Article(id=1149739133578424738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0101-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697472000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-17, revisedDate=1703088000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048770564, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048770564, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048770564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048770564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739134014632356, articleId=1149739133578424738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Analysis of gas-liquid two-phase coordinated explosion and flame retardant effect based on fundamental reaction, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the synergistic explosion suppression and flame retardant efficiency of inert gas-water mist,based on spectral experiments,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods such as Fluent and CHEMKIN-PRO were used to study the changes in elementary reactions and typical free radical (H· and ·OH) molar fractions during the explosion suppression and flame retardant process of N2 water mist at different injection positions and pressures. The results showed that staggered injection of N2 and fine water mist had better synergistic explosion suppression and flame retardant effect than convection and parallel injections. For case of simulated pipeline,good explosion suppression and flame retardant effect were found only when the spray pressure of N2 and water mist was 4.5 and 2 MPa,respectively. Furthermore,the maximum value of mole fraction for H· and ·OH was 0.006 4 and 0.006 9,respectively. The spray pressure can be applied to the actual methane explosion fire area based on scale effect. Moreover,the H· and ·OH mole fractions can be used as monitoring parameters during the operation of the current automatic fire extinguishing system in the fire protection area,and their changes can be used as a reference for fire extinguishing process.

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为提高惰性气体-细水雾的协同抑爆阻燃效率,基于光谱试验,采用理论分析和Fluent、CHEMKIN-PRO等数值模拟方法,研究N2-细水雾在不同喷射位置、不同喷射压力下,基元反应和典型自由基(H··OH)摩尔分数在抑爆阻燃过程中的变化。研究结果表明:交错喷射N2和细水雾比对流喷射和平行喷射具有更好的协同抑爆阻燃效果;在模拟管道条件下,N2和细水雾喷射压力分别达到4.5、2 MPa时才具备良好的抑爆阻燃效果,此时H··OH的摩尔分数最大值分别为0.006 4和0.006 9。根据尺度效应,喷射压力应用于实际甲烷爆炸火灾发生区域,H··OH摩尔分数可作为消防行业现行火灾自动灭火系统运作过程中的监测参数,以其数量变化作为灭火进程的参考。

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张莉聪 (1977—),女,河北石家庄人,硕士,副教授,主要从事可燃性气体泄漏与爆炸过程数值模拟、安全生产监管与应急救援,工业卫生及职业危害防治、工业爆炸灾害防治方面的研究。E-mail:

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张莉聪 (1977—),女,河北石家庄人,硕士,副教授,主要从事可燃性气体泄漏与爆炸过程数值模拟、安全生产监管与应急救援,工业卫生及职业危害防治、工业爆炸灾害防治方面的研究。E-mail:

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张莉聪 (1977—),女,河北石家庄人,硕士,副教授,主要从事可燃性气体泄漏与爆炸过程数值模拟、安全生产监管与应急救援,工业卫生及职业危害防治、工业爆炸灾害防治方面的研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science, 2011, 39(10):1557-1562., articleTitle=Effect of diluents addition on laminar burning velocity of premixed methane flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168130485747200464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=GB35181—2017,重大火灾隐患判定方法, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB35181—2017,重大火灾隐患判定方法[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1168130485814309329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=GB35181-2017,Method for determining major fire hazards, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB35181-2017,Method for determining major fire hazards[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168130483801043381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, awardId=51874134, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(51874134), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130483851375030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, awardId=3142016004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费(3142016004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130483901706679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, awardId=F2302, language=CN, fundingSource=应急管理部工业安全事故分析与监测预警重点实验室开放基金(F2302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168130480588206462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130480596595071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, companyId=1168130480588206462, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Safety Engineering,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130480604983680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, companyId=1168130480588206462, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华北科技学院 安全工程学院,河北 廊坊 065201)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168130481850691989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mesoscale explosion shock tube system, figureFileSmall=jY7pFfqjF4E5rmMFbNVm5A==, figureFileBig=8/gyOolY69yqEm8fzrOICQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130481934578070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中尺度爆炸激波管系统

1- 激光纹影;2-高速摄影;3-固体继电器;4-DG645;5-信号发生器;6-高压脉冲点火器;7-数据采集系统;8-脉冲激光;9-罗茨泵;10-控制柜;11-惰性气体喷射入口;12-单向阀;13-电磁阀;14-惰性气体气瓶;15-甲烷气瓶;16-预混气罐;17-球阀;18-空压机。

, figureFileSmall=jY7pFfqjF4E5rmMFbNVm5A==, figureFileBig=8/gyOolY69yqEm8fzrOICQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130481997492631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of grid size on flame position change, figureFileSmall=OKGjtzjLjsCkrtSNmIKctQ==, figureFileBig=p47iBA3JPLU4KAgY76snxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482056212888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图2, caption=网格大小对火焰位置变化的影响, figureFileSmall=OKGjtzjLjsCkrtSNmIKctQ==, figureFileBig=p47iBA3JPLU4KAgY76snxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482114933145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Mesh division at injection hole, figureFileSmall=eZ8tt1f7bU6Bkw4z8nTs4w==, figureFileBig=yAzM+NF0W2stUwrd7fQkhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482207207834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图3, caption=喷射孔处网格划分, figureFileSmall=eZ8tt1f7bU6Bkw4z8nTs4w==, figureFileBig=yAzM+NF0W2stUwrd7fQkhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482278511003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Numerical simulation of flame propagation velocity without inert gas and injection, figureFileSmall=o4liOT7SPDqJ67bX52EcHw==, figureFileBig=doBZ4BG3f3VQaWvlnSVV0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482349814172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图4, caption=无惰气和喷射N2时的火焰传播速度数值模拟, figureFileSmall=o4liOT7SPDqJ67bX52EcHw==, figureFileBig=doBZ4BG3f3VQaWvlnSVV0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482412728733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Temperature changes under the action of water mist with three particle sizes, figureFileSmall=o/5fjD026gOTjM2I5YNU5w==, figureFileBig=FREwVlh3oYVEwURymuof+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482479837598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3种粒径细水雾喷射作用下温度变化情况, figureFileSmall=o/5fjD026gOTjM2I5YNU5w==, figureFileBig=FREwVlh3oYVEwURymuof+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482538557855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Molar fraction change of methane explosion ·OH, figureFileSmall=OhWw97eY3Eu+K1HsGxY04g==, figureFileBig=UuvX9LLYYg5xUnN8G9vLGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482597278112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图6, caption=甲烷爆炸·OH摩尔分数变化, figureFileSmall=OhWw97eY3Eu+K1HsGxY04g==, figureFileBig=UuvX9LLYYg5xUnN8G9vLGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482651804065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Spectral scanning characteristic map of methane explosion ·OH, figureFileSmall=sQmeg+O8FmUqSHLZQiqXyA==, figureFileBig=ngWfJgJ/SjpuE55sAL1+vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482710524322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图7, caption=甲烷爆炸·OH光谱扫描特征图(t=0.5 s), figureFileSmall=sQmeg+O8FmUqSHLZQiqXyA==, figureFileBig=ngWfJgJ/SjpuE55sAL1+vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482760855971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Three different spray positions, figureFileSmall=EZes3vGJuaGsrokYURxodg==, figureFileBig=ODNpsKt4J/Nw8JDBfTk1Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482811187620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图8, caption=3种不同喷射位置, figureFileSmall=EZes3vGJuaGsrokYURxodg==, figureFileBig=ODNpsKt4J/Nw8JDBfTk1Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482865713573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Molar fraction change of H· radical under three different spray positions, figureFileSmall=jbEColNWIpsGlPXwUL79fw==, figureFileBig=3rSvHSF+ARys9wMpHyvmNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482928628134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图9, caption=3种不同喷射位置下H·自由基摩尔分数变化, figureFileSmall=jbEColNWIpsGlPXwUL79fw==, figureFileBig=3rSvHSF+ARys9wMpHyvmNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130482978959783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Molar fraction change of ·OH radical under three different spray positions, figureFileSmall=P7Q9d8DsCOxm8XoOqIoyog==, figureFileBig=o0e3QvmEpD+5yLkKxOJUlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483029291432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图10, caption=3种不同喷射位置下·OH自由基摩尔分数变化, figureFileSmall=P7Q9d8DsCOxm8XoOqIoyog==, figureFileBig=o0e3QvmEpD+5yLkKxOJUlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483079623081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Maximum explosion pressure and temperature of methane combustion explosion under different spray pressures, figureFileSmall=KWWPM4IZjEICrYIyn0b8yQ==, figureFileBig=yYg1qU0wyLG0hxQN3dKHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483129954730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同喷射压力下甲烷燃烧爆炸的最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸温度, figureFileSmall=KWWPM4IZjEICrYIyn0b8yQ==, figureFileBig=yYg1qU0wyLG0hxQN3dKHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483184480683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Molar fraction change of H· and ·OH in case 9, figureFileSmall=nZfb1gvrTgT+AlGRzx3Hgg==, figureFileBig=jO7CKi3y1KOmNlkrI7aj8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483234812332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图12, caption=方案9时H·和·OH摩尔分数变化, figureFileSmall=nZfb1gvrTgT+AlGRzx3Hgg==, figureFileBig=jO7CKi3y1KOmNlkrI7aj8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483293532589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Sensitivity analysis of elementary reaction during combustion and explosion of 9.5% methane-air premixed gas, figureFileSmall=Rhy5cPucMfbOXDRmLQoM2w==, figureFileBig=fRu7EFKKnHzGgowDSWUMHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483373224366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图13, caption=9.5%甲烷-空气预混气体燃烧爆炸过程中基元反应敏感性分析, figureFileSmall=Rhy5cPucMfbOXDRmLQoM2w==, figureFileBig=fRu7EFKKnHzGgowDSWUMHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483423556015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Sensitivity analysis of elementary reaction during combustion and explosion of methane-air premixed gas in case 9, figureFileSmall=erAnfPZVyR4XmwayKe3D8g==, figureFileBig=abVEk7kACLtNdRX/3qzsNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483478081968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=图14, caption=方案9工况下甲烷-空气预混气体燃烧爆炸过程中基元反应敏感性分析, figureFileSmall=erAnfPZVyR4XmwayKe3D8g==, figureFileBig=abVEk7kACLtNdRX/3qzsNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130483528413617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Distribution of monitoring points along pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 监测点编号 距离点火区域端距离/mm
1 f1 2 030
2 f2 4 530
3 f3 7 030
4 f4 8 530
5 f5 9 030
6 f6 10 530
7 f7 13 030
8 f8 15 530
), ArticleFig(id=1168130483595522482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133578424738, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

监测点沿线管道分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 监测点编号 距离点火区域端距离/mm
1 f1 2 030
2 f2 4 530
3 f3 7 030
4 f4 8 530
5 f5 9 030
6 f6 10 530
7 f7 13 030
8 f8 15 530
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Orthogonal simulation scheme of spray pressure of N2 and fine water mist

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号 N2喷射压力/MPa 细水雾喷射压力/MPa
1 3.5 1
2 3.5 1.5
3 3.5 2
4 4 1
5 4 1.5
6 4 2
7 4.5 1
8 4.5 1.5
9 4.5 2
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N2和细水雾的喷射压力正交模拟方案

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方案序号 N2喷射压力/MPa 细水雾喷射压力/MPa
1 3.5 1
2 3.5 1.5
3 3.5 2
4 4 1
5 4 1.5
6 4 2
7 4.5 1
8 4.5 1.5
9 4.5 2
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基于基元反应的气液两相协同抑爆阻燃效果分析
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张莉聪 , 李斯曼
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 101-108
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 101-108
基于基元反应的气液两相协同抑爆阻燃效果分析
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张莉聪 , 李斯曼
作者信息
  • 华北科技学院 安全工程学院,河北 廊坊 065201
  • 张莉聪 (1977—),女,河北石家庄人,硕士,副教授,主要从事可燃性气体泄漏与爆炸过程数值模拟、安全生产监管与应急救援,工业卫生及职业危害防治、工业爆炸灾害防治方面的研究。E-mail:

Analysis of gas-liquid two-phase coordinated explosion and flame retardant effect based on fundamental reaction
Licong ZHANG , Siman LI
Affiliations
  • School of Safety Engineering,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1169
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为提高惰性气体-细水雾的协同抑爆阻燃效率,基于光谱试验,采用理论分析和Fluent、CHEMKIN-PRO等数值模拟方法,研究N2-细水雾在不同喷射位置、不同喷射压力下,基元反应和典型自由基(H··OH)摩尔分数在抑爆阻燃过程中的变化。研究结果表明:交错喷射N2和细水雾比对流喷射和平行喷射具有更好的协同抑爆阻燃效果;在模拟管道条件下,N2和细水雾喷射压力分别达到4.5、2 MPa时才具备良好的抑爆阻燃效果,此时H··OH的摩尔分数最大值分别为0.006 4和0.006 9。根据尺度效应,喷射压力应用于实际甲烷爆炸火灾发生区域,H··OH摩尔分数可作为消防行业现行火灾自动灭火系统运作过程中的监测参数,以其数量变化作为灭火进程的参考。

基元反应  /  气液两相  /  协同抑爆  /  阻燃效果  /  Fluent

To improve the synergistic explosion suppression and flame retardant efficiency of inert gas-water mist,based on spectral experiments,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods such as Fluent and CHEMKIN-PRO were used to study the changes in elementary reactions and typical free radical (H· and ·OH) molar fractions during the explosion suppression and flame retardant process of N2 water mist at different injection positions and pressures. The results showed that staggered injection of N2 and fine water mist had better synergistic explosion suppression and flame retardant effect than convection and parallel injections. For case of simulated pipeline,good explosion suppression and flame retardant effect were found only when the spray pressure of N2 and water mist was 4.5 and 2 MPa,respectively. Furthermore,the maximum value of mole fraction for H· and ·OH was 0.006 4 and 0.006 9,respectively. The spray pressure can be applied to the actual methane explosion fire area based on scale effect. Moreover,the H· and ·OH mole fractions can be used as monitoring parameters during the operation of the current automatic fire extinguishing system in the fire protection area,and their changes can be used as a reference for fire extinguishing process.

elementary reaction  /  gas-liquid two phase  /  synergistic explosion suppression  /  fire retardant effectty  /  Fluent
张莉聪, 李斯曼. 基于基元反应的气液两相协同抑爆阻燃效果分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 101 -108 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1169
Licong ZHANG, Siman LI. Analysis of gas-liquid two-phase coordinated explosion and flame retardant effect based on fundamental reaction[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 101 -108 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1169
甲烷气体存在范围广泛,在煤炭开采、石油与天然气运输、金属冶炼过程中均会出现[1]。由于工业设备本身的缺陷或人为因素导致装置内混入空气形成可燃气体混合物而达到爆炸极限,遇引燃源就会发生气体燃烧爆炸事故,从而造成人员伤亡和财产损失。
近年来,甲烷爆炸事故数及死亡受伤人数整体呈下降趋势,但是事故带来的社会影响仍旧恶劣,甲烷爆炸事故仍是特别重大事故的绝对主体[2],如何抑制甲烷爆炸燃烧和更好地进行消防灭火设计仍是重要的研究课题。目前消防中,常用的灭火剂有惰性气体、泡沫、干粉和清水等灭火剂。每一类灭火剂在实际应用中都存在一定的弊端。如大部分惰性气体本身具有窒息性,而惰性气体在灭火时需要相当高的浓度,会对人体造成伤害;泡沫灭火剂是一种公认的清洁、高效的灭火剂,但不可以用于扑灭带电设备和液体所引发的火灾;干粉灭火剂成本昂贵,难于清理,还会对环境造成污染,对设备造成损害;清水灭火剂易大量获取,但灭火之后难以清理,粉粒易进入设备之中从而对其造成损坏。
甲烷爆炸燃烧多发生在煤矿井下、天然气管道、化工园区等大型场所,使用氮气灭火剂更符合实际要求,且N2与细水雾在协同灭火方面有一定的促进作用,而CO2与细水雾之间没有明显的协同效应[3-4]。目前从化学机制层面对N2-细水雾协同抑爆阻燃的研究还尚未全面。鉴于此,笔者拟采用理论分析、数值模拟和试验对照等方法,从基元反应及典型自由基摩尔数量变化角度出发,选取N2与细水雾进行协同抑爆。通过典型自由基摩尔数量的变化揭示气液两相协同抑制甲烷爆炸燃烧机制,以期为清洁、高效惰化细水雾抑爆技术的发展提供理论支持,以及为现行火灾自动灭火系统等高新设备运作过程中的监测参数补充相关数据。
利用自主搭建的中尺度爆炸激波管进行气液两相协同抑制甲烷爆炸燃烧试验,中尺度爆炸激波管系统整体如图1所示。管道总长16 780mm,喷射孔位置距离点火端8390mm处,直径为15mm,从右至左设置8个监测点,依次为f1—f8,8个监测点距离点火端的长度见表1。研究不同喷射压力N2抑制甲烷-空气预混气体过程中火焰形态、火焰速度和典型自由基特征光谱的变化特征。研究结果表明:随着喷射压力不断增强,火焰阵面的形变量越来越强。喷射1.5MPa的N2时,火焰速度最高值为250m/s;喷射2.5MPa的N2时,火焰阵面被分割,但火焰依旧集中在一起并高于9.5%甲烷-空气预混气体;喷射3.5MPa的N2时,火焰被分割成多个运动的火焰涡团,并被扩散的N2包裹,与甲烷-空气预混气体接触被隔断,抑爆效果得到显著抑制。
若将火焰传播最高/最低速度作为抑爆能力的判断标准,发现近点火端喷射N2比远点火端喷射的最高/最低火焰传播速度分别降低20.25%、12.86%,因此,近点火端喷射N2抑制甲烷-空气预混气体的效果更好;自由基方面,利用光谱技术发现在N2的作用下,·OH等典型自由基的特征峰值有不同程度降低,且随流量的增加,辐射强度持续减弱。
采用中尺度爆炸激波管为模拟对象,管道内部充满9.5%甲烷/空气预混气体,赋予火源1 800 K热量,使之遇热源燃烧。网格划分采用四边形结构网格,通过温度梯度局部加密计算网格。
为计算收敛且具有高精确度,验证网格无关性。网格大小对火焰位置变化的影响如图2所示。由图2可知:网格大小为50mm时火焰锋面位置变化与试验偏离较大,而网格大小从40mm降至30mm时模拟计算精度提高已不明显,综合考虑计算精度和计算成本,数值模拟网格大小为40mm,喷射孔处网格划分如图3所示。
1) 连续相和离散相控制方程。连续相方程的通用性形式如下式:
U t + F 1 ( U ) x + F 2 ( U ) y + F 3 ( U ) z = G 1 ( U ) x + G 2 ( U ) y + G 3 ( U ) z
式中:U为守恒变量;G为黏性通量;t为时间;xyz分别为空间的3个矢量方向。
离散相控制方程采用可形变部件模型(Deformable Part Model,DPM)。模拟中考虑液滴的蒸发和受力,液相和气相之间有动量、质量和能量交换。
2) 湍流模型。目前湍流模型主要有零方程模型、单方程湍流模型、双方程湍流模型、雷诺压力模型等,其中,LAUNDER等[5]提出的k-ε双方程模型具有精度合理、计算量合理等优点,但标准k-ε双方程模型是从试验现象得到,为半经验公式[6]
文中模拟选择RNGk-ε模型。该模型来自统计方法,与标准k-ε双方程模型类似,但RNGk-ε模型考虑了N2和细水雾喷入后涡流高速流动的相关参数,计算精度得到大幅提高。
燃烧模型选取涡耗散概念(Eddy Dissipation Concept,EDC)模型。EDC模型在涡团耗散(Eddy Dissipation,ED)模型的基础上简化了对甲烷燃烧反应物脉动浓度的运算,提高了甲烷-空气预混爆炸燃烧参数的计算准确性。
湍流模型是针对充分发展的湍流区域构建的,只能用于求解出湍流核心区域的流动,然而近壁面区域的流动需要通过其他方法进行处理,以达到求解整个流场的目的。近壁面低雷诺数区域流动可分为黏性底层、过渡层、完全湍流区3层[7]。目前近壁面处理主要有2种方法:①采用半经验公式,即壁面函数将壁面上的物理量与湍流核心区的物理量联系起来,不求解黏性底层;②采用低雷诺数模型求解黏性底层和过渡层。
文中重点关注典型活性自由基摩尔数量的变化,选用壁面函数方法。其中,缩放型壁面函数可防止因为网格过度细化导致计算误差偏大,因此,选择缩放型壁面函数。
1) 边界条件。管道壁面设置为刚性无滑移绝热壁面,爆炸过程为绝热过程,忽略管道内气体与壁面和外界的热交换;忽略气体和壁面的流固耦合作用。壁面粗糙程度为0.5,粗糙高度为0。
2) 初始条件。高温点火区域:初始压力P=1 000Pa,初始温度T=1 600 K,各组分的初始质量分数 φ ( C H 4 ) =2.0%, φ ( O 2 ) = 13.0%, φ ( C O 2 ) =3.6%, φ ( H 2 O ) =3.6%。
传播区域为未反应区,初始压力P=0Pa,初始温度T=300 K,各组分的初始质量分数φ(CH4)=5.5%,φ(O2)=22%,φ(CO2)=0.1%,φ(H2O)=0.1%。
点火区域和传播区域的初始速度均设为 v=0m/s。
3) 求解器设置。计算工况类型为瞬态,初始时间步长为0.001ms,之后逐步增大时间步长至0.05ms。动量及能量空间离散采用二阶迎风格式,湍流相关量及组分相关量采用一阶迎风格式。求解方式采用求解压力耦合方程组的半隐式(Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations,S-IMPLE)方法。
CHEMKIN-PRO模型设为定容定质模型,假设甲烷/空气预混气体在管道中任意位置的反应速率一致,且预混气体中不存在温度梯度和浓度梯度的变化,仅用一个温度参数与一组组分浓度参数描述整个反应体系内部的温度及浓度的变化情况。通过测定反应体系中温度、压力和各组分的浓度变化,详细分析出该反应体系中混合气体的化学动力学特性[6]
选用化学反应机制包为GRI mesh3.0,广泛应用于甲烷化学动力学分析[8-9]。其中,包含53种组分、325步基元反应,此反应包同时导入Fluent中进行计算。
由试验可知[10-11]:当N2喷射压力达到3.5MPa时,稀释作用和由喷射引起的湍流扰动使甲烷爆炸传播火焰有了很大程度的干扰,即有了良好的抑爆效果。利用Fluent模拟无惰气喷射时和喷射3.5MPa的N2时8个监测点的火焰传播速度,并与试验对照,无惰气和喷射时的火焰传播速度数值模拟如图4所示。结果基本吻合,误差最大为19.2%,在可接受范围内。与此同时,发现喷射3.5MPa的N2在抑制甲烷爆炸火焰传播速度方面具有良好的效果,在f5处,试验和数值模拟得出火焰传播速度分别下降81.2%、77.1%。
细水雾在抑制甲烷爆炸燃烧反应传播过程中主要有3个方面作用:①一定程度上在可燃气体组分之间形成隔离效果,阻断活性自由基之间的碰撞频率。细水雾在气化过程中体积迅速膨胀1 700倍,靠近火焰的水蒸气可降低可燃预混气体中的氧浓度,使燃烧过程因缺氧终止。②水雾遇高温区域蒸发,从而降低火焰及周围热气层温度,使火焰传播功率和燃烧强度下降。③水雾可作为第3体参与氢基、氧基等自由基反应使爆炸反应能力下降[9]
模拟研究中,将水雾喷射位置初步设定在与N2喷射孔相对的上管壁处,喷射孔直径为15mm,喷射压力为1MPa。根据研究成果[3-412-13],选取5、8、10 μm 具有抑爆阻燃效果粒径的细水雾进行喷射,比较其作用在f6时不同时刻温度变化情况,如图5所示。
图5可知:水雾在不同粒径条件下抑爆效果不同。在模拟条件下,细水雾粒径为5μm时的抑爆效果好于粒径为8、10μm的效果,但粒径为8μm的细水雾抑爆效果与5μm的抑爆效果差距不大,验证了当细水雾粒径过小时,部分雾滴在火焰浮力的高温羽流中蒸发,不再起到冷却火焰区域内部的作用,水雾的抑爆效果并不随其粒径变小而持续优化。在后续将选取5μm粒径细水雾作为液相对甲烷气体进行抑爆阻燃研究。
通过CHEMKIN-PRO软件模拟甲烷爆炸过程中·OH摩尔分数变化,将结果与光谱试验结果进行对比,如图6图7所示。
图6图7可知:CHEMKIN-PRO数值模拟与光谱试验所测得·OH摩尔分数峰值出现时间和峰值数基本一致,由此证明CHEMKIN-PRO数值计算得出的自由基摩尔数量峰值出现时间点等数据可靠。
喷射位置的不同会改变气液两相协同抑爆的耦合机制,从而对抑爆效率产生影响,3种不同喷射位置的选择如图8所示。当点火开始时粒径为5μm的细水雾和N2同时喷射,细水雾喷射压力为1MPa,N2喷射压力为3.5MPa。
据文献[14]可知:促进甲烷爆炸链式反应过程中较为重要的自由基是H·和·OH,因此,选择分析这2种典型自由基的摩尔分数变化,使用CHEMKIN-PRO软件对比3种不同喷射位置情况下H·和·OH摩尔分数,如图9图10所示。
图9图10可知:H·和·OH出现时间随着两相抑爆位置的改变而发生推迟,其出现顺序依次为:对流喷射<平行喷射<交错喷射。当燃烧反应区向左传播时,在平行喷射和交错喷射的两相位置下,火焰中的活性自由基先经历惰性气体N2的稀释、隔热作用,从而传播速度变慢,链式反应速率降低,再遇到细水雾的蒸发吸热和稀释甲烷体积分数的作用,使得反应速率进一步降低。与此同时,链式反应R98: OH+CH4→CH3+H2O,使水蒸气作为燃烧反应的产物将链式反应逆向进行,从而增大·OH摩尔分数。
平行喷射和交错喷射的差异在于N2喷射位置在上侧或下侧,造成2种情况下H·和·OH摩尔分数峰值不同及出现时间不一的原因是交错喷射从上下两侧均有抑爆剂通入,相对于平行喷射更有利于将火焰破碎,分解成多个运动的火焰团,在N2和细水雾的作用下整个管道内部各处的链式反应更加彻底,从而造成在交错喷射情况下H·和·OH摩尔分数峰值更高,出现的时间点相对延后,但抑爆阻燃的效果相对对流喷射和平行喷射效果更好。
在交错喷射的情况下,N2和细水雾的喷射压力正交模拟方案见表2,得出整个反应过程中最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸温度如图11所示。
图11可知:当N2喷射压力达到4.5MPa,细水雾喷射压力为2MPa时,对甲烷-空气预混气体的抑爆阻燃效果有了很大程度的降低,最大爆炸温度为310 K,最大爆炸压力0.008 2MPa,均在人体可承受范围内,此时H·和·OH摩尔分数变化如图12 所示。H·摩尔分数峰值为0.006 4,·OH摩尔分数峰值为0.006 9。
比较各方案可以看出,细水雾在稀释降温方面的作用要优于降压,N2反之,当二者协同作用时,对甲烷-空气预混气体的协同抑爆阻燃作用发挥到最佳。
在无喷射抑爆剂的工况和方案9的工况下,甲烷爆炸燃烧的基元反应的敏感性影响如图13图14所示。由图14可知:对于体积分数为9.5%的甲烷气体爆炸燃烧,影响较大的基元反应是R158,R53,R161,R119,R32,R38,R155和R156。前2个敏感性系数为正,后 6 个基元反应的敏感性系数为负,即R161,R119,R32,R38,R155,R156抑制了自由基浓度增加和甲烷消耗,减缓反应的进行,R158 和 R53 消耗H·和CH3·,生成H2和C2H6,促进支链反应的进行。
交错喷射4.5MPa的N2和2MPa细水雾时,各基元反应敏感性增强,表明喷射N2和细水雾时,甲烷燃烧爆炸链式反应受这些基元反应的影响程度变大。与此同时,随着气液两相抑爆剂的加入,影响甲烷-空气预混气体燃烧爆炸的关键基元反应发生变化,交错喷射4.5MPa的N2和2MPa细水雾时,敏感性系数为正的基元反应在R158和 R53的基础上增加了R98,R98为OH+CH4→CH3+H2O,细水雾的增加会使R98逆向进行,从而抑制甲烷-空气爆炸燃烧的进行。
1) 试验研究表明:近点火端喷射抑制甲烷-空气预混气体的效果更好;利用光谱技术观察到·OH等典型自由基的特征峰值有不同程度降低,且随流量的增加,辐射强度持续减弱,H·和·OH等典型自由基的数值模拟可更直观地呈现化学反应的抑制过程。
2) 交错喷射N2和细水雾相对对流喷射和平行喷射具有更好的协同抑爆阻燃效果。为提高井下瓦斯爆炸时灭火抑爆的效率,尽量将隔爆水帘、隔爆盆和灭火装置交错放置;天然气、石油运输管道在设置防爆灭火装置时,考虑不同抑爆阻燃装置之间的位置摆放,当气体泄漏发生爆炸火灾时,可采用气液两相协同方式灭火,提高灭火效率,降低人员伤亡和财产损失。
3) 本管道模型下需要N2和细水雾喷射压力分别达到4.5、2MPa时,才具备良好抑爆阻燃效果,此时最大爆炸温度310 K,最大爆炸压力 0.008 2MPa,根据尺度效应应用于实际甲烷爆炸火灾发生区域,进行抑爆阻燃剂喷射参数的估量。
4) 达到抑爆阻燃目的时,H·和·OH摩尔分数分别为0.006 4和0.006 9。根据《重大火灾隐患判定方法》[15]所述,将H·和·OH摩尔分数作为消防行业现行火灾自动灭火系统运作过程中的监测参数,以其数量变化作为灭火进程的参考,为自动灭火系统监测环节设计提供新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51874134)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(3142016004)
  • 应急管理部工业安全事故分析与监测预警重点实验室开放基金(F2302)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1169
  • 接收时间:2023-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-17
  • 修回日期:2023-12-21
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51874134)
中央高校基本科研业务费(3142016004)
应急管理部工业安全事故分析与监测预警重点实验室开放基金(F2302)
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    华北科技学院 安全工程学院,河北 廊坊 065201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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