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In order to reduce the safety problems caused by leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas during the distribution,based on fluid mechanics and porous media theory,a three-dimensional numerical model of leakage and diffusion of urban buried hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline was established by Fluent software. The effects of hydrogen blending ratio,leakage aperture,pipeline pressure,pipeline buried depth and soil type on the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas and the vertical diffusion distance of the lower explosion limit of methane and hydrogen were analyzed. The results show that the larger the proportion of hydrogen blending,the smaller the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas,and the longer the time it takes for the methane explosion lower limit contour to diffuse to the surface,while the opposite is true for hydrogen. Secondly,the leakage amount is about twice as much as 5 mm when the leakage aperture is 10 mm. The leakage amount is about twice as much as 10 mm when the leakage aperture is 20 mm. The larger the leakage aperture,the shorter the time required for the lower explosion limit of methane and hydrogen to reach the surface. Thirdly,the greater the pipeline pressure,the greater the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas and the faster the diffusion speed,and the higher the risk coefficient. Besides,when the buried depth of the pipeline is 1.1m,the leakage is largest,followed by 1.4 m and 0.8 m. The shallower the buried depth,the shorter the time required for the lower explosion limit of methane and hydrogen to reach the surface. Finally,the soil type has an important influence on the leakage and diffusion of hydrogen-blended natural gas. When the soil type is silty sand,the leakage and diffusion rate of hydrogen-blended natural gas are the largest,followed by loam and finally clay.

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为减少掺氢天然气在输送过程中因泄漏引发的安全问题,基于流体力学及多孔介质理论,采用Fluent软件建立城市埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维数值模型,分析掺氢比例、泄漏孔径、管道压力、管道埋深和土壤类型等因素对掺氢天然气泄漏量及甲烷、氢气爆炸下限竖直方向上扩散距离的影响。结果表明:掺氢比例越大,掺氢天然气泄漏量越小,甲烷爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间越长,而氢气则相反;泄漏孔径10 mm时的泄漏量约为孔径5 mm时泄漏量的2倍,泄漏孔径20 mm时的泄漏量约为10 mm时泄漏量的2倍,且泄漏孔径越大,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间越短;管道压力越大,掺氢天然气泄漏量越大且扩散速度越快,危险系数越高;管道埋深1.1 m泄漏量最大,其次为1.4、0.8 m,埋深越浅,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间越短;土壤类型对掺氢天然气的泄漏扩散有重要的影响,土壤类型为粉质砂土时,掺氢天然气泄漏量及扩散速度最大,其次为壤土,最后为黏土。

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彭善碧 (1980—),女,土家族,重庆人,硕士,教授,主要从事燃气负荷智能预测与燃气安全智能管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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彭善碧 (1980—),女,土家族,重庆人,硕士,教授,主要从事燃气负荷智能预测与燃气安全智能管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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彭善碧 (1980—),女,土家族,重庆人,硕士,教授,主要从事燃气负荷智能预测与燃气安全智能管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1149739132831838618, language=CN, label=图2, caption=网格无关性验证, figureFileSmall=7DBzWTksnmIfDtwZWmQDSw==, figureFileBig=DlvV/mhV0cEE58y3LDNGsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130435642044675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of hydrogen blending ratio on leakage rate (leakage time 3 600 s), figureFileSmall=FSqbsKV1ZlbUq7+k1d7X8g==, figureFileBig=DzHTcAOWwSARY7JxbbgYXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130435709153540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=CN, label=图3, caption=掺氢比例对泄漏量的影响(泄漏时间3 600 s), figureFileSmall=FSqbsKV1ZlbUq7+k1d7X8g==, figureFileBig=DzHTcAOWwSARY7JxbbgYXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130435809816838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Vertical diffusion distance of lower 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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Leakage and diffusion simulation of buried hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline

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案例 掺氢比
例/%
泄漏孔
径/mm
管道压
力/MPa
管道埋
深/m
土壤
类型
1 0 10 0.4 1.4 壤土
2 10 10 0.4 1.4 壤土
3 20 10 0.4 1.4 壤土
4 10 5 0.4 1.4 壤土
5 10 20 0.4 1.4 壤土
6 10 10 0.2 1.4 壤土
7 10 10 0.3 1.4 壤土
8 10 10 0.4 0.8 壤土
9 10 10 0.4 1.1 壤土
10 10 10 0.4 1.4 粉质砂土
11 10 10 0.4 1.4 黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1168130437504315683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散模拟工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例 掺氢比
例/%
泄漏孔
径/mm
管道压
力/MPa
管道埋
深/m
土壤
类型
1 0 10 0.4 1.4 壤土
2 10 10 0.4 1.4 壤土
3 20 10 0.4 1.4 壤土
4 10 5 0.4 1.4 壤土
5 10 20 0.4 1.4 壤土
6 10 10 0.2 1.4 壤土
7 10 10 0.3 1.4 壤土
8 10 10 0.4 0.8 壤土
9 10 10 0.4 1.1 壤土
10 10 10 0.4 1.4 粉质砂土
11 10 10 0.4 1.4 黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1168130437588201765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Soil parameters and resistance coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤
类别
平均颗粒
直径/mm
孔隙
黏性阻力
系数/m-2
惯性阻力
系数/m-1
粉质砂土 0.50 0.25 2.16×1010 3.36×105
黏土 0.01 0.30 2.72×1013 9.07×106
壤土 0.05 0.43 2.45×1011 5.02×105
), ArticleFig(id=1168130437680476455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739132831838618, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤参数和阻力系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤
类别
平均颗粒
直径/mm
孔隙
黏性阻力
系数/m-2
惯性阻力
系数/m-1
粉质砂土 0.50 0.25 2.16×1010 3.36×105
黏土 0.01 0.30 2.72×1013 9.07×106
壤土 0.05 0.43 2.45×1011 5.02×105
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埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散数值模拟研究
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彭善碧 1, 2 , 罗雪 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 63-69
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 63-69
埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散数值模拟研究
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彭善碧1, 2 , 罗雪1
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学 土木工程与测绘学院,四川 成都 610500
  • 2 四川省燃气安全与高效利用工程技术研究中心,四川 成都 610500
  • 彭善碧 (1980—),女,土家族,重庆人,硕士,教授,主要从事燃气负荷智能预测与燃气安全智能管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

Numerical simulation of leakage and diffusion in buried hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline
Shanbi PENG1, 2 , Xue LUO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu Sichuan 610500,China
  • 2 Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Gas Safety and High-Efficiency Utilization,Chengdu Sichuan 610500,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1904
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为减少掺氢天然气在输送过程中因泄漏引发的安全问题,基于流体力学及多孔介质理论,采用Fluent软件建立城市埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维数值模型,分析掺氢比例、泄漏孔径、管道压力、管道埋深和土壤类型等因素对掺氢天然气泄漏量及甲烷、氢气爆炸下限竖直方向上扩散距离的影响。结果表明:掺氢比例越大,掺氢天然气泄漏量越小,甲烷爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间越长,而氢气则相反;泄漏孔径10 mm时的泄漏量约为孔径5 mm时泄漏量的2倍,泄漏孔径20 mm时的泄漏量约为10 mm时泄漏量的2倍,且泄漏孔径越大,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间越短;管道压力越大,掺氢天然气泄漏量越大且扩散速度越快,危险系数越高;管道埋深1.1 m泄漏量最大,其次为1.4、0.8 m,埋深越浅,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间越短;土壤类型对掺氢天然气的泄漏扩散有重要的影响,土壤类型为粉质砂土时,掺氢天然气泄漏量及扩散速度最大,其次为壤土,最后为黏土。

掺氢天然气  /  管道  /  泄漏扩散  /  数值模拟  /  泄漏量  /  扩散距离

In order to reduce the safety problems caused by leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas during the distribution,based on fluid mechanics and porous media theory,a three-dimensional numerical model of leakage and diffusion of urban buried hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline was established by Fluent software. The effects of hydrogen blending ratio,leakage aperture,pipeline pressure,pipeline buried depth and soil type on the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas and the vertical diffusion distance of the lower explosion limit of methane and hydrogen were analyzed. The results show that the larger the proportion of hydrogen blending,the smaller the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas,and the longer the time it takes for the methane explosion lower limit contour to diffuse to the surface,while the opposite is true for hydrogen. Secondly,the leakage amount is about twice as much as 5 mm when the leakage aperture is 10 mm. The leakage amount is about twice as much as 10 mm when the leakage aperture is 20 mm. The larger the leakage aperture,the shorter the time required for the lower explosion limit of methane and hydrogen to reach the surface. Thirdly,the greater the pipeline pressure,the greater the leakage of hydrogen-blended natural gas and the faster the diffusion speed,and the higher the risk coefficient. Besides,when the buried depth of the pipeline is 1.1m,the leakage is largest,followed by 1.4 m and 0.8 m. The shallower the buried depth,the shorter the time required for the lower explosion limit of methane and hydrogen to reach the surface. Finally,the soil type has an important influence on the leakage and diffusion of hydrogen-blended natural gas. When the soil type is silty sand,the leakage and diffusion rate of hydrogen-blended natural gas are the largest,followed by loam and finally clay.

hydrogen-blended natural gas  /  pipeline  /  leakage and diffusion  /  numerical simulation  /  leakage amount  /  diffusion distance
彭善碧, 罗雪. 埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散数值模拟研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 63 -69 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1904
Shanbi PENG, Xue LUO. Numerical simulation of leakage and diffusion in buried hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 63 -69 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1904
氢能具有来源广、燃烧热值高、能量密度大、零污染、零碳排等优点,有助于解决能源危机、全球变暖和环境污染等问题,被誉为21世纪最具发展潜力的清洁能源[1]。在碳达峰、碳中和背景下,实现氢的高效输送和利用是能源发展的战略需求[2]。目前,已开展的掺氢天然气输送示范项目大多采用现有的天然气管道输送[3],但在管道输送过程中,受管道腐蚀、材料老化、第三方破坏等因素影响,难免发生泄漏[4]。而管道泄漏造成的危害极大[5],可能带来火灾和爆炸等环境危害以及巨大的经济损失。将氢气与天然气掺混,利用在役的天然气管道等基础设施输送,不仅可以省下巨额的管道建设费用,还可实现大规模、长距离输送氢气[6]。因此,研究埋地掺氢天然气管道的泄漏扩散特性,有利于为埋地掺氢天然气管道的安全运营和维护提供支撑。
针对掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散特性,国内外的研究学者采用试验及数值模拟的方法开展了大量研究。WILKENING等[7]使用计算流体动力学软件,比较了甲烷和氢气管道在有风和无风条件下泄漏扩散的浓度质量分数分布情况。LOWESMITH等[8]通过大规模试验,研究了掺氢天然气在居住房屋内的泄漏积聚行为,发现掺氢比例会影响气体的积聚质量分数。MARANGON等[9]基于试验研究,发现掺氢天然气泄漏时存在分散和分层现象。SUBANI等[10]通过分析瞬态压力波,得出氢气质量比对掺氢天然气瞬态流动和泄漏流量的影响。贾文龙等[11]研究了掺氢天然气输送管道阀室在不同风速、氢气体积浓度、泄漏口径及泄漏方向下的泄漏扩散特性,并提出了可燃气体检测器的安装建议。SU Yue等[12]采用Fluent软件,研究了家用厨房内掺氢天然气的泄漏和扩散特性,得出泄漏气体的爆炸危险区域、报警响应时间和质量分数分布特点,还分析了掺氢比、泄漏速率、通风条件和尺寸对泄漏和扩散过程的影响。孙齐等[13]研究了在不同风速以及不同掺氢体积分数下,半敞开式厂房内掺氢天然气的扩散特性,并提出在半封闭场所内传感器的布置方案。
现有研究主要关注有限空间内的掺氢天然气泄漏扩散,而并未考虑埋地掺氢天然气管道的泄漏扩散。鉴于此,笔者拟基于Fluent软件建立城市埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维模型,分析掺氢比例、泄漏孔径、管道压力、管道埋深和土壤类型等参数对掺氢天然气泄漏量和扩散距离的影响特性,以期为埋地掺氢天然气管道的敷设、日常维护等工作提供理论依据。
埋地掺氢天然气管道的泄漏扩散过程十分复杂,为便于模型建立及问题研究,作出如下假设:土壤为各向同性的多孔介质,孔隙中全部充满空气,无水分;掺氢天然气为理想气体,将掺氢天然气简化为氢气、甲烷2组分混合物;泄漏气体与土壤只进行无化学反应的组分输运,不进行热量交换;泄漏为稳定连续泄漏,泄漏孔的压力等于掺氢天然气管道的压力。
城市埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散的物理模型如图1所示。模型尺寸为4m×4m×3m,管道长度4m,管道直径100mm,泄漏孔位于管道的中间位置,且泄漏方向竖直向上。管道埋深、泄漏孔径及土壤类型视工况而定,工况见表1,其中,土壤的相关参数[14]表2
埋地掺氢天然气管道的泄漏与扩散遵循连续性方程[16-17]、动量方程[18]、能量方程[18]以及组分输运方程[19];针对掺氢天然气泄漏扩散的流动特性,采用标准湍流模型[20]求解湍流方程。此外,由于埋地管道受土壤多孔介质的覆盖作用,需要考虑土壤阻力和孔隙率,因此,数学模型还包括多孔介质模型[1721]
1) 初始条件。在掺氢天然气泄漏前,土壤区域的流体全部为空气,因此,掺氢天然气的体积分数初始化为0。
2) 边界条件。掺氢天然气管道泄漏孔边界条件为pressure-inlet,管道壁面边界条件为wall,除地表边界外的其他土壤边界条件设置为symmetry,地表边界条件为pressure-outlet。
利用Fluent软件进行求解设置时,采用有限体积法求解控制方程,并选择基于压力求解器的SIMPLE算法和标准k-ε湍流模型。动量、组分和能量采用二阶迎风格式,湍动能和湍动能耗散率采用一阶迎风格式;并对掺氢天然气非稳态泄漏扩散进行数值模拟计算。
采用非结构性网格划分模型,并对泄漏孔进行网格的局部加密。为选取合适的计算网格数量,且考虑到仿真精度要求等因素,进行网格的无关性验证。在计算域中随机选取一点(2,3,1.8)作为监测点,计算此点在不同网格数量下的甲烷质量分数随时间变化的曲线如图2所示。由图2可知:3种网格数量下甲烷的质量分数随时间的变化趋势一致,当网格数量为837 102和1 231 226时,甲烷质量分数随时间的变化曲线基本重合,平均相对误差为1.5%,即网格数量为837 102时可以保证数值模拟计算结果的精确性。
甲烷爆炸极限为5.0%~15.0%,氢气爆炸极限为4.0%~75.6%,分别以甲烷、氢气爆炸下限竖直方向上扩散的距离和泄漏量为气体危险范围的评价尺度。
图3为掺氢比例对掺氢天然气泄漏量的影响,图4为掺氢天然气在不同掺氢比例下爆炸下限竖直方向扩散距离随时间的变化情况。从图3图4可以看出,掺氢比例增加会降低泄漏口的质量流量,说明掺氢比例增加,泄漏危险性减小。在相同的泄漏时间内,氢气沿竖直方向扩散的距离随掺氢比例的增加而增加,而甲烷则相反。在泄漏扩散初期,氢气扩散速度缓慢,但随着时间增加,扩散速度加快,说明随着时间的增加,氢气扩散范围越大,危险半径就越大。当掺氢比例为0、10%和20%时,甲烷爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间比氢气爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间短,且两者的时间差随着掺氢比例的增加而缩短,说明随着掺氢比例的增加,引发爆炸事故的可能性更大且更危险。
图5为泄漏孔径对掺氢天然气泄漏量的影响,图6为掺氢天然气在不同泄漏孔径下爆炸下限竖直方向扩散距离随时间的变化情况。由图5图6可知:泄漏孔径10mm时的泄漏量约为泄漏孔5mm时泄漏量的2倍,泄漏孔径20mm时的泄漏量约为泄漏孔10mm时泄漏量的2倍,说明泄漏孔径对掺氢天然气泄漏量有较大影响,泄漏孔径越大,泄漏量越大。在相同的泄漏时间内,掺氢天然气在竖直方向上扩散的距离随泄漏孔径的增加而增大。当泄漏孔径为5mm时,氢气扩散速度基本不变,而甲烷扩散速度逐渐增加,另外,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间随泄漏孔径的增大而减少,危险系数增加,说明泄漏孔径对埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏的影响极大,因此,应该重点防范掺氢天然气管道可能产生的面积较大的泄漏孔。
管道压力对掺氢天然气泄漏扩散的影响十分重要,管道中气体压力随地理位置、输送距离等变化。图7为管道压力对掺氢天然气泄漏量的影响,图8为掺氢天然气在不同管道压力下爆炸下限竖直方向扩散距离随时间的变化情况。由图7图8可知:掺氢天然气的泄漏量和在竖直方向上扩散的距离随管道压力的增加而增大。在前1 200s内,3种管道压力下氢气的扩散速度基本一致,随着时间增加,管道压力越大,氢气扩散速度也越快,而甲烷泄漏的初始速度随管道压力的增加而增大,因此,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间随管道压力的增加而减少。
管道埋深对掺氢天然气的泄漏扩散有一定影响,地面负荷和管道稳定性要求等因素会影响管道埋深。从图9可知:管道埋深为0.8m时,泄漏量最小,而管道埋深为1.1m时,泄漏量最大,说明管道埋深为1.1m时的危险系数比埋深为0.8和1.4m更大。由图10可知:在相同的管道埋深时,甲烷扩散速度大于氢气,甲烷的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间更短。甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间随管道埋深的增加而增加,因此,适当增加管道的埋地深度有助于缓解掺氢天然气泄漏扩散的危险性。
当土壤类型为粉质砂土、黏土、壤土,泄漏1h时泄漏孔的泄漏量分别为2.066×10-3、1.162×10-5、8.830×10-4kg/s,说明土壤类型对掺氢天然气的泄漏量有较大影响。由多孔介质模型中黏性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数的计算公式[17]可知:土壤平均颗粒直径和孔隙率决定了气体扩散的黏性阻力和惯性阻力,当土壤为黏土时,掺氢天然气在黏土中扩散时受到的阻力较大,因此,掺氢天然气在泄漏孔附近高度聚集,高浓度的掺氢天然气对泄漏孔产生较大的反作用力从而抑制泄漏孔的泄漏量。反之,粉质砂土对掺氢天然气的阻力小,因此掺氢天然气在粉质砂土中的泄漏量更大,且在同一泄漏时间内,其危险范围更大。图11为掺氢天然气在不同土壤类型下爆炸下限竖直方向扩散距离随时间的变化情况。由图11可知:在泄漏时间相同的情况下,掺氢天然气在粉质砂土中竖直方向上扩散的距离最大,这是因为粉质砂土对掺氢天然气的阻力最小。甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表的时间在粉质砂土中最短,其次为壤土,最后为黏土,说明掺氢天然气在粉质砂土中泄漏扩散的危险范围最大。因此,在管道的敷设掩埋阶段,建议在管道周围敷设黏土,以此减缓掺氢天然气泄漏的扩散速度,减少危险区域。
1) 掺氢天然气的泄漏量随泄漏孔径、管道压力增加而增加,随掺氢比例增加而减少。管道埋深和土壤类型对泄漏量有较大影响,土壤类型为粉质砂土时泄漏量最大,壤土次之,再次为黏土。
2) 甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间随泄漏孔径、管道压力的增加而减小,随管道埋深的增加而增加。甲烷爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间随掺氢比例的增加而增加,而氢气则相反。甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表的时间在粉质砂土中最短,其次为壤土,最后为黏土。
3) 望该成果可为埋地掺氢天然气管道的敷设、日常维护等工作提供理论依据。下一步可开展埋地掺氢天然气管道的泄漏扩散试验来验证数值模拟结果的有效性。
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1904
  • 接收时间:2023-09-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-27
  • 修回日期:2023-12-11
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    1 西南石油大学 土木工程与测绘学院,四川 成都 610500
    2 四川省燃气安全与高效利用工程技术研究中心,四川 成都 610500
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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