(TOPSIS)  /  指标体系

In order to reduce the fire safety risk of urban buildings and improve the ability of building units to resist fire accidents,the influencing factors of fire safety were identified from three aspects: building fire protection design,building fire protection facilities and fire safety management,and the assessment index system of fire safety of urban buildings was constructed. A combined weighting-TOPSIS model of structural entropy and information entropy was applied to assess the fire safety risk of each district and each type of building in the cities. The model was validated with 262 buildings in 5 major areas of X city in western China. Finally,fire safety index and comprehensive ranking were obtained,and then the existing weak points of urban buildings fire protection were clarified. The results indicate that comprehensive evaluation order of fire safety is commercial complexes > primary and secondary schools > heritage buildings > high-rise buildings,city center > north of the city > east of the city > west of the city > south of the city. The fire safety risk of urban fringe counties and high-rises need to be paid attention to. The assessment results calculated with this model are consistent with the current situation.

urban buildings  /  fire safety evaluation  /  combination weight  /  technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS)  /  index system
周恩毅, 谭露, 胡金荣. 城市建筑物消防安全评估. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 179 -185 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0201
Enyi ZHOU, Lu TAN, Jinrong HU. Fire safety assessment of urban buildings[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 179 -185 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0201
随着城市大型商业综合体、文体场馆、高层办公及住宅等各类建筑数量不断扩容,与之相伴的消防安全隐患也日益凸显,城市公共安全风险持续升高。建筑物作为维系城市正常运转的重要载体,其潜在消防隐患不容小觑。因此,科学评估城市建筑物消防安全风险,提高城市建筑物自身防火御火能力,是城市与社会发展必须攻坚的难题。
目前,学界关于城市建筑物火灾风险的研究主要集中在指标体系构建及方法模型应用等方面,易斌[1]从预防—救援—恢复3个阶段识别城市消防安全的影响因子;陈志芬等[2]从火灾危险性、承灾体易损性、城市抗灾能力3方面建立火灾风险指标体系,肖国清[3]、王梦瑶[4]、官钰希[5]等则分别以商业综合体、高层建筑、古建筑等分类构建火灾风险指标体系。在评估方法及模型运用中,较多学者倾向于采用方法间的组合来评估建筑消防安全风险[6-7]。已有研究成果较为丰硕,但鲜有学者聚焦城市不同类别的建筑深入分析其消防安全风险,且关于消防安全风险评估的定量研究较少。
鉴于此,笔者拟将围绕不同建筑类别的消防设计特点及风险要素分析,构建评估指标体系,运用组合权重-逼近理想解法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution,TOPSIS)模型探究城市各类建筑及各区域消防安全实情,以期为城市火灾风险评估优化及消防安全综合治理能力提升提供依据,进而推进城市公共消防安全可持续发展。
城市建筑物消防安全风险是致灾因素和承灾体互相作用的结果,致灾因素作用强度小于建筑物抵抗风险事故最大阈值的,将减轻火灾事故带来的损失,因此,提高建筑单体抵御风险事故的能力可有效减轻火灾事故带来的后果。参照现行的《建筑防火通用规范》[8]和《城市消防规划规范》[9]等国家标准及实施办法,从建筑消防设计、消防设施和消防安全管理3个维度分析。城市建筑物消防安全指标体系见表1,共含39个二级指标,91个三级指标,限于篇幅,仅展示一、二级指标。
维度A从消防合法性、平面布置、防火构造等因素评估,若这些因素设计违规或设置不当,则建筑物消防安全将存在本质的缺陷;维度B包括疏散指示系统、火灾自动报警系统等因素,主要监查消防设施的运行状态、分布位置、可操作性以及各系统间联动情况;维度C从人员及组织管理的角度出发,包括消防工作组织、灭火救援响应能力、消防安全意识等因素,主要监查消防演练情况、消防宣传教育和培训及日常管理等是否合规。
综合考虑主、客观赋权法的特点,依据最小信息熵原理,采取信息熵权重(客观)与结构熵权重(主观)组合赋权的方式得到指标权重[10-11]
1) 信息熵权重。设有m个待评估建筑物,n个评估指标,则构建初始决策矩阵为X=(xij ) m × nxij为第i个评估对象第j项指标值(i=1,2,…,m;j=1,2,…,n)。无量纲化处理矩阵,标准化后的矩阵Y=(yij ) m × nyijxij标准化后的值。根据传统熵定义[12],确定各指标的信息熵权重 ω 1 j
ω 1 j = ( 1 - e j ) / n - j = 1 n e j
式中ej为第j项指标信息熵。
2) 结构熵权重。由于建筑物消防安全指标较多,部分指标难以获得客观数据,需要借助专家主观评价对其修正,引入结构熵权法来减少不确定性计算的复杂度[13]。收集k位专家对n个指标的重要性排序,指标集U={u1u2,…,un}对应的专家排序数组记为{ g s 1 g s 2,…,gsj},则典型排序矩阵为G=(gsj ) k × ngsj为第s个专家对第j项指标uj的评价(s=1,2,…,k;j=1,2,…,n),排序数gsj的隶属函数可表示为:
μ ( g s j ) = l n ( t - g s j ) / l n ( t - 1 )
式中t为转化参量数,t=n+2。令fsj=μ(gsj),即fsjgsj对应的隶属函数值,由式(2)将排序矩阵G定量转化为相应的隶属度矩阵F=(fsj ) k × nk位专家对uj的一致看法为平均认识度fjfj= ( f 1 j + f 2 j+…+fsj)/k,排序时由认知产生的不确定性——认识盲度Qj表示:
Q j = { [ m a x ( f s j ) - f j ] + [ m i n ( f s j ) - f j ] } / 2
k位专家对指标uj的总体认识度记为λjλj=fj(1-Qj),λj>0。对λj归一化后得到结构熵权重 ω 2 j表示为:
ω 2 j = λ j / j = 1 n λ j
3) 确定组合权重。结合拉格朗日乘子法,利用式(1)—式(4)得到组合权重ωj
ω j = ( ω 1 j · ω 2 j ) 1 / 2 j = 1 n ( ω 1 j · ω 2 j ) 1 / 2
TOPSIS模型是一种多目标决策方法,通过计算待评估方案与正负理想解之间的加权欧氏距离,并利用相对贴近度大小排序,能判断各评估方案的优劣[14]。算法如下:
1) 构建规范化的加权决策矩阵。将各项指标的组合权重与无量纲化后的矩阵Y相乘得到加权决策矩阵R
R = ( r i j ) m × n = ( ω j · y i j ) m × n
2) 确定最优理想解 r j +和最劣理想解 r j -
r j + = m a x ( r 1 j r 2 j r m j )
r j - = m i n ( r 1 j r 2 j r m j )
3) 计算各评估对象与正负理想解间的欧氏距离 S i + S i -
S i + = j = 1 n ( r j + - r i j ) 2 ; S i - = j = 1 n ( r j - - r i j ) 2
4) 计算各评估对象与最优值的贴近程度。
β i = S i - / ( S i + + S i - )
式中βi为第i个评估对象与理想最优值的相对贴近度,即为建筑物消防安全综合指数。根据βi大小对评估对象排序,βi越大综合评估越优,建筑物消防安全风险越小。
X市是位于我国西部的一个中心城市,常住人口约1 000万,按行政区划大致分为城中ZD、城东ZE、城西ZW、城南ZS和城北ZN 5大区域,ZD为城市中心,消防综合治理水平高;ZE为商贸中心,是轻工、服装、茶叶及五金等各类批发市场聚集地;ZW处于城市边缘,交通及居住环境不佳,各类生活配套设施缺乏,发展缓慢;ZS为文化中心,高等院校聚集;ZN为政治中心、交通枢纽要地。
考虑到时间、人力成本及可行性等因素,选取高层建筑PH、商业综合体PC、文物古建筑PT和中小学PS为样本研究,PC根据官方台账确定,PH中不含PC。2018—2020年,X市4类建筑火灾警情总数依次为488、774、927起,呈递增趋势,其中,PH是主要的起火场所,其次为PCPS。评估范围及内容为X市5大区域4类建筑的消防安全情况,共262个建筑物,样本见表2
将指标按重要程度分为10个等级,制成调查问卷表,邀请101位建筑消防专家、学者及一线工作者对各层级指标进行重要性排序,其中,大学及以上学历占99%,初级消防员及以上等级、注册消防工程师和大队级正职占50%,工作年限5年及以上的占63.37%,问卷回收率为86.14%。由式(5)确定组合权重,将各维度权重乘以各指标权重得到每项指标全局权重,具体结果见表3
维度ABC的组合权重值分别为0.379 0、 0.304 1和0.316 9。建筑使用情况A2、建筑防爆A9和总平面布局A3的全局权重分别为0.061 7、 0.052 4、0.050 1,是主要影响建筑消防设计A的指标;气体灭火系统B6和机械加压送风系统B7的全局权重分别为0.037 5和0.030 3,对建筑消防设施B的贡献价值较大;类似地,安全疏散设施管理C5、专职或志愿消防队C9、灭火和应急疏散预案演练C11和消防安全重点部位管理C8是影响消防安全管理C的重要因素。
1) 不同建筑类型消防安全评估。由式(10)得到城市各类建筑消防安全贴近度,结果见表4
从各维度对比可知:城市所有建筑物消防安全在维度B中表现最佳,其次为维度C,说明在消防设施配备相对完善的情况下,更应重视消防安全管理因素。PHPT均在维度A、维度C方面不太理想,具体表现为建筑消防先天性设计存在安全隐患、消防验收不够严格以及相关单位疏于对消防设备的养护和维修。综合来看,城市建筑物消防安全综合排序为:PC>PS>PT>PHPTPH均小于总体均值,这2类建筑物消防安全欠佳。PC消防安全综合指数最高,原因是消防部门及各单位对这类人员密集场所隐患查处和整改频率较高,属地消防救援大队常督促大型综合体企业限期整改、消除隐患,关注度强于其他3类建筑。PS对消防安全重视程度高,开展消防教育和演练频繁,且设施配备相对完善,消防安全指数次之。PT以群体组合建筑居多,建筑密度大,防火间距小,且多为木质或砖木结构,PT因其内部材质特殊性和先天性防火间距不足等问题,导致火灾荷载较大,消防安全尚有进步空间。PH消防安全综合指数最低,主要因其涉及到的场所众多、分布广泛,尤其是老旧高层历史遗留问题多,火灾隐患多,灭火救援难度大。
2) 不同区域消防安全评估。由式(10)得到城市各区域消防安全贴近度,结果见表5
维度A中表现较差的是ZWZEZN,这3个区域综合指数均小于总体均值,ZDZS在该维度中评估较优。这与地理位置和区域经济发展差异而引起的消防关注程度密切相关,如ZW为城市边缘区县,经济发展水平不高,在建筑消防设计方面尚有提升空间;而ZD为城市核心区域,在消防设计、消防验收备案上及平面布置等方面较其他区域更为严格,因此综合排序远高于ZW。维度B中表现最差的是ZW,表明防火能力薄弱的城市边缘区县亟需加强对消防专业设施的配备、完善及运行状况的重视,如通过增设相应的微型消防站、市政消火栓等基础设施,提高扑救初期火灾的能力。ZE为大型商贸批发市场,致灾因素复杂多样,且平时客流量较大,导致其在该维度中排序靠后。而ZNZSZD综合评估优且差距小,表明城市大部分区域的消防专业设施的配备、分布及联动运行状况良好。维度CZDZN表现最优,这与2大区域的发展现状及特点相关;而ZWZS表现较差,表明这些区域消防安全管理意识薄弱,未来应加强对这些区域的消防安全重点部位的管理,并定期开展消防宣传教育培训和疏散演练。
综合来看,区域消防安全综合排序为:ZD>ZN>ZE>ZW>ZS,与总体均值对比可知:该市建筑物消防安全总体情况良好,尤其ZDZNZE消防治理效果较好,但ZWZS一定程度上存在消防风险,评估结果与现状概况基本吻合。ZW为城市边缘区县,相关责任部门对ZW区消防安全关注弱于主城区,存在消防安全负责人到位情况不理想、消防设施配备不全及维修保养不佳等问题。后续应重点关注城西边缘区县消防警力不足的困境,在夯实专职消防人员、装备实力的基础上,按规范要求足额配置火灾自动报警系统、消火栓系统等消防安全设施,并加快推进多形式基层消防力量建设,如大力增设消防体验馆、街道消防宣传站及科普教育基地等,增强人员消防安全意识。
考虑到不同建筑类型对区域消防安全情况的综合影响,对4类建筑物分类编制序号绘图,以ZS区建筑物消防安全为例分析,如图1所示。
图1可知:PH消防安全综合指数大多分布在均值线以下,致使区域消防安全风险增高;而PC均在均值线之上,将降低区域消防安全风险,这与消防监督检查频率、消防关注度等因素密切相关。ZS区消防安全综合指数最低,居城市之首,原因是该区域150m及以上的PH达52座,PH过于密集导致消防治理水平欠佳,且消防隐患的排查及整改不及时。对于PH比较密集的区域应配置特种消防设施或器材,安装灵敏度高的消防安全报警器和探测器,加强对火灾高频区域的监测。同理,分析其他区域建筑类型分布对消防安全的综合影响,得到结论一致。如ZD区消防安全综合指数最高,原因是该区域PC数量较多,消防部门对大型PC各功能区域的防火情况监查严格,隐患查处频率高,重视程度高于其他类型建筑。
1) 选取建筑消防设计、建筑消防设施、消防安全管理3个维度共39个指标,构建城市建筑物消防安全评估指标体系。
2) 城市建筑类型和区域消防安全综合排序分别为:商业综合体>中小学>文物古建筑>高层建筑,城中>城北>城东>城西>城南,高层建筑及城市边缘区县的消防安全风险较高,高层建筑数量的增加会拉高区域消防安全风险均值。
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究基金(20XJA630004)
  • 陕西省社科界重大理论与现实问题研究项目(2019C089)
  • 陕西省大学生创新创业训练计划省级项目(S20220701103)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0201
  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
  • 修回日期:2023-12-25
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究基金(20XJA630004)
陕西省社科界重大理论与现实问题研究项目(2019C089)
陕西省大学生创新创业训练计划省级项目(S20220701103)
作者信息
    1 西安建筑科技大学 马克思主义学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 西安建筑科技大学 公共管理学院,陕西 西安 710055

通讯作者:

** 谭露(1999—),女,四川广安人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为行政管理、社会治理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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