Article(id=1149739130990543255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0148-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=1702828800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048769948, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048769948, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048769948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048769948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=148, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739131317698971, articleId=1149739130990543255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Fire prevention and extinguishing performance of phosphogypsum based self-produced gas expansion slurry, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to prevent high-level fire hazards such as spontaneous combustion of top coal and upper layer residual coal,a self-produced gas expansion slurry was prepared by taking industrial solid waste phosphogypsum as the base material,adding components such as sodium bicarbonate and polyacrylamide. Firstly,a thermogravimetry(TG) analyzer was used to study the thermal stability of the slurry at different heating rates. Then,a self-built insulation performance testing system was used to test the thermal insulation performance of the slurry. Finally,the fire extinguishing and cooling performance of the slurry was studied through fire extinguishing experiments. The results show that when the temperature of phosphogypsum based self-produced gas expansion slurry is below 160 ℃,there is a mass loss of 35% to 46% in the slurry. When the temperature is above 160 ℃,the mass fraction of the slurry no longer changes. The thickness of the slurry accumulation reaches 30 mm,and the effective insulation time exceeds 139 min,which can achieve good coverage of coal spontaneous combustion hazardous areas. The slurry expands and diffuses in the cracks of the coal pile,completely enveloping the broken coal from bottom to top,isolating oxygen,and having good cooling and fire extinguishing performance. After 36 min of grouting,the temperature at all points has been decreased to below 50 ℃,and no reignition phenomenon has occurred.

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为防治煤矿顶煤和上分层遗煤自燃等高位火源灾害,以工业固废物磷石膏为基料,加入碳酸氢钠和聚丙烯酰胺等成分,制备出一种自产气膨胀浆体。首先,应用热重(TG)分析仪研究浆体在不同升温速率下的热稳定性;然后,采用自行搭建的隔热性能测试系统测试浆体的隔热性;最后,通过灭火试验研究浆体的灭火降温性能。结果表明:磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体在160 ℃以下时存在35%~46%的质量损失,当温度大于160 ℃时,浆体的质量分数不再发生改变;浆体堆积厚度达到30 mm 时,有效隔热时间超过139 min,可实现对煤自燃危险区域较好的覆盖;浆体通过在煤堆裂隙中膨胀扩散,自下而上完全包裹碎煤,隔绝氧气,具有良好的降温灭火性能,注浆36 min后,各点位温度已全部降低至50 ℃以下,未出现复燃现象。

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吴芳华 (1988—),女,山西朔州人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为煤矿防灭火。E-mail:

施式亮,教授。

鲁义,教授。

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Time required for thermocouples at different positions to heat up to 60 ℃min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mm 200 ℃ 300 ℃ 400 ℃ 500 ℃
10 36.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
20 139.0 8.5 7.0 6.5
30 20.0 17.0 11.0
40 30.0 22.0 18.0
50 36.5 27.0 18.0
), ArticleFig(id=1168130437302989088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739130990543255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同位置热电偶升温至60 ℃所需时间

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厚度/mm 200 ℃ 300 ℃ 400 ℃ 500 ℃
10 36.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
20 139.0 8.5 7.0 6.5
30 20.0 17.0 11.0
40 30.0 22.0 18.0
50 36.5 27.0 18.0
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磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体防灭火性能研究
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吴芳华 , 施式亮 , 鲁义 , 谷旺鑫 , 谭嘉乐 , 刘蔚廷
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 148-154
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 148-154
磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体防灭火性能研究
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吴芳华 , 施式亮, 鲁义, 谷旺鑫, 谭嘉乐, 刘蔚廷
作者信息
  • 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 吴芳华 (1988—),女,山西朔州人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为煤矿防灭火。E-mail:

    施式亮,教授。

    鲁义,教授。

Fire prevention and extinguishing performance of phosphogypsum based self-produced gas expansion slurry
Fanghua WU , Shiliang SHI, Yi LU, Wangxin GU, Jiale TAN, Weiting LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Resources,Environment and Safety Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0099
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为防治煤矿顶煤和上分层遗煤自燃等高位火源灾害,以工业固废物磷石膏为基料,加入碳酸氢钠和聚丙烯酰胺等成分,制备出一种自产气膨胀浆体。首先,应用热重(TG)分析仪研究浆体在不同升温速率下的热稳定性;然后,采用自行搭建的隔热性能测试系统测试浆体的隔热性;最后,通过灭火试验研究浆体的灭火降温性能。结果表明:磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体在160 ℃以下时存在35%~46%的质量损失,当温度大于160 ℃时,浆体的质量分数不再发生改变;浆体堆积厚度达到30 mm 时,有效隔热时间超过139 min,可实现对煤自燃危险区域较好的覆盖;浆体通过在煤堆裂隙中膨胀扩散,自下而上完全包裹碎煤,隔绝氧气,具有良好的降温灭火性能,注浆36 min后,各点位温度已全部降低至50 ℃以下,未出现复燃现象。

磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体  /  煤自燃  /  热稳定性  /  隔热性能  /  灭火降温  /  有效隔热时间

In order to prevent high-level fire hazards such as spontaneous combustion of top coal and upper layer residual coal,a self-produced gas expansion slurry was prepared by taking industrial solid waste phosphogypsum as the base material,adding components such as sodium bicarbonate and polyacrylamide. Firstly,a thermogravimetry(TG) analyzer was used to study the thermal stability of the slurry at different heating rates. Then,a self-built insulation performance testing system was used to test the thermal insulation performance of the slurry. Finally,the fire extinguishing and cooling performance of the slurry was studied through fire extinguishing experiments. The results show that when the temperature of phosphogypsum based self-produced gas expansion slurry is below 160 ℃,there is a mass loss of 35% to 46% in the slurry. When the temperature is above 160 ℃,the mass fraction of the slurry no longer changes. The thickness of the slurry accumulation reaches 30 mm,and the effective insulation time exceeds 139 min,which can achieve good coverage of coal spontaneous combustion hazardous areas. The slurry expands and diffuses in the cracks of the coal pile,completely enveloping the broken coal from bottom to top,isolating oxygen,and having good cooling and fire extinguishing performance. After 36 min of grouting,the temperature at all points has been decreased to below 50 ℃,and no reignition phenomenon has occurred.

phosphogypsum based self-produced gas expansion slurry  /  coal spontaneous combustion  /  thermal stability  /  thermal insulation performance  /  fire extinguishing and cooling  /  effective insulation time
吴芳华, 施式亮, 鲁义, 谷旺鑫, 谭嘉乐, 刘蔚廷. 磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体防灭火性能研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 148 -154 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0099
Fanghua WU, Shiliang SHI, Yi LU, Wangxin GU, Jiale TAN, Weiting LIU. Fire prevention and extinguishing performance of phosphogypsum based self-produced gas expansion slurry[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 148 -154 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0099
煤炭是重要能源,专家预测,到2025年,我国煤炭需求量将达到能源消费总量的一半以上[1-3]。在煤炭开采中,瓦斯突出、煤自燃等事故时有发生,特别是煤自燃,严重影响了煤矿的正常回采。煤自燃火灾不仅会浪费大量煤炭资源,还会产生CO、CH4等有害气体,诱发瓦斯爆炸,威胁井下工作人员的生命安全。因此,研究高效的煤自燃防治材料,对保证矿井安全生产具有重要意义[4-5]
研究表明[6-7]:漏风是导致遗煤自燃的原因,通过封堵松散煤体,减少遗煤与空气接触,可有效防止遗煤自燃。煤矿现场多采用灌浆[8]、喷洒阻化剂[9]、注防灭火泡沫[10-11]等技术或材料防治煤自燃,其中,防灭火泡沫因其扩散范围广,堆积性好等优点,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注[12],相继研制出水基泡沫[13]、三相泡沫[14]和无机固化泡沫[15-17]等材料。水基泡沫稳定时间短,泡沫消失后遗煤会重新与空气接触,从而发生煤自燃;三相泡沫则存在失水快、强度低、难以使煤体长期隔氧等问题,因此,研究人员开展了无机固化泡沫的研究,如胡相明等[18]制备出一种经液态硅酸钠改性的无机固化泡沫,并分析了其抗压强度、胶凝时间、流动堆积性、防灭火性能,结果表明:其抗压强度、流动性能和防灭火性能等方面均得到了提高;金永飞等[19]以复合水泥为基料研制了一种新型发泡水泥,并通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了其初凝时间、流动性能和膨胀性能;马砺等[20]针对传统堵漏材料易干裂、流动性差的问题,研制了大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫。目前,无机固化泡沫虽制备工艺简单,但其防治高位火源仍存在稳定性差,防治效果不佳的问题,限制了无机固化泡沫煤炭防灭火领域的大范围使用。
鉴于此,笔者拟以工业固废物磷石膏为基料,加入碳酸氢钠和聚丙烯酰胺等成分,制备一种自产气膨胀浆体,研究其热稳定性、隔热性能和灭火降温性能,以期实现防治煤矿高位火源和有效利用固废资源的双重目的。
开展磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体防灭火试验,原材料包括磷石膏、碳酸氢钠、蒸馏水、粉煤灰、水泥、聚丙烯酰胺。
1) pH检测。选取pH值范围为2~3、粒径为20~30μm的磷石膏。
2) 固体物质混合。在烧杯内依次加入磷石膏、碳酸氢钠、水泥、粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺,搅拌装置转速设定为1 500 r/min,搅拌时间为3min,形成均匀混合粉体。
3) 固液混合。固体物质混合结束后,向混合粉体中迅速注入蒸馏水,搅拌装置转速设定为2 000 r/min,搅拌时间为1min,搅拌均匀后即形成磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体。
随后静置观察其膨胀过程,制备过程如图1所示。
1) 热稳定性测试。采用热重(Thermogravimetry,TG)分析仪分析磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体的热稳定性,测试温度为30~800℃,升温速率分别为5、10、15和20℃/min,使用铝制坩埚盛放样品,样品添加量为8~10mg,试验过程中持续通入标准空气。
2) 隔热性能测试。试验系统包含温控系统和温度采集系统2部分。温控系统控制热辐射锥的温度,实现对不锈钢容器的升温控制,模拟高温点温度,试验过程中热辐射锥温度分别设置为100、200、300、400和500℃;不锈钢容器尺寸为100mm×100mm×50mm,侧面有5个小孔,孔间距为10mm,用于插入热电偶,从上至下依次为1、2、3、4和5号,1号孔距容器顶部的距离为10mm,向不锈钢容器中装填磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体,并记录不同加热温度下5个热电偶的温度变化,进而分析温度和浆体厚度对浆体隔热性能的影响;温度采集系统主要由温度记录仪和热电偶连接而成,用于监控与采集浆体内部温度,试验系统如图2所示。
3) 灭火降温测试。试验装置主要包括模型柜和圆柱形网筐等。温度采集系统包括温度记录仪,用于碎煤燃烧时的温度采集。模型柜为六棱柱,边长为50cm,圆柱形网筐直径为40cm。注浆前点燃煤堆,使用温度记录仪同步捕捉着火过程的温度变化。为模拟磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体防治高位火源的过程,当热电偶温度上升速度减缓或不再上升时,将磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体沿着注浆管注入碎煤底部,观察其自膨胀和灭火降温过程。试验共布置3层测点,距离模型柜底部的距离分别为5(A层)、20(B层)和35cm(C层),每层测点分布如图3所示。测点呈环状分布在注浆管周围,内圈测点距注浆管中心5cm,外圈测点距注浆管中心15cm。
磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体在不同升温速率下的TG和微分热重(Derivative Thermogravimetry,DTG)曲线如图4所示。
图4可知:不同升温速率下的DTG曲线均存在2个失重速率峰,说明在自产气膨胀浆体热解的过程中存在着2个阶段。第1次失重是由于自由水分的蒸发,第2次失重是由于浆体骨料 CaSO4·2H2O 中的结晶水开始蒸发,分解为H2O和CaSO4,当温度为160℃时,CaSO4·2H2O中的结晶水全部蒸发完。当温度大于160℃时,几乎不发生失重,浆体质量分数不再发生改变。当温度为160℃ 时,不同升温速率下的样品质量分数分别为65%、61%、58%和54%,因此,浆体在160℃以下的质量损失约为35%~46%,温度高于160℃时,材料稳定性较好,浆体的分解得到控制,说明在高温下,浆体材料具有较好的热稳定性能。
磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体在不同热源条件下加热180min后热电偶温度变化如图5所示。
当热源温度分别为100和200℃时,1、2、3、4、5号热电偶全过程处于升温状态,但升温速率逐渐减小;当热源温度为300和400℃时,1、2号热电偶在升温过程中出现短暂的升温平缓期,继续加热后热电偶温度又快速上升,这是由于浆体表层所含自由水不断蒸发吸热,热电偶进入升温平缓期,随着加热时间增长,浆体上层中游离的水分子含量越来越少,浆体逐渐固化,温度迅速上升,浆体上层进入迅速升温期。由于浆体内部反应产生的气体大部分集中于浆体上层,体系中所含的游离水分子受气体挤压作用和重力作用缓慢向下流动,同时,随着上层浆体含气量增加,垂直方向上热传递效率降低,3、4、5号热电偶在升温加速期之后一直处于升温平缓期。当热源温度为500℃时,1、2号热电偶升温平缓期更加短暂,3号热电偶也在加热70min后进入迅速升温期,浆体中上层温度急剧上升,4、5号热电偶依旧处于升温平缓期,且温度相差不大。因此,磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体在加热环境下,浆体温度通常会经历一个升温加速期、升温平缓期以及迅速升温期的过程。磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体凝结过程如图6所示。在高温热源加热下,浆体表层温度迅速上升,由于膨胀浆体上层水化作用加强,磷石膏、水泥等颗粒物快速反应,生成钙矾石、水化硅酸钙等水化产物。
一般认为,60~80 ℃是煤自燃的临界温度,当煤温超过临界温度时,会进入加速氧化阶段直至发生自燃。因此,为进一步研究磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体隔热效果,将浆体某处温度由初始温度升温至 60℃ 的时间作为有效隔热时间,评估热源和浆体厚度对其隔热性能的影响。在相同热源温度下,浆体厚度越大,其隔热效果越好,在相同时间内,浆体温度上升速率越慢。不同位置热电偶升温至60℃所需时间见表1
表1可知:相同热源温度下,浆体厚度越大,其在垂直方向上表现出更优异的隔热效果。当厚度为10mm时,在水蒸气压力下浆体四周温度上升较快,1号热电偶在各热源温度加热下升温至60℃用时最少,说明该厚度下浆体的耐热性能较差。当浆体厚度增大至20mm时,浆体的耐热性能明显提高;当厚度超过30mm时,浆体耐热效果进一步提高,在200℃加热180min,3号热电偶最终没有达到60℃;厚度为40和50mm的浆体隔热性进一步提高。因此,利用磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体治理煤的氧化自燃区域时,浆体堆积厚度达到30mm时能够实现较好的覆盖,有效隔热时间超过139min,可以达到治理煤自燃隐患和灾害的效果。
磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体灭火降温过程如图7所示。碎煤开始燃烧后,磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体材料通过注浆管从容器顶部注入,在重力作用下沿裂隙到达容器底部。磷石膏中含有磷酸离子,磷酸离子与碳酸氢钠反应生成CO2,在高温区域该反应会加强,因此,浆体通过裂隙结构向上快速膨胀,形成大面积的包裹和覆盖,抑制煤表面与空气的接触熄灭火源,如图8所示。浆体中所包含的自由水也能够对高温热源处的煤体进行吸热降温,同时,磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体释放的CO2为惰性气体,能够驱替裂隙中的氧气,进而持续抑制煤的氧化进程。
因浆体在碎煤裂隙中均匀扩散,所以取A-1-1、A-1-2、B-1-1、B-1-2、C-1-1、C-1-2点处的温度数据进行分析,研究浆体在裂隙中的扩散规律和降温特征。灭火试验过程中各点位温度变化如9图所示。从图9可以看出,点燃煤堆后,煤炭开始燃烧,一段时间后,煤堆底层和中层温度基本稳定在800℃,煤堆上层温度基本稳定在400℃左右。此时注入磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体,浆体作用于煤堆底层,迅速扑灭底层火焰,在高温状态下,浆体表面凝结速度加快,内部产气加快,沿着碎煤缝隙向四周快速膨胀,煤堆底层温度骤降至100℃左右。与此同时,浆体不断向上膨胀,其中,中心位置垂直高度增长最快,因此,该位置的浆体能够迅速向上覆盖燃煤,扑灭火焰,可以明显观察到热电偶B-1-2和B-2-2温度骤降,随着时间的增长,煤堆中层四周温度也随之下降至100℃左右。此外,浆体注入过程中由于高温作用蒸发形成的蒸汽增加了空气中的湿度,溢出的CO2降低了周围环境中的氧气含量,煤堆上层在浆体还未膨胀至此时也受此因素影响,煤氧接触受到阻碍,升温趋势难以维持。随着浆体不断膨胀,煤堆上层的温度也开始降低,直至浆体溢出煤堆,煤堆被其自下而上完全包裹,隔绝氧气,熄灭火焰,注浆36min后,各点位温度已全部降低至50℃以下,未出现复燃现象。
以工业固废物磷石膏为基料,加入碳酸氢钠和聚丙烯酰胺等成分,制备出一种自产气膨胀浆体,研究其防灭火性能,主要结论如下:
1) 在160℃以下时,浆体存在35%~46%的质量损失,当温度大于160℃时,浆体的质量分数不再发生改变,说明浆体材料具有较好的热稳定性能。
2) 磷石膏基自产气膨胀浆体在遇到热源时,其温度存在升温加速期、升温平缓期以及迅速升温期3个过程。浆体堆积厚度达到30mm时就能实现对煤自燃危险区域较好的覆盖,有效隔热时间超过139min,达到治理煤自燃隐患和灾害的效果。
3) 注入浆体后,浆体在煤堆裂隙中膨胀扩散,自下而上完全包裹碎煤,隔绝氧气,熄灭火焰,煤堆底层、中层和上层温度依次降低,注浆36min后,各点位温度已全部降低至50℃以下,未出现复燃现象,说明磷石膏自产气膨胀浆体具有良好的降温灭火性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274196)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174180)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52374200)
  • 国家重大人才工程青年项目(2022QB06801)
  • 湖南省重点研发计划项目(2022GK2042)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0099
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 修回日期:2023-12-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(52274196)
国家自然科学基金(52174180)
国家自然科学基金(52374200)
国家重大人才工程青年项目(2022QB06801)
湖南省重点研发计划项目(2022GK2042)
作者信息
    湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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