Article(id=1149739136489275928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0055-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1326, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694966400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-18, revisedDate=1703260800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048771259, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048771259, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048771259, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048771259, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739136690602527, articleId=1149739136489275928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on evolution process of deflagration wave system of premixed gas in long straight pipeline, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce gas explosion accidents during the production,transportation and storage of combustible gases in industrial sites,square pipes of 200 mm×200 mm×35 m and round pipes of 90 mm diameter and 10 m length were independently constructed. Under the same initial conditions,the explosion test of methane/air premixed gas with volume fraction of 9.5% was carried out,and it was studied with pressure and flame sensors. The results show that the evolution process of the wave system in two kinds of pipes with different scales and cross sections is the same. After ignition,the flame changes from layer to turbulent flow,and the acceleration of flame leads to the compression wave chasing each other,finally forming a strong shock wave. The changing trend of flame speed in the two long straight pipes is the same,and they both experience the process of acceleration-deceleration-re-acceleration-re-deceleration,with the maximum flame speed in the square tube and round tube reaching 69 and 35.7 m/s respectively. After the first compression wave reflects off the wall,the pressure rises to 117% and 114%. When the reflected wave is coupled with the flame front,the flame speed in the large-scale pipeline is reduced to 73%,and that in the small pipeline is reduced to 93%. Under the same volume fraction,the maximum overpressure values of the first compression wave in the two long straight spaces are similar,which are about 65.45 and 67.09 kPa.

, correspAuthors=Minhang SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang HU, Hong TAO, Minhang SONG, Shuo LYU, Haixia ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149739150624080156, articleId=1149739136489275928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=长直管道预混气体爆燃波系演化过程研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为减少工业场所可燃气体生产、运输和储存过程中气体爆炸事故的发生,利用自主搭建的200 mm×200 mm×35 m方形管道和直径为90 mm、长度为10 m的圆形管道,在相同的初始条件下,运用体积分数为9.5%的甲烷/空气预混气体开展爆炸试验,结合压力、火焰传感器对其进行研究。结果表明:2种不同尺度、不同截面的管道中波系演化过程是相同的,点火后火焰由层流向湍流转变,火焰加速导致压缩波相互追赶,最终形成强激波;速度在2种长直管道中的变化趋势相同,都经历了加速—减速—再加速—再减速的过程,方管和圆管中火焰速度最大分别达到69和35.7 m/s,第一道压缩波经壁面反射后压力上升至117%和114%;当反射波与火焰阵面耦合作用时,方管和圆管中火焰速度分别降至73%和93%;体积分数相同的条件下,2种长直管道中第一道压缩波的最大压力值相近,方管中为65.45 kPa,圆管中为67.09 kPa。

, correspAuthors=宋民航, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 宋民航(1986—),男,黑龙江绥化人,工学博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事多元燃料低碳清洁高效燃烧、可燃预混气体爆燃机制方面的研究。E-mail:
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胡洋 (1979—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事预混气体爆燃转爆轰、高速气体测量、爆炸流场光学显示等方面的研究。E-mail:

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胡洋 (1979—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事预混气体爆燃转爆轰、高速气体测量、爆炸流场光学显示等方面的研究。E-mail:

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胡洋 (1979—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事预混气体爆燃转爆轰、高速气体测量、爆炸流场光学显示等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Experimental study on explosion characteristics of Methane-oxygen in small-scale pipeline[D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168130416163692719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, awardId=226Z1708G, language=CN, fundingSource=中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(226Z1708G), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130416209830064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, awardId=0502010412, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项(0502010412), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168130412657254516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130412665643125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, companyId=1168130412657254516, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Analysis of flame data in two pipes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点
位置
火焰到达测点时间/s 火焰传播速度/(m·s-1)
方管 圆管 方管 圆管
1号 0.087
2号 0.168 0.121 30.86 12.40
3号 0.226 0.175 48.27 18.52
4号 0.256 0.231 48.33 35.71
5号 0.273 0.261 35.29 33.33
6号 0.294 0.345 69.04 23.80
7号 0.340 0.376 54.35 32.25
8号 0.549 0.867 11.96 2.03
), ArticleFig(id=1168130415928811692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2种管道内火焰数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点
位置
火焰到达测点时间/s 火焰传播速度/(m·s-1)
方管 圆管 方管 圆管
1号 0.087
2号 0.168 0.121 30.86 12.40
3号 0.226 0.175 48.27 18.52
4号 0.256 0.231 48.33 35.71
5号 0.273 0.261 35.29 33.33
6号 0.294 0.345 69.04 23.80
7号 0.340 0.376 54.35 32.25
8号 0.549 0.867 11.96 2.03
), ArticleFig(id=1168130415987531949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Characteristic parameters of pressure wave in circular pipe

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压力波到达3号测点 压力波到达4号测点 压力波到达5号测点 波速/(m·s-1) 传播
方向
时间/s 压力/kPa 时间/s 压力/kPa 时间/s 压力/kPa P3-P4 P4-P5
0.042(Ⅰ) 66.3 0.048(Ⅰ) 66.8 0.051(Ⅰ) 13.4 321 359 A→B
0.081(Ⅱ) 76.5 0.076(Ⅱ) 69.4 0.733(Ⅱ) 13.8 360 412 B←A
0.097(Ⅲ) 104.3 0.103(Ⅲ) 90.7 0.106(Ⅲ) 15.3 335 301 A→B
0.135(Ⅳ) 84.9 0.131(Ⅳ) 91.6 0.128(Ⅳ) 18.8 435 326 B←A
0.155(Ⅴ) 195.6 0.161(Ⅴ) 177 0.164(Ⅴ) 23.7 341 370 A→B
), ArticleFig(id=1168130416046252206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739136489275928, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

圆管内压力波的特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压力波到达3号测点 压力波到达4号测点 压力波到达5号测点 波速/(m·s-1) 传播
方向
时间/s 压力/kPa 时间/s 压力/kPa 时间/s 压力/kPa P3-P4 P4-P5
0.042(Ⅰ) 66.3 0.048(Ⅰ) 66.8 0.051(Ⅰ) 13.4 321 359 A→B
0.081(Ⅱ) 76.5 0.076(Ⅱ) 69.4 0.733(Ⅱ) 13.8 360 412 B←A
0.097(Ⅲ) 104.3 0.103(Ⅲ) 90.7 0.106(Ⅲ) 15.3 335 301 A→B
0.135(Ⅳ) 84.9 0.131(Ⅳ) 91.6 0.128(Ⅳ) 18.8 435 326 B←A
0.155(Ⅴ) 195.6 0.161(Ⅴ) 177 0.164(Ⅴ) 23.7 341 370 A→B
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长直管道预混气体爆燃波系演化过程研究
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胡洋 1, 2 , 陶红 1 , 宋民航 1, 2, ** , 吕硕 1 , 张海霞 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 55-62
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 55-62
长直管道预混气体爆燃波系演化过程研究
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胡洋1, 2 , 陶红1, 宋民航1, 2, ** , 吕硕1, 张海霞1
作者信息
  • 1 华北科技学院 安全工程学院,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 2 应急管理部 工业安全事故分析与监测预警重点实验室,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 胡洋 (1979—),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要从事预混气体爆燃转爆轰、高速气体测量、爆炸流场光学显示等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 宋民航(1986—),男,黑龙江绥化人,工学博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事多元燃料低碳清洁高效燃烧、可燃预混气体爆燃机制方面的研究。E-mail:
Study on evolution process of deflagration wave system of premixed gas in long straight pipeline
Yang HU1, 2 , Hong TAO1, Minhang SONG1, 2, ** , Shuo LYU1, Haixia ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Engineering,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Industrial Safety Accident Analysis,Monitoring and Early Warning,Ministry of Emergency Management,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1326
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为减少工业场所可燃气体生产、运输和储存过程中气体爆炸事故的发生,利用自主搭建的200 mm×200 mm×35 m方形管道和直径为90 mm、长度为10 m的圆形管道,在相同的初始条件下,运用体积分数为9.5%的甲烷/空气预混气体开展爆炸试验,结合压力、火焰传感器对其进行研究。结果表明:2种不同尺度、不同截面的管道中波系演化过程是相同的,点火后火焰由层流向湍流转变,火焰加速导致压缩波相互追赶,最终形成强激波;速度在2种长直管道中的变化趋势相同,都经历了加速—减速—再加速—再减速的过程,方管和圆管中火焰速度最大分别达到69和35.7 m/s,第一道压缩波经壁面反射后压力上升至117%和114%;当反射波与火焰阵面耦合作用时,方管和圆管中火焰速度分别降至73%和93%;体积分数相同的条件下,2种长直管道中第一道压缩波的最大压力值相近,方管中为65.45 kPa,圆管中为67.09 kPa。

长直管道  /  预混气体  /  爆燃  /  波系演化  /  压力波

In order to reduce gas explosion accidents during the production,transportation and storage of combustible gases in industrial sites,square pipes of 200 mm×200 mm×35 m and round pipes of 90 mm diameter and 10 m length were independently constructed. Under the same initial conditions,the explosion test of methane/air premixed gas with volume fraction of 9.5% was carried out,and it was studied with pressure and flame sensors. The results show that the evolution process of the wave system in two kinds of pipes with different scales and cross sections is the same. After ignition,the flame changes from layer to turbulent flow,and the acceleration of flame leads to the compression wave chasing each other,finally forming a strong shock wave. The changing trend of flame speed in the two long straight pipes is the same,and they both experience the process of acceleration-deceleration-re-acceleration-re-deceleration,with the maximum flame speed in the square tube and round tube reaching 69 and 35.7 m/s respectively. After the first compression wave reflects off the wall,the pressure rises to 117% and 114%. When the reflected wave is coupled with the flame front,the flame speed in the large-scale pipeline is reduced to 73%,and that in the small pipeline is reduced to 93%. Under the same volume fraction,the maximum overpressure values of the first compression wave in the two long straight spaces are similar,which are about 65.45 and 67.09 kPa.

long straight pipe  /  premixed gas  /  detonation  /  evolution of wave system  /  pressure wave
胡洋, 陶红, 宋民航, 吕硕, 张海霞. 长直管道预混气体爆燃波系演化过程研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1326
Yang HU, Hong TAO, Minhang SONG, Shuo LYU, Haixia ZHANG. Study on evolution process of deflagration wave system of premixed gas in long straight pipeline[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1326
近年来,可燃气体爆炸事故时有发生,造成了一定的人员伤亡和财产损失。这些气体爆炸事故多为爆燃,产生的压缩波、火焰阵面、有毒有害气体及波后质点气流速度对附近人员和重要设备造成伤害和损失。研究可燃气体爆燃波系的演化过程,对降低事故发生率有着重要意义。
煤矿巷道、地下输油管和各种化工厂等密闭空间的气体爆炸,均发生在长直管道中。全尺寸试验研究由于成本高,可测参数受限、可选变量少、试验过程危险性大而罕被采用[1]。目前研究主要集中在模型管道上,景国勋等[2-4]研究了管道中爆炸压力与火焰速度的影响因素及瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性;张超等[5]在封闭管道中进行了抑制预混气体燃烧的研究;赵丹等[6]探究了不同类型管道内瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播特性;洪溢都等[7]利用数值模拟研究了开口型管道内瓦斯爆炸冲击波的动压演化过程;罗振敏等[8]模拟分析了瓦斯爆炸传播中的压力、温度和火焰的发展变化过程;韩蓉等[9]利用数值模拟方法研究了不同参数的球体障碍物对火焰及冲击波传播特性的影响;郑浩鑫等[10]研究了对称障碍物条件下瓦斯爆炸压力波与火焰传播的耦合作用;胡洋等[11-12]研究了惰性气体和细水雾对瓦斯爆燃火焰传播的抑制作用;张延炜等[13]研究了柔性障碍物对甲烷空气爆炸波的激励效应;刘珊珊等[14]研究了柔性障碍物厚度对甲烷爆炸激励效应的影响;HAO Bin等[15]对含障碍物的管道进行了甲烷/空气的数值模拟;IBRAHIM等[16]研究了障碍物形状和堵塞比对预混气体爆炸超压的影响;利用数值模拟技术研究了管道长度对二次爆炸的影响;JIA Zhenzhen等[17]研究了管道内壁面热效应对瓦斯爆炸及传播的影响。这些研究揭示了在爆燃传播过程中,复杂的流动和边界条件对于压力和火焰的发展具有重要影响。但鲜有学者对管道内波系演化的过程进行试验研究。
鉴于此,笔者拟利用甲烷/空气预混气体探究2种不同尺度、不同截面的长直管道中波系演化过程,结合压力与火焰传感器探究压力与火焰的耦合作用对爆炸过程的影响,以期提高安全生产水平。
试验时采用方形和圆形2种长直爆炸管道。方管试验装置为密闭方形可拆卸爆炸管道,共14段,管道总长度为35m,截面尺寸为200mm×200mm,壁厚为10mm。圆管试验装置为圆形密闭可拆卸爆炸管道,共5段,管道总长10m,截面半径为90mm,壁厚5mm。沿管道轴线布设压力传感器、火焰传感器。压力传感器为压电传感器,灵敏度为145 mV/MPa。火焰传感器由光纤、光电二极管制成,核心部件为硅PIN光电二极管,火焰光信号通过光纤、二极管转变为电信号,火焰强度的变化与光电二极管电流的变化呈正相关,光信号减弱,电流也微弱;反之亦是。在激波管的各测点处布置火焰传感器记录火焰阵面经过的时间。由于各测点传感器之间的距离可以精确测量,火焰阵面经过不同测点传感器的时间差可通过数据采集系统得出,因此,火焰阵面在管道中传播的平均速度V表示为:
V = L / ( t n + 1 - t n )
式中:L为相邻的2个火焰传感器的距离,m; t n + 1tn(n=1,2,…,7)为火焰阵面经过相邻2个火焰传感器的时间,s。
试验系统包括激波管、高压点火系统、真空系统、预混系统、压力信号采集系统、火焰信号采集系统、时间同步控制系统组成。试验时2种长直管道全管道充入体积分数为9.5%甲烷和空气预混气体,在各测点处布置压力和火焰传感器。通过结合压力时程曲线、火焰速度曲线,分析密闭空间长直管道中预混气体爆燃波系传播过程。试验装置如图1所示。
在密闭空间长直管道中,甲烷/空气预混气体被引燃后,在局部先是缓慢燃烧形成层流火焰,随着火焰沿管道轴向传播,火焰由层流向湍流转变。火焰引燃瞬间产生的高温会使相邻的空气分子相互挤压,形成高温、高压环境,火焰推动被压缩的气体向前运动,此时产生第1道很弱的压缩波,该压缩波在未反应物中先于火焰以当地声速沿管道轴向传播,当地声速C1表示为:
C 1 = ( K R g T ) 1 / 2
式中:K为绝热指数;Rg为预混气体常数,J/(kg·K); T为未反应物热力学温度,K。火焰继续传播,产生的第2道压缩波在被第1道压缩波压缩后温度升高的未反应物中传播,此时,当地声速C2表示为:
C 2 = [ K R g ( T + Δ T ) ] 1 / 2
式中ΔT为第1道压缩波经过后未反应物温度升高量,K。火焰继续传播过程中,一道道压缩波汇聚形成激波,激波过后,爆炸超压急速下降,形成负压区,与此同时,正压区的气体向负压区补充,从而形成稀疏波。在稀疏波作用下,波阵面的压力、密度等参数将同时下降。
若管道无限长,则管道中先于火焰存在N道运动压缩波,且CN> C N - 1> C N - 2…>C2>C1,并最终形成一道强激波向前运动,火焰不断加速,追赶上激波后与之耦合相互作用,最后出现爆燃转爆轰。
图2为第1道压缩波在各测点处压力。第1道压缩波在0.074s传播至1号传感器,压力为 37.82 kPa,经过0.33s后传播至8号压力传感器。将第1道压缩波经过各测点时间通过线性拟合后可得压缩波到达位置Y与压缩波到达时间X的直线方程Y=418.37X-29.047,直线斜率即为第1道压缩波在方管中的平均传播速度418.37m/s,计算管道内C1为380m/s,由于管道中温度、压力的不断上升,后续压缩波传播速度也在不断变化。
火焰传播速度开始时经历先增大后减小的趋势。这是因为火焰传播初期,由于化学反应逐渐加强,火焰不断向前加速发展;火焰传播至管道中后端时,与终端壁面的反射波相遇,火焰阵面受到反射波作用出现反向传播,导致火焰速度降低[18]
第1道压缩波传播至管道末端时火焰阵面远未到达,一段时间后,球面波转化为平面波,激波在管道中以一个平面进行传播,当激波传播到终端壁面时,产生的反射波会对火焰减速[19]图3为方管火焰传播过程,由于管道内存在震荡气流以及压力波与反射波的作用,反应后期火焰以“前进—后退—前进”的方式整体向前运动。火焰在0.294s时经过6号测点,初始的火焰强度随着时间的推移,已开始逐步变弱;在0.45s时,由于管道中气流震荡引起火焰反向传播,该测点的火焰强度回升,出现第2次高峰,火焰的持续时间变长;在0.549s时火焰经过8号测点,0.715s时,8号测点处火焰信号出现第2个峰值,化学反应速率加剧,流场有利于燃烧;0.838s 时,气流震荡导致火焰再次回传至6号测点,此时该测点处可燃气体已全部反应,火焰强度逐步变弱,直到火焰通过该测点,持续612ms。
图4为圆管火焰传播过程。圆管在6号和7号测点处,火焰信号较强,火焰持续时间也较长。火焰在0.345s时传播至6号测点处,此时管道中出现的震荡激波,扰动火焰前方的未燃气体,气体压缩膨胀,产生同向的伴流速度,当火焰传播至此处时,火焰得到加速。8号测点处的火焰信号最低,火焰燃烧时间也短,由于8号测点距离终端壁面非常近,当火焰传播至此处时,管道中震荡的气流以及边界效应都会对火焰产生影响。
由火焰到达相邻2个测点的时间计算出的2个测点间的火焰传播速度见表1。可以看出,2种管道中火焰传播速度都是经历增大—减小—再增大—再减小的过程。反应前期压缩波不断压缩前方未燃气体,使火焰处于加速状态;中期火焰阵面受到管道中振荡气流扰动以及反射波作用,火焰传播速度降低;后期火焰速度先回升后再次降低,回升是由于反射波传播至点火端后再次反射,传播方向与火焰运动方向一致,同时未燃气体的压力、温度等参数升高,利于化学反应进行,对火焰有加速作用;当火焰接近管道终端时,爆燃反应逐步完毕,无后续的气体燃料参与反应,加之管道边界效应等多重因素的共同作用,使得火焰速度下降。
图5给出了方管中不同测点处的压力与火焰信号。3号测点处压缩波Ⅰ峰值为36.72 kPa,管道内压缩波Ⅰ最大峰值出现在6号测点处,为65.45 kPa,同时也是方管内最大压力;0.103s时压缩波Ⅰ传播至8号测点,压缩波Ⅱ在0.231s时出现在8号测点处,在0.245s时传播至6号测点,0.252s 传播至4号测点,根据时间先后关系,得出Ⅱ为反射波,Ⅰ为入射波。反射波在0.252s时传播至4号测点,火焰在0.226s时传播至3号测点,0.256s时传播至4号测点,故反射波与火焰在3、4号测点之间交汇;方管中火焰阵面与反射波相交时,后续火焰信号降低,火焰传播速度也降低。8号测点处火焰在0.652s火焰信号中断,该测点距离终端盲板比较近,反应后期管道内的反射波与震荡的激波对火焰有抑制作用,在火焰内部某处相交使火焰结构发生变化,使该处火焰强度变弱,甚至发生火焰分离现象[11]
图6给出了圆管中不同测点处的压力与火焰信号。圆管内压缩波I最大压力为67.09 kPa,出现在4号测点处,同时圆管中最大压力也出现该处,为 629kPa。压缩波Ⅰ在0.042s传播至3号测点,0.059s传播至6号测点,随后传播至壁面终端经反射后形成压缩波Ⅱ反向传播,传播至首端壁面再次被反射形成压缩波Ⅲ,此后重复该过程。根据图6b图6c中时间先后关系得出Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ为正向传播的压力波,Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ为反向传播的压力波。图6b图6c可知:火焰信号在0.175s传播至3号测点,在0.231s传播至4号测点,反向传播的压缩波Ⅵ在0.182s传播至4号测点,故压缩波Ⅵ与火焰阵面在3、4测点之间相交,相交后,火焰传播速度降低。当火焰传播至测点时,测点处压力会出现负值,如图6中①、②、③标示。这是因为压缩波过后,管道内气体受到压缩,波后气体压力降低,当激波离开此区域,其他区域的气体进行回填,波后气体压力降低[20]。反应前期为升压阶段,测点处的压力大小随着压力波的来回反射而逐渐上升,上升趋势比较平缓。火焰阵面在0.261s时传播至5号测点处,开始燃烧反应阶段,压力随着燃烧反应的进行逐渐上升,0.27s时,压力上升到最高值,火焰持续燃烧。随后压力进入负值阶段,0.33s时火焰熄灭,此时压力开始回升,测点处超压呈现高低震荡过程,压力进入震荡阶段。
圆管内最大压力远大于方管,这是因为在反应后期,圆管内压力波经多次反射在此处形成了不稳定的激波。火焰阵面在向前传播过程中不断产生压缩波,并相互追赶叠加,使得压力值缓慢增大[21]
最大压力出现的位置不在点火端附近,而是出现在管道后半部分,分析其原因主要有:密闭长直管道内的甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸压力波在管道内部反射与叠加效应比较明显,前驱压力波传播至管道尾端经终端壁面反射,形成的反射波沿点火端传播,传播至点火端再次反射,在管道中部某处时刚好与后期持续向前传播的压力波发生叠加,因此该处的压力峰值和最大压力上升速率也是最大的;预混气体被点燃后,火焰阵面后方的燃烧产物发生膨胀,产生的活塞效应会压缩前方未反应气体,使火焰处于加速状态,不断向前推动,未燃气体持续参与反应,燃烧释放的能量使得压力不断升高,所以最大压力出现在管道中后端,这也揭示了瓦斯爆炸毁伤最严重的区域不在爆源附近,而是在距离爆源的一定距离处[22]
表2为圆管内压力波的特征参数,第1道压缩波Ⅰ经过3、4测点时波速为321m/s,经过终端壁面反射后压缩波Ⅱ波速上升为360m/s,压力同时上升,朝点火端运动,此时压缩波在已受扰动的流场中传播,受到固壁强约束作用,反射波的强度总是高于入射波的强度。并且前驱压力波每经历一次终端壁面反射,压力都会上升。
1) 在初始条件相同的情况下,方管与圆管中波系演化过程与火焰传播过程是一致的,火焰阵面传播速度的变化趋势都是经历增大—减小—再增大—再减小的过程,火焰速度方管最大到69.04m/s,圆管最大到35.71m/s。
2) 方管与圆管中爆炸超压最大值都出现在管道中后端,圆管最大超压629 kPa,方管最大超压65 kPa,瓦斯爆炸毁伤最严重的区域不在爆源附近,而是在距离爆源的一定距离处。
3) 长直管道中反射波对火焰传播过程主要有以下3方面影响:反射波与火焰传播方向相反,反射波过后产生的气流速度方向与火焰传播方向相反,对火焰传播有抑制作用,当反射波与火焰内部相交时,火焰会发生分离现象,但反射波对化学反应有促进作用;反射波与火焰相交时,对火焰传播影响最大,火焰速度、持续时间、火焰信号强度都会受到影响,方管中火焰速度降至73%,圆管中降至93%。
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(226Z1708G)
  • 中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项(0502010412)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1326
  • 接收时间:2023-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-18
  • 修回日期:2023-12-23
基金
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(226Z1708G)
中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项(0502010412)
作者信息
    1 华北科技学院 安全工程学院,河北 廊坊 065201
    2 应急管理部 工业安全事故分析与监测预警重点实验室,河北 廊坊 065201

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** 宋民航(1986—),男,黑龙江绥化人,工学博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事多元燃料低碳清洁高效燃烧、可燃预混气体爆燃机制方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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