Article(id=1149739133142217117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0076-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0344, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695139200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-20, revisedDate=1703433600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048770461, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048770461, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048770461, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048770461, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739133502927265, articleId=1149739133142217117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Instability analysis and safe thickness calculation of waterproof rock mass based on mutation theory, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure the safety of the construction and operation of the karst water inrush tunnel,based on the elastic beam model,double cusp mutation model of the instability of the karst water inrush roof under dynamic disturbance was established by using the catastrophe theory. Considering the surrounding rock properties,hydrostatic pressure,dynamic disturbance and other factors,the instability mechanism and failure conditions of the roof of karst water inrush tunnel were analyzed,the discriminant equation of its instability mutation was established,and the minimum safe thickness of the roof was solved by Matlab software programming. At the same time,in order to avoid the irrationality of the theoretical formula of the mutation when the hydrostatic pressure was too large,the minimum safe thickness of the hydrostatic pressure was calculated separately,and the greater value of two calculated values was taken. The results show that whether the waterproof rock mass remains stable is determined by the factors the internal and external factors of rock mass. The minimum safe thickness of the rock mass increases with the increase of the span of the rock mass,and decreases with the increase of the elastic modulus of the rock mass. When the vibration frequency is constant,the greater the blasting load,the greater the minimum safe thickness of rock mass. When the blasting load is constant,the greater the frequency of blasting vibration,the smaller the minimum safe thickness of rock mass. The greater the hydrostatic pressure,the greater the minimum safe thickness of rock mass. The engineering example shows that this method of calculating the safety thickness of the roof of karst tunnel is feasible and highly accurate.

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为了保障岩溶突水隧道施工和运营安全,基于弹性梁模型,应用突变理论建立岩溶突水顶板在动力扰动下失稳的双尖点突变模型;综合考虑围岩性质、静水压力、动力扰动等因素,分析岩溶突水隧道顶板的失稳机制和破坏条件,建立其失稳突变的判别方程,并采用Matlab软件编程,求解顶板的最小安全厚度;同时,为了避免当静水压力过大时,突变理论公式的不合理性,单独计算仅在静水压力的情况下的最小安全厚度,并取两者计算值中的更大值。结果表明:隔水岩体是否保持稳定是由岩体内外因素共同决定的;岩体跨度越长,岩体最小安全厚度越大;岩体弹性模量越大,岩体最小安全厚度越小。在振动频率一定时,爆破荷载越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大;在爆破荷载的大小一定时,爆破振动的频率越大,岩体最小安全厚度越小;静水压力越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大。该岩溶突水隧道顶板安全厚度计算方法具有可行性与较高的准确性。

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方林 (1981—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,研究员,主要从事隧道与地下工程相关科研、设计及技术咨询工作。E-mail:

王桂林,教授。

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方林 (1981—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,研究员,主要从事隧道与地下工程相关科研、设计及技术咨询工作。E-mail:

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方林 (1981—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,研究员,主要从事隧道与地下工程相关科研、设计及技术咨询工作。E-mail:

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Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168130387814391833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130387818586138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, companyId=1168130387814391833, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research & Design Institute Co.,Ltd.,Chongqing 400067,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168130387826974747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, companyId=1168130387814391833, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168130387965386780, 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figureFileSmall=AI0jPA2PZN/Wb/XXYb3eig==, figureFileBig=jAQqYnbLad2+cd8H37SdGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389672468542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图1, caption=上覆溶洞隧道模型, figureFileSmall=AI0jPA2PZN/Wb/XXYb3eig==, figureFileBig=jAQqYnbLad2+cd8H37SdGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389718605887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanics model of water-resisting rock, figureFileSmall=ymqP54CsrxeLbJ9zeBtOag==, figureFileBig=RUmk8fZPCgsfBkB3WYTrgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389773131840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图2, caption=隔水岩体力学模型, figureFileSmall=ymqP54CsrxeLbJ9zeBtOag==, figureFileBig=RUmk8fZPCgsfBkB3WYTrgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389827657793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Double cusp catastrophe model, figureFileSmall=V6MBlrfJYzcXOI3N9PbbrA==, figureFileBig=qcB0HpAmdLC7aAf50xs+/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389882183746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图3, caption=双尖点突变模型, figureFileSmall=V6MBlrfJYzcXOI3N9PbbrA==, figureFileBig=qcB0HpAmdLC7aAf50xs+/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389928321091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cross-sections of double cusp catastrophe model, figureFileSmall=qt2pnKxtcYPGnr1++SiFQg==, figureFileBig=pZnNBuHUGdB9LhDfRuSQzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130389999624260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图4, caption=双尖点突变模型剖面, figureFileSmall=qt2pnKxtcYPGnr1++SiFQg==, figureFileBig=pZnNBuHUGdB9LhDfRuSQzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390045761605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Minimum safety thickness vs. blast strength and frequency, figureFileSmall=nh6IwnM4vYnpSdFCSGP/1w==, figureFileBig=jB8DjKa/rbZQ7uZ+Da5IMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390121259078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图5, caption=最小安全厚度与爆破强度、频率关系, figureFileSmall=nh6IwnM4vYnpSdFCSGP/1w==, figureFileBig=jB8DjKa/rbZQ7uZ+Da5IMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390167396423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relationship between minimum safe thickness and hydrostatic pressure (Equation 28), figureFileSmall=Zkrb5pIDRUZDWcWYZ+vlnQ==, figureFileBig=r55jJ5FYOykpb1NR/fiPqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390251282504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图6, caption=最小安全厚度与静水压力关系(式(28)), figureFileSmall=Zkrb5pIDRUZDWcWYZ+vlnQ==, figureFileBig=r55jJ5FYOykpb1NR/fiPqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390293225545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between minimum safe thickness and hydrostatic pressure (Equation 29), figureFileSmall=wmIIW6nBYvqq6rPq0rQbxQ==, figureFileBig=t/9TtVO8mGJLxqwVKGHryw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390351945802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图7, caption=最小安全厚度与静水压力关系(式(29)), figureFileSmall=wmIIW6nBYvqq6rPq0rQbxQ==, figureFileBig=t/9TtVO8mGJLxqwVKGHryw==, 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ArticleFig(id=1168130390553272398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=图9, caption=最小安全厚度与跨度关系, figureFileSmall=4FzNJrKVs9HxC6iYML9fHg==, figureFileBig=wC3oLQyr0MzrSuZVRUBFfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130390628769871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation results of Luzhuba Tunnel case

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 鲁竹坝隧道
文献[3] 文中
计算安全厚度/m 5.0 3.5
岩板实际厚度/m 3.6 3.6
计算隧道系统状态 失稳 稳定
隧道系统状态 稳定 稳定
), ArticleFig(id=1168130390674907216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133142217117, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鲁竹坝隧道案例计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 鲁竹坝隧道
文献[3] 文中
计算安全厚度/m 5.0 3.5
岩板实际厚度/m 3.6 3.6
计算隧道系统状态 失稳 稳定
隧道系统状态 稳定 稳定
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基于突变理论的隔水岩体失稳分析及安全厚度计算
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方林 1 , 龚晟 2 , 王桂林 2 , 余浩 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 76-83
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 76-83
基于突变理论的隔水岩体失稳分析及安全厚度计算
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方林1 , 龚晟2, 王桂林2, 余浩2
作者信息
  • 1 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067
  • 2 重庆大学 土木工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 方林 (1981—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,研究员,主要从事隧道与地下工程相关科研、设计及技术咨询工作。E-mail:

    王桂林,教授。

Instability analysis and safe thickness calculation of waterproof rock mass based on mutation theory
Lin FANG1 , Sheng GONG2, Guilin WANG2, Hao YU2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research & Design Institute Co.,Ltd.,Chongqing 400067,China
  • 2 College of Civil Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0344
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为了保障岩溶突水隧道施工和运营安全,基于弹性梁模型,应用突变理论建立岩溶突水顶板在动力扰动下失稳的双尖点突变模型;综合考虑围岩性质、静水压力、动力扰动等因素,分析岩溶突水隧道顶板的失稳机制和破坏条件,建立其失稳突变的判别方程,并采用Matlab软件编程,求解顶板的最小安全厚度;同时,为了避免当静水压力过大时,突变理论公式的不合理性,单独计算仅在静水压力的情况下的最小安全厚度,并取两者计算值中的更大值。结果表明:隔水岩体是否保持稳定是由岩体内外因素共同决定的;岩体跨度越长,岩体最小安全厚度越大;岩体弹性模量越大,岩体最小安全厚度越小。在振动频率一定时,爆破荷载越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大;在爆破荷载的大小一定时,爆破振动的频率越大,岩体最小安全厚度越小;静水压力越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大。该岩溶突水隧道顶板安全厚度计算方法具有可行性与较高的准确性。

突变理论  /  隔水岩体失稳  /  安全厚度  /  动荷载  /  静水压力

In order to ensure the safety of the construction and operation of the karst water inrush tunnel,based on the elastic beam model,double cusp mutation model of the instability of the karst water inrush roof under dynamic disturbance was established by using the catastrophe theory. Considering the surrounding rock properties,hydrostatic pressure,dynamic disturbance and other factors,the instability mechanism and failure conditions of the roof of karst water inrush tunnel were analyzed,the discriminant equation of its instability mutation was established,and the minimum safe thickness of the roof was solved by Matlab software programming. At the same time,in order to avoid the irrationality of the theoretical formula of the mutation when the hydrostatic pressure was too large,the minimum safe thickness of the hydrostatic pressure was calculated separately,and the greater value of two calculated values was taken. The results show that whether the waterproof rock mass remains stable is determined by the factors the internal and external factors of rock mass. The minimum safe thickness of the rock mass increases with the increase of the span of the rock mass,and decreases with the increase of the elastic modulus of the rock mass. When the vibration frequency is constant,the greater the blasting load,the greater the minimum safe thickness of rock mass. When the blasting load is constant,the greater the frequency of blasting vibration,the smaller the minimum safe thickness of rock mass. The greater the hydrostatic pressure,the greater the minimum safe thickness of rock mass. The engineering example shows that this method of calculating the safety thickness of the roof of karst tunnel is feasible and highly accurate.

mutation theory  /  waterproof rock mass instability  /  safe thickness  /  dynamic loading  /  hydrostatic pressure
方林, 龚晟, 王桂林, 余浩. 基于突变理论的隔水岩体失稳分析及安全厚度计算. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0344
Lin FANG, Sheng GONG, Guilin WANG, Hao YU. Instability analysis and safe thickness calculation of waterproof rock mass based on mutation theory[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0344
我国是世界上岩溶面积分布最大的国家。我国铁路事业、公路事业的发展必将跨越广大岩溶地区[1]。隧道施工过程中,由于存在岩溶等不良地质条件,隧道顶部与岩溶洞室之间隔水岩体常出现失稳、突水、垮塌等工程问题。因此,准确界定隧道与岩溶洞室间的隔水岩体厚度对于保障隧道施工运营安全至关重要。隔水岩体的厚度决定了隧道长度及埋深,隔水岩体厚度越小,工程造价就越低,但是隔水岩体更容易发生失稳,垮塌等工程问题[1-3]。因此,研究隧道与溶洞间隔水岩体厚度的临界条件具有十分重要的意义。
针对隧道与岩溶洞室间的隔水岩体最小安全厚度及其失稳问题,当前学术界主要通过数值模拟和理论分析等手段进行研究。戴自航等[4]将溶洞近似为与实际相近的椭球状,构建了三维有限元模型来模拟岩溶地区的路堤,研究了溶洞顶板的厚度、路堤填土的高度、溶洞的具体位置以及溶洞内部填充情况对路堤稳定性和溶洞顶板稳定性的影响。张华伟等[5]选择了单桩承载力、溶洞形态系数、溶洞跨度以及桩端偏心率作为影响岩体安全厚度的关键因素。他们通过数值模拟分析了这些因素与安全厚度之间的关系,并在此基础上建立了一个预测安全厚度的综合模型。高峰等[6]则通过构建有限元数值模型进行多次模拟计算,确定了不同影响因素组合下的顶板安全厚度。他们根据这些计算结果,建立了一个能够综合考虑多种因素的数学预测模型,用于矿体开采中的安全顶板厚度计算。赖永标[7]提出了一种基于突变理论的研究方法,用于评估隐伏溶洞与隧道之间的安全距离。他利用突变理论来评价岩层的稳定性,并通过研究隐伏溶洞与隧道间岩层系统的总势能,建立了岩层失稳的突变模型。他推导了隧道顶部、底部和前方隐伏溶洞时的岩层突变失稳判据、失稳力学条件和安全距离计算公式,为岩溶区隧道工程的设计和施工提供了理论支持。
闫长斌等[8]根据上下交叠型地下硐室群的主要特征,将岩体洞室间顶柱简化为两端固定梁的力学模型,并将动荷载简化为简谐波,考虑梁的自重的条件下,构建了动荷载诱发上下交叠型地下硐室间顶柱失稳的双尖点突变模型,导出了其失稳条件;根据失稳条件确定了顶柱的临界安全厚度;分析了动荷载振幅、频率对顶柱临界安全厚度的影响。左宇军等[9-10]构建了动荷载作用下顶板厚度的双尖点突变模型,得出了突变失稳的判别方程,但未能推导出安全厚度公式。邹洋等[2]在突变理论的基础上,综合考虑了围岩自重及隧道坡度等因素,提出了岩溶隧道顶部安全厚度的计算方法。然而,该方法未将动荷载因素纳入考虑范围。
YANG Xiaoli等[311]在研究中深入探讨了地下水对隧道底板安全厚度的影响,通过椭圆板模型和固支梁模型的优化,得出了隧道底板临界安全厚度的计算公式。他们还运用极限分析方法和突变理论,对围岩中隧道底板的坍塌模式和失稳条件进行了深入研究。江学良等[12]在动荷载作用下,提出了一个双尖点突变模型,并从中推导出了顶板安全厚度的计算公式。刘波等[1]基于闫长斌[8]和江学良[12]的研究结果,对安全厚度的计算公式进行了改进,并分析了爆破振动强度、频率、围岩特性、隧道跨度等因素对安全厚度的影响。综上可知:虽然许多研究者对岩溶隧道顶板安全厚度的计算公式进行了大量研究,但未同时考虑水压和动荷载同时作用的情况,所以得出的安全厚度结果可能与实际存在一定偏差。
文中将突变理论运用于岩溶与隧道之间的隔水岩体的失稳分析中,研究在水压、动力扰动的情况下隔水岩体的失稳问题,推导出岩体最小安全厚度的计算迭代公式。以期为岩溶突水隧道顶板安全厚度的确认提供可靠准确的计算方法。
图1为上覆溶洞隧道模型,其中,隔水岩体跨度为L,m。参照文献[10],基于突变理论,建立岩溶隧道力学分析模型,对其进行岩体失稳分析,并提出以下简化和假设:
1) 溶洞与隧道之间隔水岩体视为简化为简支平面梁,且岩体是均质的,连续的。
2) 溶洞水对隔水岩体的作用表现为作用在梁上部的均布压力,忽略其对围岩参数的弱化作用。
简化后的隔水岩体力学模型如图2所示,其中,Q(xt)为竖向满布于梁上的爆破振动简谐荷载,N;Nh为两端的轴向力,N;M为两端的弯矩,N·m;Nv为两端的切向力,N;p为溶腔均布水压力,MPa;H为厚度,m;q为包括自重和地应力在内的初始静荷载,N 。
在岩溶水压力和岩体自重等静荷载作用下,岩梁会发生弯曲变形,即产生初始挠度。岩梁的轴线挠度可以用工程中最常用的二次抛物线拱曲线方程表示:
ω 0 ( x ) = 4 ω z x L 2 ( L - x )
式中:ω0为岩梁中点的挠度,m;x为岩梁上任意一点到岩梁左端的距离,m。对于发生弯曲变形的关键层岩梁,取梁上一点F1(x0y0),其中,x0为0.5Ly0ω0(x) = ωz。梁在静载荷作用下处于稳定平衡状态时,以F1点求矩:
N v x 0 + N h y 0 + M = 1 2 ( p + q ) x 0 2
在简支梁中M较小可以忽略,则可得:
ω z = 1 8 N h ( p + q ) L 2
由式(3)可知:岩溶水压力越大,岩梁变形越大。
岩梁在受到应力波的扰动之后,会发生竖直方向上的振动,从而加大梁的挠度,促使隔水岩体发生破坏。根据Euler-Bernoulli假设,考虑线性阻尼,对于受竖向扰动荷载作用下的扁拱,有[13]
E I ω ' ' ' ' + E S 2 L ω ' ' 0 L [ ( ω ' ) 2 ] d x + c 0 ω · + P ( x t ) + ρ ω · = 0
式中:I为岩梁截面惯性矩,m4I=H3/12;S为岩梁截面面积,m2;ρ=0为梁的线密度,kg/ m2;ρ0为岩体密度,kg/ m3;ω为挠度,m;c0为阻尼系数(c0>0),(N·s)/m;P(xt)为单位梁上的垂直扰动荷载,N。其中,“'”表示对x求导,“·”表示对时间求导。在振动下梁的变形模态可表示为sin(πx/t)。此时,梁的单位垂直扰动荷载可表示为:
P ( x t ) = - ( p + q ) s i n π x L - Q m a x c o s ( Ω t ) s i n π x L
式中:Qmax为爆炸振动荷载的赋值,N;Ω为爆炸荷载的角频率,rad/s。
假设挠度函数ω(xt),在时间和空间上是可分离的,则岩梁结构的变形效应可表示为:
ω ( x t ) = f ( t ) s i n π x L
式中: f ( t )为挠度函数ω(xt)与时间t的相关的部分; s i n ( π x L )为挠度函数ω(xt)与x的相关的部分。
将式(5)和(6)代入式(4),整理得到岩梁的振动方程为:
2 f ( t ) t 2 + k 0 f ( t ) t + Ω 0 2 f ( t ) + a f ( t ) 3 - ( p + q ) ρ - Q 0 c o s ( Ω t ) = 0
式中:k0 = c0>0;a = π4ES/4ρL4; Ω 0 2= π4EI/ρL4Ω0为爆炸荷载的初始角频率,rad/s;Q0 = Qmax
k0a均较小时,若非线性方程式的解接近其线性方程的解,故方程(7)的解可以设为[14]
f ( t ) = B c o s ( Ω t - φ ) + B 0
式中:φ为阻尼引起的响应滞后;B为梁的动力影响振幅,m;B0为水压力和初始静荷载作用下的岩梁振幅,m,视为常数。
f (t) f ( t ) t 2 f ( t ) t 2代入方程(7),省略高阶小项和cos(3Ωt)项,整理可得:
B 2 Ω 2 - Ω 0 2 - 3 a B 0 2 - 3 4 a B 2 2 + k 0 2 Ω 2 B 2 = Q 0 2
Ω 0 2 B 0 + a B 0 3 + p + q = 0
对式(9)作微分同坯变换,并消去式中关于B2的二次项,得到:
( C + D ) 3 + ( C + D ) u + v = 0
式中:
C = B 2
D = 8 e / 9 a
e = - Ω 2 + Ω 0 2 + 3 a B 0 2
u = 16 ( 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 - e 2 ) 27 a 2
v = - 16 [ 8 e ( e 2 + 9 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) + 81 a Q 0 2 ] 729 a 3
式(11)为尖点突变模型的标准方程,式中:C+D为状态变量,C反映了振幅的状态,D反映了隔水岩体的几何状态和外荷载的作用状态;uv为控制变量。由于状态变量由CD这 2个变量组成,所以式(11)实际上是由2个尖点突变组合而成的双尖点突变模型。
由式(14)可知:e表示考虑受静荷载作用时爆破震动作用频率与梁的自振频率之间的关系。由于考虑了受静荷载作用,梁的自振频率从未考虑静荷载作用时的初始自振频率Ω0变为 Ω 0 1 Ω 01 = Ω 0 2 + 3 a B 2,则e = -Ω2+ Ω 01 2
图3为双尖点突变模型,坐标系横轴A代表频率关系,纵轴U代表扰动信号强度。令u=0,v=0可以求得图中2个尖点O1(A1U1)和O2(A2U2)的坐标[10],即:
3 k 0 2 Ω 2 - e 2 = 0
8 e ( e 2 + 9 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) + 81 a Q 0 2 = 0
W0为考虑静荷载后梁的自振频率,Hz;令 W 0 2 = r 0 + 3 a B 0 2 = Ω 0 2 + 3 a B 0 2 A = Ω 2 - W 0 2可得:
A 1 = k 0 3 2 k 0 - 9 4 k 0 2 + 3 W 0 2 A 2 = k 0 3 2 k 0 + 9 4 k 0 2 + 3 W 0 2
U 1 = 32 A 1 3 81 a U 2 = 32 A 2 3 81 a
由此可以获得图3中的2个尖点坐标。此时图3 可以表示为动荷载扰动下隔水岩体的振幅B1,频率关系A和扰动信号强度U(U的正负代表岩体的受压或受拉状态,正为压,负为拉)之间的关系。根据U值的相对大小,可以将受静荷载作用的岩梁对动力扰动的响应分为3个区域,如图4所示。
1) 当U1<U<U2时,此时位于中间区域,该区域内的Ⅱ-Ⅱ剖面如图4a所示。该区域内的平衡曲面不具有折迭,所以结构的响应表现出一种渐变的性质,不会发生突变破坏。
2) 当U<U1U>U2时,此时位于中间区域的两侧,这2个区域内的Ⅰ-Ⅰ剖面和Ⅲ-Ⅲ剖面如图4b图4c所示。在这2个区域内,平衡曲面存在折迭,随着A逐渐增大或减小,其变化过程中若穿越某个临界点,将导致结构振动幅值B1出现突变(即突跳现象),这种突变可能会引发覆盖溶洞与隧道之间的隔水岩体的不稳定,并最终导致其破坏。
根据突变理论,一个处于临界状态的结构系统,其平衡点(uv)点位于分叉点集上,此时即使外力输入有微小的变化,也可能引发系统剧烈的反应,即突变。因此,分叉集方程构成了系统突变的充分条件。因此,隔水岩体失稳的充分条件如式(21)所示:
4 u 3 + 27 v 2 = 0
将式(15)、式(16)代入式(21)得:
4 16 ( 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 - e 2 ) 27 a 2 3 + 27 - 16 [ 8 e ( e 2 + 9 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) + 81 a Q 0 2 ] 729 a 3 2 = 0
式(22)包含了岩梁的内部因素(如几何尺寸、岩石性质)及其外部因素(如水压力等静荷载和应力谐波信号)的影响。因此,隔水岩体的稳定状态不仅取决于岩石的内因,还与外部力的作用方式、大小和位置有关。观察突变模型可知,若要隔水岩体失稳,即:跨越分叉集,需 u 0,即:
16 ( 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 - e 2 ) 27 a 2 0
分析可知:双尖点突变模型对动荷载的角频率较为敏感,且在固定的水压力和初始静荷载下,动荷载角频率必须大于一定值,式(23)才能满足,即隔水岩体才能发生失稳破坏,且随着水压力和初始静荷载的增加,临界角频率具有减小的趋势。因此,在深埋隧道施工过程中,受高地应力、高水压的影响,隔水岩体非常容易受到动荷载扰动的影响而发生失稳破坏,在隧道开挖过程中,需要减少施工造成的强力扰动。
将式(22)进一步展开,整理后可以得到:
64 ( 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 - e 2 ) 3 + [ - 8 e ( e 2 + 9 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) + 81 a Q 0 2 ] 2 = 0
4 ρ 0 L 4 ( 64 ( e 2 - 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) 3 + 8 e ( e 2 + 9 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) ) = 81 π 4 E Q 0 2
H 2 = 81 π 4 E Q m a x 2 4 ρ 0 3 L 4 / ( - 64 ( e 2 - 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) 3 + 8 e 3 + 72 e k 0 2 Ω 2 )
式中:a4ES/(4ρL4),由于取单位宽度,其中k0=c0S=Hρ=ρ0H Ω 0 24EI/(ρL)4 Ω 0 24EH2/(12ρ0L4),其中e为:
e = - Ω 2 + Ω 0 2 - 3 a p ρ 0 H 2 + g 2 Ω 0 4
式中g为重力加速度,m/s2
x = H 2则可以得到不动点迭代公式:
x = 81 π 4 E Q m a x 2 4 ρ 0 3 L 4 - 64 ( e 2 - 3 k 0 2 Ω 2 ) 3 + 8 e 3 + 72 e k 0 2 Ω 2
可以通过式(28),进行不动点迭代法计算临界安全厚度,利用Matlab来计算求解。如文献[1]所述,考虑振动方程的突变理论推导公式中,忽略了静荷载的影响,但是实际上,在岩溶隧道中,静水压力作用也是导致隔水岩体破坏的重要影响因素,需要单独考虑计算静荷载下的最小安全厚度。计算公式如下:
H = 27 ( p + q ) L 2 20 σ t
式中σt为岩体抗拉强度。
最后隔水岩体的最小安全厚度取2种计算方法的计算结果中较大值。
选取重庆旗杆山隧道工程,该隧道属重庆城口(陕渝界)至开州高速公路第A3施工合同段,其最大埋深为1 296.50 m,属深埋特长山岭隧道。隧址区极为复杂的工程地质、水文地质环境条件,深刻影响着该隧道的结构设计、施工安全,对建设工期也起着重要的控制作用,也使之成为了银百高速城口(陕渝界)至开县高速公路的控制性工程之一。
隧址区岩溶区地下水丰富,赋存于岩溶管道中,隧道通过岩溶发育的岩性段,特别隧道穿越断层导水带、向斜轴部、灰岩与非可溶岩接触带附近,岩溶较发育,有丰富的地下水,发生突水、突泥的可能性大。
文中计算参数均取自重庆旗杆山隧道现场岩体和荷载参数,具体如下:E=6 GPa,ρ0=2 500kg/m3c0=500(N·s)/m,Qmax=2×105N,Ω=50 rad/s,p=0.6MPa,σt=0.4MPa。
为探究爆破强度和频率对隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响规律。将相关参数代入2.1的2种计算方法中。使用单独考虑静荷载的公式,得到H = 15.09 m。采用Matlab迭代计算,结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,最小安全厚度随着爆破荷载的增大而变大,最小安全厚度随着振动频率的增大而减小,即爆破荷载强度越大,岩溶洞室和隧道之间越容易发生破坏。在20~60 rad/s时,爆破振动的频率越大,岩溶的临界隔水厚度越小。且爆破频率过大时,用上述迭代公式(28)求解时会无法收敛,而且通过对公式16(3 k 0 2Ω2-e2)/27a2≤ 0进行分析,可以得知,当频率过大时,容易跨越分叉集,即发生破坏。爆破荷载的大小和最小安全厚度成线性相关,而频率与最小安全厚度成非线性关系。
为探究水压力对隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响规律,将2.2节中相关参数代入2.1节所提的2种计算方法,使用Matlab进行不动点迭代计算。
最小安全厚度与静水压力关系如图6所示。可以发现,在迭代公式中,静水压力对最小安全厚度的影响很小,这是因为基于振动方程突变理论推导出的迭代公式,主要考虑动荷载影响。但是,当水压力巨大时,如等于31 010 MPa,Matlab迭代计算结果会直接显示为0,此时公式才失效。显然,对于实际工程而言,在较大的水压力情况下,隔水岩体早已失稳。因此必须综合考虑静荷载压力下的稳定性验算。
通过式(29)则可以得到图7
为探究围岩特性对隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响特征,以重庆旗杆山隧道为例进行分析。
将2.2节中相关参数代入2.1节所提的2种计算方法,使用Matlab编程,进行不动点迭代计算。得到围岩的跨度以及弹性模量与隔水岩体的最小安全厚度的变化特征曲线,如图8图9所示。图8中,最小安全厚度随着弹性模量的增大而减小,两者呈非线性的关系。而弹性模量反映的是岩体的强度以及完整性,这说明隔水岩体的完整性越好,强度越大,隔水岩体更加稳定,不易破坏。而且当跨度较大时,最小安全厚度随弹性模量增加而减小的程度更大。
图9可知:随着跨度的增加,最小安全厚度逐渐增大。这说明随着隔水岩体的跨度的增加,隔水岩体的稳定性逐渐下降,跨度越大,越容易发生失稳破坏。而且当弹性模量较小时,最小安全厚度随跨度增大而增加的程度更大。
而对于第2种计算方法,可以得到跨度越大,对应需要的最小安全厚度越大。
以宜万线鲁竹坝隧道[15]岩溶段为例进行应用分析。据鲁竹坝隧道物探资料,在该隧道里程DK205+170处发育一溶腔。溶腔水压稳定在0.2 MPa,围岩容重为23 N/m3,弹性模量为 0.9 GPa,实际揭露隧道与溶洞间的距离约为 3.6 m,隧道溶洞之间的岩梁长度为8 m,该案例实际施工时未产生失稳现象。
将以上工程实际案例分别代入文献[3]推导公式和文中推导公式中,计算结果见表1
在该案例中,文献[3]的推导公式计算出的最小安全厚度比实际厚度要大,而文中计算的最小安全厚度更接近工程实际。因此,在相同工程参数情况下,文中所提方法的计算结果更符合工程实际。
1) 隔水岩体是否保持稳定是由隔水岩体本身属性以及外部荷载环境所决定的,其中岩体本身属性主要包括:隔水岩体的跨度和高度,以及隔水岩体的力学性质。外部荷载主要包括自身重力,岩溶水压力,爆破荷载等,其中岩溶水压力和爆破荷载为主要影响因素。
2) 岩体本身属性中,最小安全厚度随跨度的增大而减小;而弹性模量反映的是岩体的强度以及完整性,弹性模量越大,最小安全厚度越小。而且随着岩体跨度的增加,最小安全厚度逐渐增大。
3) 在振动频率一定时,岩体最小安全厚度和爆破荷载呈正比例关系,爆破荷载越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大。而在爆破荷载的大小一定,且爆破频率在20~60 rad/s区间时,岩体的最小安全厚度随爆破振动的频率增大而减小。而静水压力越大,则最小安全厚度也越大,基本呈线性增加。
4) 实际工程算例计算表明:文中所推导的溶洞与隧道间岩层最小安全厚度公式具有一定的科学性和有效性。
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0344
  • 接收时间:2023-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-20
  • 修回日期:2023-12-25
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    1 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067
    2 重庆大学 土木工程学院,重庆 400044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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