Article(id=1149739133888803235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0009-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0451, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694534400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-13, revisedDate=1702656000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048770639, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048770639, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048770639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048770639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739134081741221, articleId=1149739133888803235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on configurational causes of employee work safety violations: from a complexity theoretical perspective, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the complex causality between EWSV and their multiple antecedent conditions,and to improve the efficiency of safety governance,a comprehensive model integrating contemporary deterrence theory,protection motivation theory,and social learning theory was constructed from a perspective of complexity theory. Based on this,six antecedent conditions affecting EWSV were identified from three perspectives: leader,coworker,and employee. Then,the fsQCA was used to reveal what configuration of antecedent conditions would lead to high level of EWSV. The results show that a single antecedent condition is insufficient to explain high level of EWSV but safety-specific leader punishment omission and coworker work safety violations(CWSV) play universal roles in forming high level of EWSV. Three types of driving modes composed of five condition configurations can lead to high level of EWSV. Three types of condition configurations lead to non-high level of EWSV. Reducing CWSV and improving employees' perception for formal sanctions are crucial for achieving non-high level of EWSV. Different combinations of multiple antecedent conditions can lead to high level of EWSV,and there is a complex causality (concurrency,equivalence,and asymmetry) between high level of EWSV and their antecedent conditions.

, correspAuthors=Jinnan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lin LIU, Jinnan WU, Qiang MEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149739140041847270, articleId=1149739133888803235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=复杂性理论视角下员工安全生产违规的前因组态研究, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示员工安全生产违规(EWSV)与其前因条件之间的复杂因果关系,提升安全治理效能,首先,基于复杂性理论,构建一个整合当代威慑理论、保护动机理论和社会学习理论的综合模型,从领导、同事和员工3个视角识别出影响EWSV的6种前因条件;然后,使用模糊集定性比较分析法 (fsQCA)揭示什么样的前因条件组态会导致高EWSV。研究结果表明:单一条件并不构成高EWSV的必要条件,但是,领导安全惩罚缺失(SLPO)和同事安全生产违规(CWSV)在产生高EWSV上发挥较普适的作用;5种条件组态构成的3类驱动模式均可导致高EWSV。3种条件组态导致非高EWSV,降低CWSV和提高员工感知正式惩罚对促成非高EWSV至关重要;多种前因条件的不同组合方式均可导致高EWSV,高EWSV与其多种前因条件之间存在并发性、等效性和非对称性的复杂因果关系。

, correspAuthors=吴金南, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 吴金南(1983—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事职业安全与健康方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘林 (1983—),女,安徽池州人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业安全生产管理方面的研究。E-mail:

梅强,教授。

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刘林 (1983—),女,安徽池州人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业安全生产管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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梅强,教授。

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梅强,教授。

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Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 2022, 50:208-240., articleTitle=Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) in information systems research: status quo, guidelines, and future directions, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168130321347257080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, awardId=72304002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学青年基金资助(72304002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168130317941482140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130317949870749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, companyId=1168130317941482140, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Management Science and Engineering,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'anshan Anhui 243032,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130317958259358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, companyId=1168130317941482140, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 安徽工业大学 管理科学与工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243032)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168130318067311265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130318075699873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, companyId=1168130318067311265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Business,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'anshan Anhui 243032,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130318079894178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, companyId=1168130318067311265, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 安徽工业大学 商学院,安徽 马鞍山 243032)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168130318167974566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130318176363175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, companyId=1168130318167974566, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Management,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212013,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130318180557480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, companyId=1168130318167974566, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 江苏大学 管理学院,江苏 镇江 212013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168130320336429795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Model for configuration of antecedent conditions of EWSV, figureFileSmall=cnydvZGVSaZuB35oBAmiNQ==, figureFileBig=IPMkr5IFh6A9qz/B1C+nnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130320479036132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EWSV前因组态模型, figureFileSmall=cnydvZGVSaZuB35oBAmiNQ==, figureFileBig=IPMkr5IFh6A9qz/B1C+nnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130320621642471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calibration anchors for variables and descriptive statistical results

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变量 校准锚点 描述性统计
5% 50% 95% 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
SLRO 1.00 2.00 4.00 2.35 0.88 1.00 4.67
SLPO 1.00 2.00 4.00 1.92 1.00 1.00 5.00
CWSV 1.00 1.60 4.30 1.78 0.97 1.00 5.00
ESMB 1.42 4.67 5.00 4.05 1.14 1.00 5.00
EPFS 2.86 20.00 25.00 18.42 6.63 1.78 25.00
EPAC 2.92 20.29 25.00 19.06 6.79 1.67 25.00
CWSV 1.00 1.60 4.15 1.79 0.92 1.00 4.80
), ArticleFig(id=1168130320781026026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量校准锚点及描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 校准锚点 描述性统计
5% 50% 95% 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
SLRO 1.00 2.00 4.00 2.35 0.88 1.00 4.67
SLPO 1.00 2.00 4.00 1.92 1.00 1.00 5.00
CWSV 1.00 1.60 4.30 1.78 0.97 1.00 5.00
ESMB 1.42 4.67 5.00 4.05 1.14 1.00 5.00
EPFS 2.86 20.00 25.00 18.42 6.63 1.78 25.00
EPAC 2.92 20.29 25.00 19.06 6.79 1.67 25.00
CWSV 1.00 1.60 4.15 1.79 0.92 1.00 4.80
), ArticleFig(id=1168130320885883628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Necessity test results of antecedent conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 高EWSV 非高EWSV
一致性 覆盖度 一致性 覆盖度
SLRO 0.862 0.866 0.605 0.636
~SLRO 0.499 0.467 0.682 0.922
SLPO 0.798 0.847 0.382 0.587
~SLPO 0.610 0.406 0.890 0.866
CWSV 0.856 0.904 0.342 0.522
~CWSV 0.548 0.365 0.937 0.904
ESMB 0.548 0.399 0.765 0.806
~ESMB 0.734 0.684 0.430 0.579
EPFS 0.521 0.385 0.859 0.917
~EPFS 0.887 0.813 0.424 0.561
EPAC 0.553 0.381 0.873 0.870
~EPAC 0.811 0.815 0.379 0.551
), ArticleFig(id=1168130320973964014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单变量必要条件检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 高EWSV 非高EWSV
一致性 覆盖度 一致性 覆盖度
SLRO 0.862 0.866 0.605 0.636
~SLRO 0.499 0.467 0.682 0.922
SLPO 0.798 0.847 0.382 0.587
~SLPO 0.610 0.406 0.890 0.866
CWSV 0.856 0.904 0.342 0.522
~CWSV 0.548 0.365 0.937 0.904
ESMB 0.548 0.399 0.765 0.806
~ESMB 0.734 0.684 0.430 0.579
EPFS 0.521 0.385 0.859 0.917
~EPFS 0.887 0.813 0.424 0.561
EPAC 0.553 0.381 0.873 0.870
~EPAC 0.811 0.815 0.379 0.551
), ArticleFig(id=1168130321024295664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Condition configuration with high level of EWSV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 S1a S1b S2a S2b S3
SLRO
SLPO
CWSV
ESMB
EPFS
EPAC
原始覆盖度 0.701 0.667 0.666 0.699 0.563
唯一覆盖度 0.044 0.010 0.009 0.042 0.016
一致性 0.973 0.986 0.987 0.982 0.982
解的覆盖度 0.779
解的一致性 0.962
), ArticleFig(id=1168130321112376049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高EWSV的条件组态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 S1a S1b S2a S2b S3
SLRO
SLPO
CWSV
ESMB
EPFS
EPAC
原始覆盖度 0.701 0.667 0.666 0.699 0.563
唯一覆盖度 0.044 0.010 0.009 0.042 0.016
一致性 0.973 0.986 0.987 0.982 0.982
解的覆盖度 0.779
解的一致性 0.962
), ArticleFig(id=1168130321171096307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Condition configuration with non-high level of EWSV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 NS1 NS2 NS3
SLRO
SLPO
CSPV
ESMB
EPFS
EPAC
原始覆盖度 0.721 0.507 0.434
唯一覆盖度 0.234 0.021 0.013
一致性 0.976 0.973 0.987
解的覆盖度 0.754
解的一致性 0.971
), ArticleFig(id=1168130321225622261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133888803235, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

员工非高安全生产违规的条件组态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 NS1 NS2 NS3
SLRO
SLPO
CSPV
ESMB
EPFS
EPAC
原始覆盖度 0.721 0.507 0.434
唯一覆盖度 0.234 0.021 0.013
一致性 0.976 0.973 0.987
解的覆盖度 0.754
解的一致性 0.971
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复杂性理论视角下员工安全生产违规的前因组态研究
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刘林 1 , 吴金南 2, ** , 梅强 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(3): 9-19
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(3): 9-19
复杂性理论视角下员工安全生产违规的前因组态研究
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刘林1 , 吴金南2, ** , 梅强3
作者信息
  • 1 安徽工业大学 管理科学与工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243032
  • 2 安徽工业大学 商学院,安徽 马鞍山 243032
  • 3 江苏大学 管理学院,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 刘林 (1983—),女,安徽池州人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业安全生产管理方面的研究。E-mail:

    梅强,教授。

通讯作者:

** 吴金南(1983—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事职业安全与健康方面的研究。E-mail:
Research on configurational causes of employee work safety violations: from a complexity theoretical perspective
Lin LIU1 , Jinnan WU2, ** , Qiang MEI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management Science and Engineering,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'anshan Anhui 243032,China
  • 2 School of Business,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'anshan Anhui 243032,China
  • 3 School of Management,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212013,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0451
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为揭示员工安全生产违规(EWSV)与其前因条件之间的复杂因果关系,提升安全治理效能,首先,基于复杂性理论,构建一个整合当代威慑理论、保护动机理论和社会学习理论的综合模型,从领导、同事和员工3个视角识别出影响EWSV的6种前因条件;然后,使用模糊集定性比较分析法 (fsQCA)揭示什么样的前因条件组态会导致高EWSV。研究结果表明:单一条件并不构成高EWSV的必要条件,但是,领导安全惩罚缺失(SLPO)和同事安全生产违规(CWSV)在产生高EWSV上发挥较普适的作用;5种条件组态构成的3类驱动模式均可导致高EWSV。3种条件组态导致非高EWSV,降低CWSV和提高员工感知正式惩罚对促成非高EWSV至关重要;多种前因条件的不同组合方式均可导致高EWSV,高EWSV与其多种前因条件之间存在并发性、等效性和非对称性的复杂因果关系。

复杂性理论  /  员工安全生产违规(EWSV)  /  前因组态  /  正式惩罚  /  安全道德信念  /  模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)

In order to reveal the complex causality between EWSV and their multiple antecedent conditions,and to improve the efficiency of safety governance,a comprehensive model integrating contemporary deterrence theory,protection motivation theory,and social learning theory was constructed from a perspective of complexity theory. Based on this,six antecedent conditions affecting EWSV were identified from three perspectives: leader,coworker,and employee. Then,the fsQCA was used to reveal what configuration of antecedent conditions would lead to high level of EWSV. The results show that a single antecedent condition is insufficient to explain high level of EWSV but safety-specific leader punishment omission and coworker work safety violations(CWSV) play universal roles in forming high level of EWSV. Three types of driving modes composed of five condition configurations can lead to high level of EWSV. Three types of condition configurations lead to non-high level of EWSV. Reducing CWSV and improving employees' perception for formal sanctions are crucial for achieving non-high level of EWSV. Different combinations of multiple antecedent conditions can lead to high level of EWSV,and there is a complex causality (concurrency,equivalence,and asymmetry) between high level of EWSV and their antecedent conditions.

complexity theory  /  employee work safety violations (EWSV)  /  antecedent configuration  /  formal sanctions  /  safety-specific moral belief  /  fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)
刘林, 吴金南, 梅强. 复杂性理论视角下员工安全生产违规的前因组态研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0451
Lin LIU, Jinnan WU, Qiang MEI. Research on configurational causes of employee work safety violations: from a complexity theoretical perspective[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0451
职业健康与安全关系劳动者生命安全和切身利益,事关经济发展和社会稳定大局。但在全球高风险行业,职业安全和职业危害问题依然严峻[1]。近年来发生的重大生产安全事故给企业生产和人民生活带来巨大的负向影响[2],个体违反企业安全程序和标准是导致工伤和事故最重要的原因之一[3]。有效应对职业健康与安全挑战,科学预防和管控员工安全生产违规(Employee Work Safety Violations,EWSV)行为,提升安全治理效能,依然是现阶段实现企业安全治理现代化面临的挑战,也是当前国内外行为安全管理学者关注的重点议题[4-5]
现有研究将EWSV行为影响因素大致分为3类:①个体特征因素。主要涉及个体的认知、生理和心理等因素[6-7]。②工作特征因素。主要涉及个体工作的资源、环境和压力等因素[18]。③组织情境因素。主要包括安全培训、安全氛围和安全领导等因素[9-11]。上述研究对理解EWSV行为形成机制作出重要贡献,但是,以下问题仍需进一步探讨:①现有文献主要关注如何实现员工安全生产行为(包括安全遵守和安全参与),并基于因果对称性假设认为员工安全生产行为的影响因素也会方向作用于EWSV,因此,较少关注EWSV及其成因[5]。XIA Nini等[12]指出,缺乏对安全生产违规形成机制的研究可能是造成安全问题依然是全球企业面临的一个共同挑战的重要原因。②已有文献主要基于单一理论视角,关注少数因素对EWSV的独立影响,且主要研究哪些因素会诱发EWSV,较少关注道德信念、正式惩罚和非正式惩罚等威慑因素对EWSV的抑制作用[13-14]。③现有文献基于以变量为基础的传统实证方法,假定多种影响因素彼此独立地影响EWSV,限制了对同事、领导和员工自身等多重因素之间协同匹配效应的理解,既不适合研究复杂因果关系[15],也不能揭示多重因素构成的组态如何共同影响EWSV[16]
鉴于此,笔者拟基于复杂性理论视角,整合当代威慑理论、保护动机理论和社会学习理论等多个理论视角,构建一个综合性的理论分析框架解释安全生产违规,并采用以案例为基础的模糊集定性比较分析法(fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis,fsQCA)揭示EWSV与其前因条件之间的复杂因果关系,以期为高危企业从个体、班组和企业等多个层面设计更加系统科学的安全生产治理协同政策,提供重要的决策参考。
复杂性理论强调前因变量和结果变量之间关系的复杂性,即特定组态中相同的“原因”能够产生不同的“结果”,或者相同的“结果”可能来自不同的“原因”,而且,这种复杂因果关系可能会根据不同的组态而变化[17]。复杂性理论强调的自变量与因变量之间的复杂关系体现为3种原则,即并发性(多个前因条件的组合产生结果)、等效性(多个不同的条件组合可能产生相同结果)和不对称性(在不同情境下,当特定结果出现时某个条件可能出现也可能不出现)[18]。该理论通过考虑多个前因条件之间的动态和复杂关系,为探索变量之间的关系提供了一个新颖、深刻而有用的理论视角[19]。而且,有研究表明:安全生产违规研究需要一种整合的方法将不同的理论观点结合起来[20]。因此,笔者构建一个综合模型,以更全面地揭示哪些因素通过什么样的相互作用导致员工高安全生产违规。该模型由3个理论中的6个构念组成:员工感知正式惩罚(Employee Perceived Formal Sanction,EPFS)与员工安全道德信念(Employee Safety Moral Belief,ESMB)(当代威慑理论)、员工感知事故成本(Employee Perceived Accident Cost,EPAC)(保护动机理论)以及同事安全生产违规(Coworker Work Safety Violations,CWSV)、领导安全奖励缺失(Safety-specific Leader Reward Omission,SLRO)和领导安全惩罚缺失(Safety-specific Leader Punishment Omission,SLPO)(社会学习理论)。
当代威慑理论认为,来自组织的正式惩罚作为强制性的组织控制机制,会增加员工感知安全生产违规成本[21],从而对安全生产违规形成威慑。但是,较少有学者探讨正式惩罚是否影响EWSV。虽然信息安全领域有文献从正式惩罚视角理解员工为什么会在工作中违反公司信息安全操作规程(信息安全违规),但至今没有得到一致结论。比如:D'ARCY等[21]研究发现,感知正式惩罚确定性越高,用户信息安全违规意图越低,但感知惩罚严厉性对违规意图的影响不显著。相反,CHENG Lijiao等[22]研究发现,感知惩罚严厉性越高,用户信息安全违规意图越低,但感知惩罚确定性对违规意图的影响不显著。VANCE等[23]研究发现,感知正式惩罚的确定性和严厉性与违规意图之间没有显著关系。LUO Xin等[24]认为,现有研究没有考虑违规的情境,是造成矛盾结论的重要原因。
道德信念是为了阻止个人从事不当行为而反复灌输的观念。BACHMAN等[25]认为,道德信念是比威慑导向的认知更重要的非正式社会控制机制,当个人持有强烈的道德信念时,期待的行为甚至不需要正式的奖励和惩罚。道德信念与工作场所安全密切相关,忽视甚至违反安全规则的决定可以理解为道德冲突[26]。现有研究较少考察道德信念对安全生产违规的约束作用[22]。最近一项针对中国钢铁工人的研究发现,ESMB不仅可以缓解消极规避型领导与安全生产违规之间的关系,还可以直接影响EWSV[27]。信息安全违规行为文献也表明:道德信念作为一种非正式惩罚机制,在不同国家文化中都能抑制安全违规意图[28]
保护动机理论阐释了个体如何以及为什么会采取保护行为。该理论认为,有关威胁的信息在个体中引起认知中介过程,进而引发适应性反应(如遵守安全政策)或适应不良反应(如违反安全政策)[29]。安全生产事故是造成员工自身职业伤害乃至生命损失以及企业资产与声誉损失的重大威胁[30]。根据保护动机理论,增加感知事故成本可以增加个体对安全威胁的总体感知水平,进而降低个体选择适应不良反应(如安全生产违规)的可能性[31]。然而,信息系统文献关于威胁评估与行为意图之间关系的结论表现出矛盾性。如YOON等[32]发现,感知威胁严重性与安全遵守行为正相关,但是BOEHMER等[33]却发现二者不相关,TSAI等[34]却发现二者负相关。由此看来,个体保护动机在不同情境下是不同的,应该探讨不同因素的调节作用,以便找出导致这些不一致结果的因素[35]
社会学习理论指出,个体会观察和模仿他人的行为,尤其是具有相同社会地位和工作环境的同伴行为。员工在日常工作中会参考同伴行为,以减少他们行动的不确定性和对违规行为的恐惧[36]。当员工经常观察到同事违反安全规则和操作规程,他们就可能以同事为榜样,模仿或学习同事的违规行为[14]。部分员工由于受同事压力(如避免被同事取笑)的影响,会从事与同事类似的违规行为,安全生产违规在同事-员工间具有人际传染效应[37]
现有行为安全管理研究重视积极领导方式对促进员工安全生产行为的影响,却忽视了消极规避型领导方式的危害[27]。SLRO是指领导者对下属的优秀安全绩效表现不做出任何回应的一种非强化领导行为,通常被认为是一种无效的领导方式[38]。参考社会学习理论中的强化概念,如果个体观察到某种行为受到正向强化(如安全生产行为得到领导的奖励),就会形成安全生产遵守的奖励预期;相反,如果发现这种行为并未得到积极强化(如安全生产行为没有得到领导的奖励),安全遵守动机就会减弱,甚至不再重复该行为[39]。MULLEN等[40]研究发现,当领导者没有采取奖励措施对员工安全生产行为进行正强化时,追随者遵守安全法规和操作程序的意愿就会降低。
SLPO是指领导者对下属糟糕的安全绩效表现不作出任何回应的一种非强化领导行为,是另一种消极规避型领导方式[41]。来自主管的惩罚不仅影响被惩罚者,也影响观察到惩罚事件的其他组织成员[42],因为观察者对导致负面后果的不当行为(如安全生产违规)产生了一种风险认知和惩罚预期。惩罚预期来自于对惩罚事件的观察,并通过社会学习机制抑制观察者实施被惩罚的行为[39]。如果主管无视下属糟糕的安全表现,会减少下属从事安全生产违规的惩罚预期,因此,无助于激发期望的安全生产遵守行为。相关研究表明:消极规避型领导会鼓励粗心大意和不安全的工作行为,进而对下属的安全结果产生负面影响[10]
通过以上分析,笔者基于复杂性理论认为,EWSV与其前因条件之间存在因果复杂性,表现为并发性、等效性和不对称性。具体包括3个对应命题:没有任何单一的前因条件是员工高安全生产违规的必要条件,EWSV是由多个前因条件的组态效应造成的。存在多种可以等效导致员工高或非高安全生产违规的不同条件组态。在导致相同结果或相反结果的条件组态中,可以存在或不存在单个前因条件。为了检验以上命题,采用fsQCA法,从整体角度构建综合模型,如图1所示。
采用安全情境中经常使用的多项目量表测量条件变量和结果变量。所有量表均使用李克特5点量表进行评价。
1) 结果变量:EWSV。考虑到安全生产违规即违反安全程序和规章的行为,它和安全生产遵守行为是同一维度的两极[8],参照NEAL等[9]的反向测量方法,使用安全生产遵守行为的题项测量EWSV,其中 3个题项来自NEAL等[9](如我使用正确的安全程序来完成我的工作),另外2个题项源于梅强等[43]的研究(如我熟悉并严格遵守公司的各项生产安全制度),以更好地反映中国企业安全管理实践。这5个题项构成的量表已被证明具有良好的信效度[26],得分越高表明EWSV程度越低。Cronbach's α=0.917。
2) 条件变量。①使用刘林等[1]开发的6题项量表测量SLRO(如我的安全表现经常得不到领导的认可),该量表根据安全管理情境改编自HINKIN等[38]开发的领导者奖励缺失量表。Cronbach's α=0.895。②借鉴刘林等[41]开发的量表,使用5个题项测量SLPO(如当我以一种危险的方式开展工作时,我很少受到领导的批评)。该量表根据安全管理情境改编自HINKIN等[38]开发的SLPO量表。Cronbach's α=0.898。③采用与EWSV相同的方法测量CWSV,不同之处在于将安全生产违规主体替换为“我周围的同事”(如我周围的同事使用正确的安全程序来完成他们的工作)。Cronbach's α=0.921。④使用的ESMB测量题项改编自 VANCE等[44]验证的由3个题项构成的道德信念量表(如“我认为违反公司生产安全制度或操作规程是错误的”)。Cronbach's α=0.896。⑤EPFS主要包括感知正式惩罚确定性和感知正式惩罚严厉性2个维度。使用SIPONEN等[45]开发的惩罚确定性和惩罚严厉性量表,并根据安全情境对具体题项表述作适当调整。其中,感知正式惩罚确定性(如果你违反公司生产安全制度或操作规程,你受到正式惩罚的可能性有多大?)和感知正式惩罚严厉性(如果你被发现违反公司生产安全制度或操作规程,你有多在乎因此受到的正式惩罚?)各由3个题项构成。感知正式惩罚确定性和严厉性量表的Cronbach's α分别是0.890和0.922。参考 VANCE等[44]的做法,将每种惩罚严厉性题项乘以相应的惩罚确定性题项,这样就产生3个综合性的感知正式惩罚题项,以同时反映“感知惩罚的风险和代价”。⑥EPAC主要包括感知事故成本可能性和感知事故成本严重性2个维度。使用HERATH等[46]开发的感知安全漏洞可能性和严重性量表,并根据安全情境对具体题项表述做适当调整。其中,感知事故成本可能性由3个题项构成(如违反生产安全制度或操作规程导致生产安全事故,进而造成公司经济损失的可能性有多大?),感知事故成本严重性由4个题项构成(如我相信生产安全事故会降低公司盈利能力)。感知事故成本可能性和严重性量表的Cronbach's α分别是0.862和0.896。参考VANCE等[44]的做法,将感知事故成本可能性乘以感知事故成本严重性,构建一个同时反映事故成本可能性和严重性的综合测量指标。
采取问卷调查的方法收集样本数据。为控制区域经济发展水平、安全文化和安全生产法规差异的影响,选择中国中部某工业城市的高危行业企业的一线员工进行实地调查。从该市9个县、区和开发区中随机选择高危企业,向这些企业的生产、运营等部门的一线员工现场发放550份问卷整个调查回收问卷402份,其中,答题时间过短/过长的无效问卷17份、答项一致性过高的无效问卷21份。剔除无效问卷后,得到有效问卷364份。在364份有效样本中,79.1%为男性,符合高危行业企业一线员工以男性为主的现实特征;所有受访者平均分布在不同年龄组:20~30岁占比为25.3%、31~40岁占比为30.5%、41~50岁占比为29.9%,50岁以上占比为14.3%。拥有大学本科学历的样本占比为40.6%,高中或中专学历的样本占比为38.5%,初中及以下学历的样本占比为20.9%。超过一半(52.5%)的受访者报告其月收入介于3 000~5 000元,月收入介于5 001~7 000元的样本占比为28.6%,月收入低于3 000元和高于7 000 元的低收入和较高收入样本占比分别为7.9%和11%。绝大多数受访者(80.8%)报告其与雇主签订了正式雇佣合同,13.7%的受访者报告其与雇主签订了短期或临时劳动合同,还有5.5%的受访者属于劳务派遣和劳务外包工人。从工作年限看,4年以下占比为29.9%、4~10年占比为27.2%、10年以上占比为42.9%。
从受访者所属企业特征看,31%的受访者来自危险化学品行业,25.8%来自机械制造行业,其他受访者则来自非煤矿山、建筑施工、金属冶炼、电力/燃气、轻工/商贸等高危行业;企业员工规模介于3 001~10 000 人的样本占比为32.7%,员工规模不超过50人的小微企业样本占比为27.7%,剩下39.6%的样本则大致平均分布在51~100、101~200、201~300人等员工规模的中小企业;从产权性质看,绝大部分受访者(65.7%)来自民营企业,24.7%来自省属或市属国有企业,其他样本来自外商独资企业和合资企业。
使用Mplus软件开展验证性因子分析,比较 7因子模型与单因子模型的拟合指数。结果表明:7因子模型与数据拟合结果良好,χ2/df=2.21,CFI=0.942,TLI=0.935,SRMR=0.110,RMSEA=0.058;单因子模型拟合结果较差,χ2/df =4.07,CFI=0.845,TLI=0.836,SRMR=0.115,RMSEA=0.092;而且,7因子模型拟合效果比单因子模型更好(Δχ2=1 252.81,Δdf=36,p<0.01),这表明数据集不存在严重的共同方法偏差问题。
QCA方法采取整体和系统的分析思路,适用于解决具有条件依赖性和因果复杂性特征的管理研究问题[47]。组态理论和QCA方法作为一种分析多要素组态效应的范式,能够较好地分析多要素并发的因果复杂性问题[48]。近年来,在职业健康与安全领域,王如冰[20]和MAALOUFI[16]等学者开始将这种方法引入安全生产行为研究。
QCA分为清晰集定性比较分析(clear-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis,csQCA)、fsQCA以及多值集定性比较分析(multivalued-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis,mvQCA)。相较于csQCA和mvQCA只适合处理类别问题,fsQCA不仅可以处理二分类或多类别变量,还可以处理定比或程度变化变量,产生介于0(完全不隶属)和1(完全隶属)之间的模糊集值,并估计不同类别组合中的联合隶属度,而且适合大样本,因此,有助于获得更深入、更丰富的数据洞察能力[49]。基于图1所示研究框架,使用fsQCA探索由复杂前因构成的员工高和非高安全生产违规条件组态。
fsQCA分析之前需要通过变量校准将前因条件和结果变量数据转换为集合,以反映案例中各变量在集合中的隶属度。将变量校准转换成介于0和1之间的3个具有实质意义的锚点,即完全隶属(模糊集值=0.95)、交叉点(模糊集值=0.50)和完全不隶属(模糊集值=0.05)。
条件变量和结果变量均是使用Likert量表测度的程度变化数据,因此,采取直接校准的方法对其进行模糊集校准。考虑到变量实际值分布与量表锚点不一致,数据分布存在明显有偏性,采取分位数断点作为定性锚点阈值。这种方法可测量校准任何数据类型,而且不受其原始值限制[49]。参考先前研究[49],将条件变量和结果变量的完全隶属和完全不隶属校准点,分别设定为案例样本描述统计的5%分位数和95%分位数,将集合隶属校准的交叉点设置为50%分位数。在确定3个校准锚点之后,利用fsQCA3.0软件进行校准,将变量转换成基于0~1之间的集合隶属值。为了避免由于出现0.50模糊集值导致组态删除,在0.50模糊集值之上增加0.001[50],以便在后续组态分析中保留该组态。各连续变量的最终校准锚点及描述性统计结果见表1
在进行充分组态分析之前,分析6个前因条件及其非集是否是导致员工高/非高安全生产违规的必要条件。表2为单变量必要条件检验结果,同事非高安全生产违规的一致性大于0.90阈值且覆盖度大于0.60阈值,这表明同事的高安全生产违规不出现是员工非高安全生产违规的必要条件,对员工的非高安全生产违规有很强的解释力。后续充分组态分析中保留这一必要条件,以确保研究框架和组态分析的完整性。
构建真值表计算可能发生的所有组态,每行代表每一种可能的因果条件组合。根据经验法则,不一致性的比例减少(Proportional Reduction in Inconsistency,PRI)一致性阈值只有在0.75左右,才能产生有意义的组态[50]。按照以上原则,在构建真值表时将案例频数阈值设置为2,此时保留83%的案例数,将原始一致性阈值设置为0.80,将PRI一致性阈值设置为0.70。
fsQCA以逻辑方式将真值表行缩减为包含简化条件组合的解,包括简约解、中间解和复杂解。由于中间解兼具简约解和复杂解的优势,识别的组态覆盖度较广、解释力较强[47]。因此,结合简约解,报告中间解。如果一个条件变量在简约解与中间解中均出现,则为核心条件,用大圆圈表示;如果只在中间解出现,则为边缘条件,用小圆圈表示。核心条件显示出与结果的强因果关系,边缘条件显示出与结果的弱因果关系[51]表3为员工高安全生产违规的条件组态,表中,员工高安全生产违规包括5种具有解释力的不同前因组态,单个解的一致性介于0.973~0.987,总体解的一致性为0.962,均超过0.80的一致性阈值水平,表明5种不同的前因条件组态均是高员工安全生产违规的充分条件。在生成的5种前因组态中,解的总体覆盖度(类似于回归分析方法的R2)为0.779,能够解释观测样本中77.9%的员工高安全生产违规案例样本,说明5种不同组态解释了高员工安全生产违规出现的主要原因。其中,组态解S1a(Solution 1a)的原始覆盖度和唯一覆盖度在所有组态中均是最高,表明对员工高安全生产违规具有最强的解释力。基于表3所示的组态分析结果,进一步分析5种组态解的具体前因条件组合。
1) 同事与员工共同驱动型(包括S1a和S1b 2种等价组态解)。组态解S1a(路径:SLRO×CWSV×~EPFS×~EPAC)和组态解S1b(路径:SLPO×CWSV×~EPFS×~EPAC)显示出相同的核心条件(同事高安全生产违规、员工非高感知正式惩罚和员工非高感知事故成本),仅在边缘条件上存在差异。由于组态解S1a和S1b的核心条件相同,因此,将其共同命名为同事与员工共同驱动型。该组态解表明:员工选择从事安全违规活动,主要是基于对同事安全生产违规的社会学习和自身对安全生产违规的低成本认知。对比组态解S1a和S1b的边缘条件发现,领导高安全奖励缺失(S1a)和高安全惩罚缺失(S1b)发挥替代作用,这表明无论员工安全道德信念水平如何,在共同的核心条件作用下,领导高安全奖励缺失和高安全惩罚缺失之间存在权衡,出现任何一种条件均可以导致员工高安全生产违规。
2) 领导与同事共同驱动型(包括S2a和S2b 2种等价组态解)。组态解S2a(路径:SLRO×SLPO×CWSV×~EPAC)和组态解S2b(路径:SLRO×SLPO×CWSV×~EPFS)显示出相同的核心条件(领导高安全惩罚缺失和同事高安全违规)以及相同的边缘条件(领导高安全奖励缺失),因此,将其共同命名为领导与同事共同驱动型。该组态解表明员工选择从事安全生产违规活动,主要是基于对CWSV的社会学习和领导者对企业内部安全生产违规和安全生产遵守的无动于衷。对比组态解S2a和S2b的边缘条件发现,员工的非高感知事故成本(S2a)和非高感知正式惩罚(S2b)发挥替代作用,表明无论ESMB水平如何,在领导高安全奖励缺失、领导高安全惩罚缺失、同事高安全生产违规的共同作用下,员工低感知正式惩罚和员工低感知事故成本之间存在权衡,出现任何一种条件均可以导致员工高安全生产违规。
3) 领导与员工共同驱动型(组态解S3)。在组态解S3(路径:SLRO×SLPO×~ESMB×~EPFS×~EPAC)中,领导高安全惩罚缺失、员工非高安全道德信念和员工非高感知事故成本发挥核心作用,领导高安全奖励缺失和员工非高感知正式惩罚共同发挥辅助作用。组态解S3表明:员工无论是否观察到周围同事从事安全生产违规活动,来自领导的高安全奖励缺失与惩罚缺失以及来自员工的非高安全道德信念、感知正式惩罚与感知事故成本的共同作用,会产生员工高安全生产违规。因此,将该组态命名为“领导与员工共同驱动型”,表明EWSV是外部消极规避型领导行为与员工自身信念与认知因素联合作用的结果。
综合以上分析发现:① 6种前因条件中的任何一种单一条件均不构成员工高安全生产违规的必要条件,但是由多种条件构成的组态可以导致员工的高安全生产违规,因此,命题1的并发性得到验证。②存在5种不同的条件组态均可以导致员工的高安全生产违规,表明不同的因果条件组合均可以等效地解释员工高安全生产违规,因此命题2的等效性得到验证。③在导致员工高安全生产违规的不同组态中,员工高安全道德信念和同事高安全生产违规既可以出现也可以不出现,关键取决于其他前因条件是否出现,因此,命题3的非对称性得到验证。
依据复杂性理论的因果非对称性原则,导致员工高安全生产违规的前因组态,未必是导致员工非高安全生产违规的反向条件。表4为员工非高安全生产违规的3种条件组态。个体解的一致性和总体解的一致性均大于0.80的一致性阈值水平,表明 3种条件组态均是员工非高安全生产违规的充分条件。5种条件组态的总体覆盖度为0.754,说明这些解具有很强的经验相关性和解释力。
在组态解NS1(路径:~SLPO×~CWSV×EPFS×EPAC)中,无论领导是否奖励安全生产遵守行为、员工是否具有较高的安全道德信念,当同事从不或很少从事安全生产违规活动,并且领导对下属安全生产违规活动采取惩罚措施,同时,员工认为从事安全生产违规活动会造成较高的企业事故成本和个人损失时,员工也会规避安全生产违规活动。在组态解NS2(路径:SLRO×~CWSV×EPFS×EPAC)中,无论领导是否惩罚安全生产违规、员工是否具有较高的安全道德信念,当同事从不或很少从事安全生产违规活动,并且员工认为从事安全生产违规活动会造成较高的企业事故成本和个人损失时,即使领导者不奖励下属的安全生产遵守行为,员工也会减少安全生产违规活动。在组态解NS3(路径:SLRO×~SLPO×~CWSV×ESMB× EPFS)中,无论员工是否认为安全生产违规会导致高昂的企业事故代价,当领导对下属安全生产违规活动采取惩罚措施,周围同事从不或很少从事安全生产违规活动,员工具有较高的安全道德信念且认为从事安全生产违规活动会造成较高的事故损失时,即使领导者不奖励下属的安全生产遵守行为,员工也会减少安全生产违规活动。
综合员工非高安全生产违规的3种组态来看,①除了同事的非高安全生产违规,其他前因条件中的任何一种条件均不构成员工非高安全生产违规的必要条件,但是由多种条件构成的3种前因组态可以导致员工的非高安全生产违规,因此命题1的并发性得到进一步验证。②存在3种不同的前因组态均可以导致员工的非高安全生产违规,表明不同的因果条件组合均可以等效地解释员工非高安全生产违规,因此,命题2的等效性得到进一步验证。③引发员工高安全生产违规的条件组态与引发员工非高安全生产违规的条件组态具有“因果非对称性”。比如领导高安全奖励缺失既可以产生员工高安全生产违规,也能够产生员工非高安全生产违规;与员工非高安全生产违规的前因组态(如NS3)对立的前因组态,并不会导致员工高安全生产违规。因此命题3的非对称性得到进一步验证。
QCA结果对方法选择具有敏感性。为估计方法选择的影响,有必要对案例频数、原始一致性和PRI一致性阈值做稳健性检验[52]
1) 案例频数阈值的稳健性检验。在保持原始一致性和PRI一致性阈值不变的前提下,将案例频数阈值由2增加至3,重新进行组态充分性分析。结果表明:除原组态结果中的解S1b被删除外,原组态结果中的其他4种组态结果均未发生任何变化。
2) 原始一致性阈值的稳健性检验。在案例频数和PRI一致性阈值不变的前提下,将原始一致性阈值由0.80增加至0.90,重新进行组态充分性分析。结果表明:原组态结果中的所有组态解、一致性和覆盖度均未发生任何变化。
3) PRI一致性阈值的稳健性检验。在案例频数和原始一致性阈值不变的前提下,将PRI一致性阈值由0.70增加至0.75,重新进行组态充分性分析。结果表明:原组态结果中的解S1a被删除,但是解的总体一致性提高至0.974,原组态结果中的其他4种组态结果均为发生任何变化。
以上结果表明:员工高安全生产违规的前因组态结果对案例频数、原始一致性和PRI一致性阈值选择具有很强的稳健性。
1) 任何单一的条件变量均不构成员工高安全生产违规的必要条件,EWSV与其前因条件之间存在多重并发因果关系。而且,同事的高安全生产违规对员工的高安全生产违规起到至关重要的作用,同事的非高安全生产违规和员工的高感知正式惩罚对员工的非高安全生产违规起到至关重要的作用。
2) 员工高安全生产违规存在3种等效的驱动模式(共5种具体路径),员工非高安全生产违规存在3种前因组态。以上结果证实了复杂因果关系中的并发性、等效性和非对称性。这些发现表明:企业不能根据高安全生产违规产生的条件组态反向推导形成非高安全生产违规的条件组态。员工安全生产行为是多种因素协同作用的结果,多因素协同治理才能触发员工安全生产行为。
3) 企业文化差异会影响CWSV和EWSV,文中已经关注到领导安全奖励和惩罚缺失这2个反映企业安全文化的重要前因条件,未来还可以直接将安全文化作为前因条件,探讨安全文化与其他前因条件对员工安全生产违规的组态效应。
  • 国家自然科学青年基金资助(72304002)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0451
  • 接收时间:2023-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-13
  • 修回日期:2023-12-16
基金
国家自然科学青年基金资助(72304002)
作者信息
    1 安徽工业大学 管理科学与工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243032
    2 安徽工业大学 商学院,安徽 马鞍山 243032
    3 江苏大学 管理学院,江苏 镇江 212013

通讯作者:

** 吴金南(1983—),男,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事职业安全与健康方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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