Article(id=1149739134404706770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0084-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0679, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=1703001600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048770762, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048770762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048770762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048770762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739135050629611, articleId=1149739134404706770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Causes and correlation network analysis of civil aviation accidents for whole flight phases, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the safety level of China Civil Aviation,a cause analysis method,which focused on the whole process of 'taxiing-takeoff-climbing-cruising-falling-approaching and landing',was proposed based on association rules and SNA. Firstly,a total of 1 051 civil aviation accident cases from 2010 to 2022 were collected from Aviation Safety Information System. Then,a civil aviation accident causation index system based on 'human-machine-environment-management' was established in combination with 'control navigation service procedure-training'. Secondly,the EasyData data service platform was used for annotation,followed by constructing the data-set of the cause of civil aviation accidents facing the whole process of flight. Furthermore,the FP-Growth algorithm was employed to mine the association rules with the flight phase as the subsequent term of rules. Finally,this study emphasized the co-occurrence frequency of association rules,and developed the correlation network of civil aviation accident causes by applying the centrality analysis of flight phase and accident causes. The results show that the most dangerous phases of flight are the approach and landing. Operation failures,runway safe accidents and cabin safe accidents are the main types. Among the 10 identified causes of civil aviation accidents,there are 4 human factors,2 facilities and equipment factors,3 environmental factors and 1 management factor.

, correspAuthors=Shixuan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dan LIU, Yansheng LUO, Shixuan LI, Gangyan XU, Moxiao LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149739148925386943, articleId=1149739134404706770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因关联网络分析, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升我国民航安全水平,面向“滑行—起飞—爬升—巡航—下降—进近与着陆”的飞行全过程,提出一种基于关联规则和社会网络分析(SNA)的致因分析方法。首先,搜集中国民航安全信息系统2010—2022年共1 051起民航事故案例,结合《控制航行服务程序—培训》,建立基于“人—机—环—管”的民航事故致因体系;其次,采用EasyData数据服务平台进行标注,构建面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集,基于FP-Growth算法挖掘以飞行阶段为规则后项的关联规则;最后,考虑关联规则的共现频率,构建民航事故致因关联网络,开展飞行阶段与事故致因的中心性分析。结果表明:进近与着陆阶段是飞行过程中风险最大的阶段,运行失效、跑道安全事故和客舱安全事故是主要事故类型,在挖掘出的10个民航事故关键致因因素中,人为因素4个、设施设备因素 2个、 环境因素3个、 管理因素1个。

, correspAuthors=李诗轩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 李诗轩(1993—),女,湖北十堰人,博士,副教授,主要从事知识组织与情报分析、应急舆情分析与文本挖掘方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘丹 (1985—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与应急管理、机器学习与智能计算、风险评估与应急决策方面的研究。E-mail:

许钢焱,助理教授。

李墨潇,副教授。

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刘丹 (1985—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与应急管理、机器学习与智能计算、风险评估与应急决策方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘丹 (1985—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与应急管理、机器学习与智能计算、风险评估与应急决策方面的研究。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1168130335213630341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=图5, caption=面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因关联网络, figureFileSmall=QJO6lt31qxa5vfeb7kYJxg==, figureFileBig=Tw5SMlq4hIUwlF8L4S3jVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130335268156294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Civil aviation accident causation system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 致因因素 标签
人为因
H
管制员工作负荷大 H1
管制员情景意识淡薄* H2
管制员工作失误 H3
飞行员工作强度大 H4
飞行员缺乏情景意识 H5
飞行员驾驶经验不足 H6
飞行员注意力不集中* H7
飞行员疲劳 H8
飞行员视线受阻 H9
飞行员决断失误 H10
飞行员失能 H11
飞行员操作失误 H12
飞行员检查和监督不足* H13
飞行员违规操作 H14
地面保障人员操作失误 H15
机组资源管理不到位 H16
机组间或机组与其他部门间沟通不足 H17
乘客异常行为 H18
设施设备
因素F
起落架故障或折断 F1
飞机零部件或系统故障 F2
跑道不符合要求* F3
载重失衡 F4
发动机故障或起火* F5
燃油泄漏或不足* F6
飞机零部件设计缺陷或技术缺陷 F7
环境因
E
跑道道面不佳 E1
机场地理环境复杂 E2
不利的天气条件 E3
鸟击 E4
管理因
M
机组培训不足 M1
民航管理机构监督不力 M2
航空公司监管监督不严 M3
航空公司违反规定 M4
机场管理混乱 M5
标准、规章制度、运行手册等不完善* M6
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335343653767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

民航事故致因体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 致因因素 标签
人为因
H
管制员工作负荷大 H1
管制员情景意识淡薄* H2
管制员工作失误 H3
飞行员工作强度大 H4
飞行员缺乏情景意识 H5
飞行员驾驶经验不足 H6
飞行员注意力不集中* H7
飞行员疲劳 H8
飞行员视线受阻 H9
飞行员决断失误 H10
飞行员失能 H11
飞行员操作失误 H12
飞行员检查和监督不足* H13
飞行员违规操作 H14
地面保障人员操作失误 H15
机组资源管理不到位 H16
机组间或机组与其他部门间沟通不足 H17
乘客异常行为 H18
设施设备
因素F
起落架故障或折断 F1
飞机零部件或系统故障 F2
跑道不符合要求* F3
载重失衡 F4
发动机故障或起火* F5
燃油泄漏或不足* F6
飞机零部件设计缺陷或技术缺陷 F7
环境因
E
跑道道面不佳 E1
机场地理环境复杂 E2
不利的天气条件 E3
鸟击 E4
管理因
M
机组培训不足 M1
民航管理机构监督不力 M2
航空公司监管监督不严 M3
航空公司违反规定 M4
机场管理混乱 M5
标准、规章制度、运行手册等不完善* M6
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335419151240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Causes analysis of civil aviation accidents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 主体 职责与致因分析 代表因素
人为
因素
飞行员 飞机操作和驾驶的主体,飞行员的操作、驾驶经验、决策决断、情景意识等对飞行安全均有影响,是飞机运行过程中危险性因素出现最多的主体 H4
管制员 对飞机运行提供空中交通管制服务,为飞行员提供必要的空域信息和管制信息,是飞行安全的重要保证 H1
地面保障
人员
包括航空器维修人员、机场服务人员等,为飞机运行提供必要的技术支持。其工作失误严重影响飞行的安全,尤其是航空器维修人员,若故障隐患未排除或未检查出已有隐患,将对飞行安全产生致命威胁 H15
旅客 民航飞机运行服务的主要对象,旅客在飞机运行过程中,未系紧安全带、将不满足规定的锂电池或含锂电池的产品带入飞机等行为不利于飞机的安全运行 H18
设施
设备
因素
飞机本身 飞机划分为起落架、发动机、燃油系统、其他系统或零部件4部分,任一部分出现故障或零部件存在设计缺陷,对安全运行的影响是毁灭性的 F5
机场跑道 机场跑道上的标线、灯光等是保障民航安全的重要手段。跑道灯光系统的故障、设计不规范、跑道标线的缺失或模糊都在一定程度上影响飞行安全 F3
环境
因素
机场跑道
环境
主要包括跑道道面环境以及跑道地理环境,跑道道面环境是指跑道道面上的干净整洁,没有金属碎片、轮胎碎片等污染物;跑道地理环境是指机场位于高海拔、多雨、多雾等对飞行安全不利的自然环境 E1
天气 飞机所处空域的天气状况,如下雨、多云、大风等不利于飞机运行的天气状况 E3
空域环境 在飞行的空域是否有鸟类,防止发生鸟击事故 E4
管理
因素
航空公司 主要负责航空运输业务的航线、对飞行员的管理等工作,若航空公司对其管理和监督不当,可能增加飞行冲突发生的风险,进而导致飞行事故的发生 M2
机场管理 综合管理机场内的飞机、车辆、跑道、滑行道等,完成对飞机起飞和降落的保障。若管理调度失误,可能会发生跑道入侵事故 M5
机组培训 对飞行员进行定期培训或复训,确保其技术可靠,工作稳定 M1
民航主管部
门的监督
负责管理和监督民航公司、机场管理单位等机构或部门监督监管不严,可能导致民航事故的发生 M4
文件的
不合理
民航运输有关的标准、运行手册、规则制度等设置不合理或不符合实际要求,对民航运输产生威胁 M6
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335515620233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

民航事故致因分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 主体 职责与致因分析 代表因素
人为
因素
飞行员 飞机操作和驾驶的主体,飞行员的操作、驾驶经验、决策决断、情景意识等对飞行安全均有影响,是飞机运行过程中危险性因素出现最多的主体 H4
管制员 对飞机运行提供空中交通管制服务,为飞行员提供必要的空域信息和管制信息,是飞行安全的重要保证 H1
地面保障
人员
包括航空器维修人员、机场服务人员等,为飞机运行提供必要的技术支持。其工作失误严重影响飞行的安全,尤其是航空器维修人员,若故障隐患未排除或未检查出已有隐患,将对飞行安全产生致命威胁 H15
旅客 民航飞机运行服务的主要对象,旅客在飞机运行过程中,未系紧安全带、将不满足规定的锂电池或含锂电池的产品带入飞机等行为不利于飞机的安全运行 H18
设施
设备
因素
飞机本身 飞机划分为起落架、发动机、燃油系统、其他系统或零部件4部分,任一部分出现故障或零部件存在设计缺陷,对安全运行的影响是毁灭性的 F5
机场跑道 机场跑道上的标线、灯光等是保障民航安全的重要手段。跑道灯光系统的故障、设计不规范、跑道标线的缺失或模糊都在一定程度上影响飞行安全 F3
环境
因素
机场跑道
环境
主要包括跑道道面环境以及跑道地理环境,跑道道面环境是指跑道道面上的干净整洁,没有金属碎片、轮胎碎片等污染物;跑道地理环境是指机场位于高海拔、多雨、多雾等对飞行安全不利的自然环境 E1
天气 飞机所处空域的天气状况,如下雨、多云、大风等不利于飞机运行的天气状况 E3
空域环境 在飞行的空域是否有鸟类,防止发生鸟击事故 E4
管理
因素
航空公司 主要负责航空运输业务的航线、对飞行员的管理等工作,若航空公司对其管理和监督不当,可能增加飞行冲突发生的风险,进而导致飞行事故的发生 M2
机场管理 综合管理机场内的飞机、车辆、跑道、滑行道等,完成对飞机起飞和降落的保障。若管理调度失误,可能会发生跑道入侵事故 M5
机组培训 对飞行员进行定期培训或复训,确保其技术可靠,工作稳定 M1
民航主管部
门的监督
负责管理和监督民航公司、机场管理单位等机构或部门监督监管不严,可能导致民航事故的发生 M4
文件的
不合理
民航运输有关的标准、运行手册、规则制度等设置不合理或不符合实际要求,对民航运输产生威胁 M6
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335599506314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Types of civil aviation accidents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故类别 类型
飞机起火A1 由于事故撞击或非事故撞击引起的飞机起火或冒烟
运行失效A2 飞机的系统、部件发生故障、失控,或者飞机危险接近、相撞等
失控A3 失控/失速
地面安全A4 飞机与地面障碍物碰撞等
跑道安全A5 冲偏出跑道、野生动物撞击、跑道侵入、跑道外接地等
可控飞行撞地A6 可控飞行撞地、起飞着陆期间与障碍物相撞等
其他事故A7 客舱安全、机长失能、鸟击、油料相关问题、数据错误等
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335687586699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

民航事故类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故类别 类型
飞机起火A1 由于事故撞击或非事故撞击引起的飞机起火或冒烟
运行失效A2 飞机的系统、部件发生故障、失控,或者飞机危险接近、相撞等
失控A3 失控/失速
地面安全A4 飞机与地面障碍物碰撞等
跑道安全A5 冲偏出跑道、野生动物撞击、跑道侵入、跑道外接地等
可控飞行撞地A6 可控飞行撞地、起飞着陆期间与障碍物相撞等
其他事故A7 客舱安全、机长失能、鸟击、油料相关问题、数据错误等
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335746306956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Annotation of data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 事故标题 事故原因 案例标签
2010-05-04 阿维安卡航空F100波哥大起飞(起飞)起落架故障(运行失效) 起飞滑跑过程中起落架的过度振动导致扭转阻尼器连杆固定销剪断(起落架故障或折断) T,F1A2
2011-07-17 阿伦航空AT72香侬着陆(进近与着陆)时前起落架折断(运行失效) 在恶劣的大风条件下(不利的天气条件),侧风着陆时的进近速度过大,飞机俯仰姿态控制不当(飞行员操作失误) AL,H12E3A2
2012-07-31 美联航B739丹佛遭鸟击空速指示失效(其他事故) 飞机下降过程(下降)中与鸟发生碰撞(鸟击),导致左侧空速管损坏、左右两侧主飞行显示器的空速指示失效(飞机零部件或系统故障) D,E4F2A7
2012-02-15 捷克航空AT42布拉格进近(进近与着陆)机长失能死亡(其他事故) 准备着陆阶段机长的猝死(飞行员失能)是由于一种罕见的、隐藏性较强的心血管系统疾病所致 AL,H11A7
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335821804429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数据标注

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时间 事故标题 事故原因 案例标签
2010-05-04 阿维安卡航空F100波哥大起飞(起飞)起落架故障(运行失效) 起飞滑跑过程中起落架的过度振动导致扭转阻尼器连杆固定销剪断(起落架故障或折断) T,F1A2
2011-07-17 阿伦航空AT72香侬着陆(进近与着陆)时前起落架折断(运行失效) 在恶劣的大风条件下(不利的天气条件),侧风着陆时的进近速度过大,飞机俯仰姿态控制不当(飞行员操作失误) AL,H12E3A2
2012-07-31 美联航B739丹佛遭鸟击空速指示失效(其他事故) 飞机下降过程(下降)中与鸟发生碰撞(鸟击),导致左侧空速管损坏、左右两侧主飞行显示器的空速指示失效(飞机零部件或系统故障) D,E4F2A7
2012-02-15 捷克航空AT42布拉格进近(进近与着陆)机长失能死亡(其他事故) 准备着陆阶段机长的猝死(飞行员失能)是由于一种罕见的、隐藏性较强的心血管系统疾病所致 AL,H11A7
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335884718990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Statistics of civil aviation accident causative factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 事故致因因素 数目 占比/% 维度 事故致因因素 数目 占比/%
人为因
H
H1 16 1.04 设施设备因
F
F1 85 15.15
H2 62 4.01 F2 199 35.47
H3 131 8.48 F3 14 2.50
H4 28 1.81 F4 12 2.14
H5 77 4.98 F5 167 29.77
H6 28 1.81 F6 26 4.63
H7 64 4.14 F7 58 10.34
H8 35 2.27 环境因
E
E1 56 22.58
H9 41 2.65 E2 9 3.63
H10 118 7.64 E3 169 68.15
H11 15 0.97 E4 14 5.65
H12 353 22.85 管理因
M
M1 74 25.00
H13 74 4.79 M2 16 5.41
H14 241 15.60 M3 59 19.93
H15 98 6.34 M4 29 9.80
H16 38 2.46 M5 28 9.46
H17 101 6.54 M6 90 30.41
H18 25 1.62
), ArticleFig(id=1168130335951827855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

民航事故致因因素统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度 事故致因因素 数目 占比/% 维度 事故致因因素 数目 占比/%
人为因
H
H1 16 1.04 设施设备因
F
F1 85 15.15
H2 62 4.01 F2 199 35.47
H3 131 8.48 F3 14 2.50
H4 28 1.81 F4 12 2.14
H5 77 4.98 F5 167 29.77
H6 28 1.81 F6 26 4.63
H7 64 4.14 F7 58 10.34
H8 35 2.27 环境因
E
E1 56 22.58
H9 41 2.65 E2 9 3.63
H10 118 7.64 E3 169 68.15
H11 15 0.97 E4 14 5.65
H12 353 22.85 管理因
M
M1 74 25.00
H13 74 4.79 M2 16 5.41
H14 241 15.60 M3 59 19.93
H15 98 6.34 M4 29 9.80
H16 38 2.46 M5 28 9.46
H17 101 6.54 M6 90 30.41
H18 25 1.62
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336023131024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
create_fptree (data_set,min_support)
输入:面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集data_set,最小支持度min_support
输出:飞行全过程与民航事故致因数据集的FP-Tree
(1)统计各项次数item_count
(2)for t in data_set:
(3) for item in t:
(4) 判断item是否在item_count中,若item在item_count中,item_count为1,否则为item_count= item_count+1
(5)for k in item_count:
(6) 删除不满足最小支持度的项
(7)用freqItemSet保存1-item.count
(8)if freqItemSet ==0
(9) return None,None
(10)for k in headerTable:
(11) 保存count并初始化头指针和布尔值
(12)初始化FP-Tree创建一个节点Null
(13)for t in data_set:
(14) for item in t
(15) 过滤小于最小支持度的频繁项
(16) 根据全局频数对单样本排序和更新树
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336073462673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
create_fptree (data_set,min_support)
输入:面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集data_set,最小支持度min_support
输出:飞行全过程与民航事故致因数据集的FP-Tree
(1)统计各项次数item_count
(2)for t in data_set:
(3) for item in t:
(4) 判断item是否在item_count中,若item在item_count中,item_count为1,否则为item_count= item_count+1
(5)for k in item_count:
(6) 删除不满足最小支持度的项
(7)用freqItemSet保存1-item.count
(8)if freqItemSet ==0
(9) return None,None
(10)for k in headerTable:
(11) 保存count并初始化头指针和布尔值
(12)初始化FP-Tree创建一个节点Null
(13)for t in data_set:
(14) for item in t
(15) 过滤小于最小支持度的频繁项
(16) 根据全局频数对单样本排序和更新树
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336140571538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FP-Growth(data_set,min_support,min_conf)
输入:面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集data_set,最小支持度min_support,最小置信度min_conf
输出:频繁模式freqItemSet,关联规则rule_list
(1)创建频繁项集集合freqItemSet
(2)创建data_set的FP-Tree
(3)找到所有满足最小支持度min_support的频繁项集freqItemSet
(4)for i in freqItemSet:
(5) 将频繁项根据大小保存到L
(6)生成关联规则列表rule_list
(7)判断频繁项集的置信度是否大于min_conf,若大于min_conf,保存关联规则到rule_list,否则不保存
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336199291795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FP-Growth(data_set,min_support,min_conf)
输入:面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集data_set,最小支持度min_support,最小置信度min_conf
输出:频繁模式freqItemSet,关联规则rule_list
(1)创建频繁项集集合freqItemSet
(2)创建data_set的FP-Tree
(3)找到所有满足最小支持度min_support的频繁项集freqItemSet
(4)for i in freqItemSet:
(5) 将频繁项根据大小保存到L
(6)生成关联规则列表rule_list
(7)判断频繁项集的置信度是否大于min_conf,若大于min_conf,保存关联规则到rule_list,否则不保存
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336249623444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Examples of frequent itemsets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 频繁项集 序号 频繁项集
1 AL,E3, A5H12H9 6 H10,AL,M1A5E1
2 H14,ALH17H8A6 7 AL,H12M6A5
3 CL,H12H14A7H13 8 H7A7
4 H14M1H13A5 9 H14H9A6
5 H7,AL,H17A5H12 10 H3H2M2,AL
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336316732309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

频繁项集示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 频繁项集 序号 频繁项集
1 AL,E3, A5H12H9 6 H10,AL,M1A5E1
2 H14,ALH17H8A6 7 AL,H12M6A5
3 CL,H12H14A7H13 8 H7A7
4 H14M1H13A5 9 H14H9A6
5 H7,AL,H17A5H12 10 H3H2M2,AL
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336404812694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Examples of association rules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 置信度 规则前项 规则后项
1 1.000 M4F5 CL
2 1.000 H1E3 CR
3 1.000 M3F1 AL
4 1.000 H8A2 AL
5 1.000 H8F3 AL
6 0.900 M4A5 AL
7 0.833 A7H15 T
8 0.818 M1E3 AL
9 0.800 H15F4 T
10 0.800 H7A6 D
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336467727255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

关联规则示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 置信度 规则前项 规则后项
1 1.000 M4F5 CL
2 1.000 H1E3 CR
3 1.000 M3F1 AL
4 1.000 H8A2 AL
5 1.000 H8F3 AL
6 0.900 M4A5 AL
7 0.833 A7H15 T
8 0.818 M1E3 AL
9 0.800 H15F4 T
10 0.800 H7A6 D
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336534836120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Association rules co-occurrence matrix

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标签 AL E1 E3 F1 H12 H14 H8 M3 A5
AL 0 87 148 62 200 180 91 81 234
E1 87 0 22 0 28 15 10 0 43
E3 148 22 0 10 58 46 8 16 71
F1 62 0 10 0 22 20 0 22 5
H12 200 28 58 22 0 75 24 27 83
H14 180 15 46 20 75 0 28 23 70
H8 91 10 8 0 24 28 0 4 24
M3 81 0 16 22 27 23 4 0 18
A5 234 43 71 5 83 70 24 18 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336618722201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

关联规则共现矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签 AL E1 E3 F1 H12 H14 H8 M3 A5
AL 0 87 148 62 200 180 91 81 234
E1 87 0 22 0 28 15 10 0 43
E3 148 22 0 10 58 46 8 16 71
F1 62 0 10 0 22 20 0 22 5
H12 200 28 58 22 0 75 24 27 83
H14 180 15 46 20 75 0 28 23 70
H8 91 10 8 0 24 28 0 4 24
M3 81 0 16 22 27 23 4 0 18
A5 234 43 71 5 83 70 24 18 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336715191194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Centralities of flight phases and key causes of civil aviation accidents

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序号 标签 度数中心度 中间中心度 接近中心度
1 AL 35 39.746 80.702
2 H12 40 84.323 88.462
3 H14 37 45.959 83.636
4 E3 33 35.338 77.966
5 H10 32 20.624 76.667
6 M6 32 36.958 76.667
7 D 24 16.106 67.647
8 T 29 53.543 73.016
9 CR 14 4.797 58.228
10 CL 17 13.040 61.333
11 F4 5 0.050 52.273
12 F6 7 1.545 52.874
13 H18 7 0.216 52.273
14 E2 7 0.085 54.118
15 E4 3 0 51.111
), ArticleFig(id=1168130336790688667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739134404706770, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

飞行阶段与关键事故致因的中心度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 标签 度数中心度 中间中心度 接近中心度
1 AL 35 39.746 80.702
2 H12 40 84.323 88.462
3 H14 37 45.959 83.636
4 E3 33 35.338 77.966
5 H10 32 20.624 76.667
6 M6 32 36.958 76.667
7 D 24 16.106 67.647
8 T 29 53.543 73.016
9 CR 14 4.797 58.228
10 CL 17 13.040 61.333
11 F4 5 0.050 52.273
12 F6 7 1.545 52.874
13 H18 7 0.216 52.273
14 E2 7 0.085 54.118
15 E4 3 0 51.111
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面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因关联网络分析
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刘丹 1, 2, 3 , 罗颜声 1, 2, 3 , 李诗轩 1, 2, 3, ** , 许钢焱 4 , 李墨潇 1, 2, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 84-92
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 84-92
面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因关联网络分析
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刘丹1, 2, 3 , 罗颜声1, 2, 3, 李诗轩1, 2, 3, ** , 许钢焱4, 李墨潇1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 湖北隆中实验室,湖北 襄阳 441022
  • 2 武汉理工大学 中国应急管理研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 4 香港理工大学 工程学院,香港 999077
  • 刘丹 (1985—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事公共安全与应急管理、机器学习与智能计算、风险评估与应急决策方面的研究。E-mail:

    许钢焱,助理教授。

    李墨潇,副教授。

通讯作者:

** 李诗轩(1993—),女,湖北十堰人,博士,副教授,主要从事知识组织与情报分析、应急舆情分析与文本挖掘方面的研究。E-mail:
Causes and correlation network analysis of civil aviation accidents for whole flight phases
Dan LIU1, 2, 3 , Yansheng LUO1, 2, 3, Shixuan LI1, 2, 3, ** , Gangyan XU4, Moxiao LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Longzhong Laboratory,Wuhan University of Technology,Xiangyang Hubei 441022,China
  • 2 China Research Center for Emergency Management,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China
  • 3 School of Safety Science and Emergency Management,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China
  • 4 Faculty of Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong 999077,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0679
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为提升我国民航安全水平,面向“滑行—起飞—爬升—巡航—下降—进近与着陆”的飞行全过程,提出一种基于关联规则和社会网络分析(SNA)的致因分析方法。首先,搜集中国民航安全信息系统2010—2022年共1 051起民航事故案例,结合《控制航行服务程序—培训》,建立基于“人—机—环—管”的民航事故致因体系;其次,采用EasyData数据服务平台进行标注,构建面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集,基于FP-Growth算法挖掘以飞行阶段为规则后项的关联规则;最后,考虑关联规则的共现频率,构建民航事故致因关联网络,开展飞行阶段与事故致因的中心性分析。结果表明:进近与着陆阶段是飞行过程中风险最大的阶段,运行失效、跑道安全事故和客舱安全事故是主要事故类型,在挖掘出的10个民航事故关键致因因素中,人为因素4个、设施设备因素 2个、 环境因素3个、 管理因素1个。

飞行全过程  /  民航事故  /  事故致因  /  关联网络  /  社会网络分析(SNA)

In order to improve the safety level of China Civil Aviation,a cause analysis method,which focused on the whole process of 'taxiing-takeoff-climbing-cruising-falling-approaching and landing',was proposed based on association rules and SNA. Firstly,a total of 1 051 civil aviation accident cases from 2010 to 2022 were collected from Aviation Safety Information System. Then,a civil aviation accident causation index system based on 'human-machine-environment-management' was established in combination with 'control navigation service procedure-training'. Secondly,the EasyData data service platform was used for annotation,followed by constructing the data-set of the cause of civil aviation accidents facing the whole process of flight. Furthermore,the FP-Growth algorithm was employed to mine the association rules with the flight phase as the subsequent term of rules. Finally,this study emphasized the co-occurrence frequency of association rules,and developed the correlation network of civil aviation accident causes by applying the centrality analysis of flight phase and accident causes. The results show that the most dangerous phases of flight are the approach and landing. Operation failures,runway safe accidents and cabin safe accidents are the main types. Among the 10 identified causes of civil aviation accidents,there are 4 human factors,2 facilities and equipment factors,3 environmental factors and 1 management factor.

whole flight process  /  civil aviation accidents  /  cause of accident  /  correlation network  /  social network analysis(SNA)
刘丹, 罗颜声, 李诗轩, 许钢焱, 李墨潇. 面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因关联网络分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 84 -92 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0679
Dan LIU, Yansheng LUO, Shixuan LI, Gangyan XU, Moxiao LI. Causes and correlation network analysis of civil aviation accidents for whole flight phases[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 84 -92 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0679
民用航空(简称民航)是现代长途运输的重要组成部分之一,是国民经济的重要基础性产业。2010—2022年民航行业发展统计公报显示,民航旅客吞吐量从2010年的5.64亿人次增长到2019年的13.52亿人次,总体呈上升趋势。受疫情影响,近3年有所回落,2022年降至5.20亿人次。伴随民航运输的高速发展,民航事故征候呈递增趋势,2018—2022年,我国年均民航事故征候数486起。一旦由事故征候发展成事故,将造成巨大的经济损失或人员伤亡。民航运输的安全事故,涉及机场管理单位、飞机部件生产单位、飞机设计及生产部门、飞行员的驾驶习惯和经验、地面服务与保障人员等多主体,以及“滑行—起飞—爬升—巡航—下降—进近与着陆”等多环节,在多主体、多环节、多要素耦合条件下,分析民航事故致因因素,研究飞行过程和事故致因的关联关系,对于防范化解民航重大风险,具有十分重要的意义。
目前,针对民航事故致因的研究主要集中在致因体系建立和关键致因分析2方面。庞兵等[1]使用人的因素分析与分类系统 (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System,HFACS)建立了民航事故人因分析模型;于郝欣等[2]采用HFACS分析了通用航空飞行事故致因因素;潘杰[3]使用瑞士奶酪模型构建了民航事故致因网络。在建立民航事故致因体系的基础上,学者们进一步量化分析了事故致因之间的关联关系。KOTEESWARAN等[4]使用数据挖掘方法分析了航空安全体系导致事故的潜在因素;ZHANG Chenyang等[5]重点分析了飞行员与其他致因因素之间的联合效应,研究了民航事故关键致因;王霞等[6]针对空中管制员的危险感知上的偏差,分析了管制员的危险行为关键致因;岳仁田等[7]使用反向模糊Petri网分析了257起事故和21个民航事故的关键致因因素;GUO Yuanyuan等[8]从20个风险因素出发,使用深度学习分析了事故类型与事故致因之间的隐含关联。上述研究大多聚焦于民航运行过程中的某一飞行阶段或单一主体,未考虑在飞机运行的不同阶段,人员(飞行员、管理员等)和部门(地面保障单位、机场服务单位等)的多主体职责与交互的差异性。
鉴于此,笔者拟面向“滑行—起飞—爬升—巡航—下降—进近与着陆”的飞行全过程,构建民航事故案例库,建立基于“人-机-环-管”民航事故致因体系,形成面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集,采用关联规则算法挖掘以飞行阶段为规则后项的关联规则,构建民航事故致因关联网络,量化分析事故致因、事故类型和飞行阶段间的联系,以期提升民航安全。
2010年,伊春空难发生后,民航局发布了《关于进一步加强当前航空安全工作的若干措施》等重要文件,我国民航无重大安全事故持续4 427天(约12年),直至2022年东航坠机事故。以此2个标志性事故为时间区间,收集中国民用航空安全信息系统(https://safety.caac.gov.cn/index/initpage.act)国际事故调查跟踪板块中共1 051起事故,以此构成案例库,结合《空中航行服务程序-培训》[9]和民航事故致因研究[1710-13],总结出人为因素H、设施设备因素F、环境因素E和管理因素M等4个维度35个民航事故致因因素,建立基于“人-机-环-管”民航事故致因体系,见表1。其中,以*标注致因因素来自案例库和文献[9]的文件,其余来源于历史文献。对于民航事故致因因素分析,见表2。根据事故特点及文献[14],将民航事故类型主要分为7类,见表3
采用百度EasyData数据服务平台,对民航事故案例库按“滑行(P)—起飞(T)—爬升(CL)—巡航(CR)—下降(D)—进近与着陆(AL)”的飞行全过程、事故类型和致因体系标注数据,构建面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因数据集,数据标注见表4。各民航事故致因因素出现的次数及各致因因素的占比情况,见表5;不同飞行阶段发生事故次数的占比情况,如图1所示;“人-机-环-管”出现总次数的占比情况,如图2所示;民航事故类型的占比情况,如图3 所示。
图1可知:在不同的飞行阶段发生事故的数量由多到少依次为AL(374起)→T(180起)→CL(164起)→CR(163起)→D(144起)→P(26起),其中,进近与着陆阶段发生事故的数量是其他阶段的2倍有余,是飞行过程中风险最大的阶段。
表5图2可知:在“人-机-环-管”4个方面,人为因素比其他3方面因素的总和多16%;其中,致因因素H12H14占人为因素的40%,是人为因素中的主要致因因素。
表5可知:F2F5F的主要致因因素,共占F的65.24%;环境因素中最主要致因因素是E3;M6M1共占管理因素的55.41%,是管理因素中的主要致因因素。
图3可知:A2A5A7共占事故类型的85.06%。对其他事故进一步标注分析,客舱安全事故共131起,占其他事故的50.58%,占案例库的12.46%,在所有事故类型中排第3,因此,有必要将客舱安全事故单独作为一类,其标签为A8A2A5A8这3种共占案例库的72.88%,为主要事故类型。
2001年,韩家炜等[15]提出采用分治策略的频繁模式增长(Frequent Pattern Growth,FP-Growth)算法,将飞行全过程和民航事故致因数据集中的关联信息压缩到一棵频繁模式树。关联分析是指形如XY的表达式,其中,XY是不交项集,衡量关联性的2个指标分别是置信度和支持度。支持度(Support)是指在数据集中前项X与后项Y同时出现的项集数与总项集数的比值,表示其在事务总项集中出现的频率,其计算式为:
  S u p p o r t ( X Y ) = S u p p o r t ( X Y ) = P ( X Y )
式中:X为前项;Y为后项;Support(XY)为支持度;P(XY)为XY同时出现的概率。
置信度(Confidence)是指在项集中同时出现XY的项集数与仅出现X的项集数的比值,表示包含X的事务中出现Y的条件概率,其计算式为:
C o n f i d e n c e ( X Y ) = S u p p o r t ( X Y ) S u p p o r t ( X )
式中:Support(X)为X的支持度;Support(XY)为XY的支持度。
基于FP-Growth算法挖掘飞行全过程和民航事故致因关联规则分为构建频繁模式树(Frequent Pattern tree,FP-Tree)和FP-Growth挖掘2部分。构建FP-Tree的伪代码如下:
FP-Growth挖掘算法的伪代码如下:
为确保挖掘出的关联规则的可信性,参照文献[15],设置置信度为0.80,支持度为2~7,挖掘出以其他节点为规则后项的关联规则数量和以飞行阶段为关联规则后项的关联规则数量,如图4所示。
为充分挖掘在不同的飞行阶段导致民航事故发生的关键致因因素,得到尽可能多的以飞行阶段为关联后项的关联规则,设支持度为2,共得到4 996条飞行阶段和民航事故致因的频繁项集,选取10条频繁项集示例,见表6
共挖掘出4 384条关联规则,其中,以飞行阶段为规则后项的关联规则有703条。由于飞行全过程和民航事故致因数据集中在滑行阶段发生的事故数量较少,涉及到以起飞、爬升、巡航、进近与着陆、下降5个飞行阶段为关联后项的关联规则,部分关联规则见表7
计算703条以飞行阶段为规则后项的关联规则中事故致因和飞行阶段的共现频率,得到关联规则的共现矩阵,见表8。共现矩阵中任意2个节点的共现值越大,则关联性越强。根据共现矩阵,使用UciNet中的NetDraw工具绘制面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因关联网络,如图5所示。节点间连线表示民航事故致因之间、民航事故致因和飞行阶段之间存在关联关系,节点之间的连线越粗表示关联越紧密。
在共现矩阵和社会网络分析法(Social Network Analysis,SNA)网络中,飞行阶段AL与其他的35个节点(5个事故类型和30个事故致因因素节点)有联系,是飞行阶段中与其他节点联系最紧密的节点。根据共现矩阵,飞行阶段AL和致因因素H12H14E3同时出现的次数远超其他节点,且飞行阶段AL和这3个事故致因节点之间的连线也最粗,表明在进近与着陆阶段,H12H14E3这3个民航事故致因因素关系最紧密。飞行阶段AL和事故类型A5同时出现234次,远超其他的事故类型,在进近与着陆阶段,应重点防范跑道安全事故。
飞行阶段的其他节点与民航事故致因之间的联系明显弱于进近与着陆阶段,飞行阶段D和24个节点(4个事故类型和20个民航事故致因节点)有联系,其中,与事故类型A6同时出现25次,和致因因素H7同时出现24次,和其他节点的共现次数均在5次左右;飞行阶段T和29个节点(4个事故类型和25个民航事故致因节点)有联系,但共现次数的平均值为6次,关联性较弱;飞行阶段CR共和 13个节点(2个事故类型和11个事故致因节点)有联系,且和事故类型A8同时出现13次,巡航时应注重关注客舱的情况;飞行阶段CL共和17个节点(2个事故类型和15个事故致因节点)有联系,联系次数均小于5。
在民航事故致因关联网络中,运用SNA的节点中心性量化评估各民航事故致因因素或飞行阶段在网络中的重要性。度数中心度表示一个节点直接相连的节点个数,度值越大表明该节点和其他节点联系越紧密。中间中心度表示一个节点在多大程度上控制其他点对关系的能力,度值越大表明该节点越处于网络的核心位置。接近中心度又称整体中心度,表示一个节点与其他节点的最短路径之和,度值越大表示该节点越不是网络的核心节点。飞行阶段和民航事故致因之间的联系越紧密或飞行阶段节点越处于核心位置,在该飞行阶段导致事故发生的致因因素越多。使用UciNet计算关联网络的度数中心度、中间中心度和接近中心度,筛选飞行阶段节点、度数中心度和中间中心度最大的5个节点以及接近中心度最小的5个节点,飞行阶段与关键事故致因的中心度见表9
表9可知:
1) 飞行阶段的度数中心度以“AL→T→D→ CL→CR”的顺序依次减小,中间中心度以“T→AL→D→CL→ CR”的顺序依次减少,表明它们与各事故致因因素的联系也依次减弱;度数中心度的排序和中间中心度的排序差异在于AL和T节点。然而,飞行阶段AL发生的事故数量为飞行阶段T的2.1倍,且AL节点与事故类别或致因因素的连接数量均多于起飞节点。因此,认为飞机在AL、T、D、CL、CR飞行阶段与事故致因因素之间的联系依次减弱。
2) 事故致因节点度数中心度最大的5个依次是“H12H14E3M6H10”;中间中心度最大的 5个依次是“H12H14M6E3H10”;接近中心度最小的5个依次为“E4F4H18F6E2”,未涉及度数中心度和中间中心度前5的节点。
因此,民航事故关键致因因素共10个:人为因素为H12H14H10H18;设施设备因素为F4F6;环境因素为E3E4E2;管理因素为M6。对比文献[5717],挖掘出5个新的关键致因因素,分别是F6M6E4F4H18
1) 构建面向飞行全过程的民航事故致因体系,补充了6个事故致因因素,通过统计分析得到,进近与着陆阶段是飞行过程中风险最大的阶段,运行失效、跑道安全事故和客舱安全事故是主要事故类型,人为因素是主要的致因因素。
2) 运用FP-Growth算法分析事故致因关联关系,得到置信度为0.8,支持度为2,以飞行阶段为规则后项的关联规则703条。
3) 运用SNA构建民航事故致因网络,网络分析得到10个关键致因因素,分别是人为因素4个、设施设备因素2个、环境因素3个、管理因素1个。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BGL280)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(72204194)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52209146)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0679
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 修回日期:2023-12-20
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BGL280)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(72204194)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52209146)
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学 湖北隆中实验室,湖北 襄阳 441022
    2 武汉理工大学 中国应急管理研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070
    3 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    4 香港理工大学 工程学院,香港 999077

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** 李诗轩(1993—),女,湖北十堰人,博士,副教授,主要从事知识组织与情报分析、应急舆情分析与文本挖掘方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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