Article(id=1149739130617250197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0109-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0800, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695139200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-20, revisedDate=1702915200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048769859, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048769859, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048769859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048769859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739130864714134, articleId=1149739130617250197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Virtual simulation experimental system for mine fire monitoring and prevention based on Unity3D, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To better perform the experimental practical teaching and training of mining safety majors and cultivate first-class comprehensive top-notch talents in safety emergencies,a virtual simulation experimental teaching system for mine fire monitoring and prevention based on Unity3D was designed. Firstly,the simulation models were developed by 3ds Max,and then the overall framework of the experimental system for mine fire monitoring and prevention was constructed. Secondly,practical experimental trainings for human-machine interaction were conducted such as external fire monitoring and remote automatic control of disaster relief ventilation door emergency response,internal fire monitoring,and temperature-controlled cell coating chemical agent fire extinguishing emergency control. Finally,a comprehensive evaluation experimental evaluation system was proposed for assessment and evaluation. The results showed that the experimental system had the technical characteristics of immersion,interactivity,and conception of virtual reality,which created an underground three-dimensional virtual simulation scene and realistically displayed the evolution process of mine fires. For the experiments and practical training,the experimental system broke through the limitations of traditional models in terms of time,space,safety,and resources,providing self-directed learning and diverse evaluation methods.

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为更好地开展矿业安全类专业试验实践教学和培训,培养安全应急一流复合型拔尖人才,设计一种基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验教学系统。首先,采用3ds Max建立仿真模型,构建矿井火灾监测防治试验系统总体框架;其次,开展外因火灾监测与远程自动控制救灾风门应急处置、内因火灾监测与温控胞衣阻化剂防灭火应急防控等人机交互试验实训;最后,建立综合评测的试验评价体系用于考核评估。结果表明:该试验系统具备虚拟现实沉浸性、交互性、构想性的技术特点,利于打造井下三维虚拟仿真场景,逼真展示矿井火灾演变过程;在试验与实训方面,可以突破传统模式在时间、空间、安全、资源等方面的限制,提供自主学习与多元评价方式。

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裴晓东 (1981—),男,江苏徐州人,博士,副教授,主要从事安全科学与工程学科的教育及研究工作。E-mail:

王亮,教授。

邵昊,副教授。

王凯,教授。

吴征艳,副教授。

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王凯,教授。

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吴征艳,副教授。

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Evaluation systems of experimental system

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考核要求 考核内容 分值
试验预习 学习进程≥10 min,考评情况 20
试验操作 步骤是否合理正确,数据记录是否及时准确,是否在规定时间内完成 60
试题测试 是否掌握相应知识点,考核情况 10
试验报告 对试验目的、原理、数据记录与处理、试验的建议以及评价是否完整 10
), ArticleFig(id=1168130415417110547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739130617250197, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验系统评价体系

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考核要求 考核内容 分值
试验预习 学习进程≥10 min,考评情况 20
试验操作 步骤是否合理正确,数据记录是否及时准确,是否在规定时间内完成 60
试题测试 是否掌握相应知识点,考核情况 10
试验报告 对试验目的、原理、数据记录与处理、试验的建议以及评价是否完整 10
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基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统
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裴晓东 1, 2 , 姚志远 2 , 王亮 1, 2 , 邵昊 2 , 王凯 1, 2 , 吴征艳 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 109-116
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 109-116
基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统
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裴晓东1, 2 , 姚志远2, 王亮1, 2, 邵昊2, 王凯1, 2, 吴征艳2
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学 教育部安全工程专业虚拟教研室,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 裴晓东 (1981—),男,江苏徐州人,博士,副教授,主要从事安全科学与工程学科的教育及研究工作。E-mail:

    王亮,教授。

    邵昊,副教授。

    王凯,教授。

    吴征艳,副教授。

Virtual simulation experimental system for mine fire monitoring and prevention based on Unity3D
Xiaodong PEI1, 2 , Zhiyuan YAO2, Liang WANG1, 2, Hao SHAO2, Kai WANG1, 2, Zhengyan WU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Virtual Teaching and Research Section of Safety Engineering Major of Ministry of Education,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 2 School of Safety Engineering,China University of Mining & Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0800
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为更好地开展矿业安全类专业试验实践教学和培训,培养安全应急一流复合型拔尖人才,设计一种基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验教学系统。首先,采用3ds Max建立仿真模型,构建矿井火灾监测防治试验系统总体框架;其次,开展外因火灾监测与远程自动控制救灾风门应急处置、内因火灾监测与温控胞衣阻化剂防灭火应急防控等人机交互试验实训;最后,建立综合评测的试验评价体系用于考核评估。结果表明:该试验系统具备虚拟现实沉浸性、交互性、构想性的技术特点,利于打造井下三维虚拟仿真场景,逼真展示矿井火灾演变过程;在试验与实训方面,可以突破传统模式在时间、空间、安全、资源等方面的限制,提供自主学习与多元评价方式。

Unity3D  /  矿井火灾  /  监测与防治  /  虚拟仿真  /  试验系统  /  应急处置

To better perform the experimental practical teaching and training of mining safety majors and cultivate first-class comprehensive top-notch talents in safety emergencies,a virtual simulation experimental teaching system for mine fire monitoring and prevention based on Unity3D was designed. Firstly,the simulation models were developed by 3ds Max,and then the overall framework of the experimental system for mine fire monitoring and prevention was constructed. Secondly,practical experimental trainings for human-machine interaction were conducted such as external fire monitoring and remote automatic control of disaster relief ventilation door emergency response,internal fire monitoring,and temperature-controlled cell coating chemical agent fire extinguishing emergency control. Finally,a comprehensive evaluation experimental evaluation system was proposed for assessment and evaluation. The results showed that the experimental system had the technical characteristics of immersion,interactivity,and conception of virtual reality,which created an underground three-dimensional virtual simulation scene and realistically displayed the evolution process of mine fires. For the experiments and practical training,the experimental system broke through the limitations of traditional models in terms of time,space,safety,and resources,providing self-directed learning and diverse evaluation methods.

Unity3D  /  mine fire  /  monitoring and prevention  /  virtual simulation  /  experimental system  /  emergency response
裴晓东, 姚志远, 王亮, 邵昊, 王凯, 吴征艳. 基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0800
Xiaodong PEI, Zhiyuan YAO, Liang WANG, Hao SHAO, Kai WANG, Zhengyan WU. Virtual simulation experimental system for mine fire monitoring and prevention based on Unity3D[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0800
自国务院发布“中国制造2025”以来[1],虚拟现实技术搭乘科技发展和国家政策的快车,被广泛运用到各行各业,并取得了一些成效。在煤矿开采、石油勘探及船舶制造等领域,部分高校将虚拟现实技术融入专业教学、试验实践及应急培训,构建了响应国家政策的新型教育方式[2-4]。在煤矿开采领域,矿井火灾是煤矿安全生产和应急处置涉及的主要灾害之一,具有隐蔽、突发、易造成次生伤害及伤亡人数多等特点。矿井火灾发生发展规律复杂,相应的应急监测与防治方法在井下受限空间内实施难度大、困难多[5]。当前,我国急需矿井火灾监测与防治方面的人才,而相关教学、实践和培训资源难以满足矿山安全人才培养需求[6-8]。因此,利用虚拟仿真技术开展矿井火灾监测与防治方面的人才培养,具有重大意义。
诸多学者对此开展了研究,王恩元等[9]基于石门安全揭煤工程背景,采用虚拟现实、系统仿真等信息技术,开展了高瓦斯突出煤层石门安全揭煤虚拟仿真试验,打造了场景化、交互式、体验式与融入式的教学模式。闫莎莎等[10]应用UG建模和3DMax软件,实现了综掘工艺虚拟场景搭建和各部件设备的运动过程仿真,用于培训、实操训练和试验教学。朱安庆等[11]采用虚拟现实软件,在个人电脑端发布了船舶制造虚拟仿真系统,实现船舶装配及制造工艺流程仿真,解决了大型结构物制造教学及工程应用规划等问题。上述研究均取得了较好的效果,但目前尚无矿井火灾监测防治方面的虚拟试验系统及相关研究成果。
鉴于此,笔者拟构建一种基于Unity3D的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统,采用该试验系统模拟井下三维虚拟仿真场景,展现矿山内因火灾、外因火灾的危害、发生发展和多种致灾原因,并提供相应监测与防控技术方法,以期满足矿井火灾监测与防控教学实践和应急培训需求。
传统的书面教材只能通过笼统文字和简单图片来展示和讲解矿井火灾,有限的视频资料也多为事故发生后或事故救援时的场景片段,这使得应急培训及教学与学习过程枯燥,难以深入。受时间、空间、经费、安全等因素的限制,受训者或学生也难以在真实的现代化矿井环境中进行系统地学习和实践。同时,矿井火灾监测防控技术和复杂工艺,需要深入反复的工程实践训练才能熟练掌握,这使得传统的教学试验实践模式存在诸多的困难和不足。
结合矿井火灾防治和安全监测监控等核心理论,设计矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统的知识体系,如图1所示。
1) 通过典型事故案例及视频,熟悉矿山火灾事故发生发展及危害。
2) 学习掌握矿山火灾事故理论知识点及最新监测应急处置技术。
3) 熟悉外因火灾的多发区域和外部火源多发情形(以胶带巷火灾为主)。
4) 熟练掌握胶带巷日常的安全监测手段。
5) 熟练掌握发生胶带火灾的应急处置技术(如远程自动控制救灾风门的应用等)。
6) 熟悉内因火灾多发区域和自然发火因素(以采空区煤炭自燃火灾为主)。
7) 熟练掌握采空区自然发火的监测技术,束管系统、采空区“三带”监测技术等(传统布线方式、无线监测方式)。
8) 熟练掌握采空区自然发火的防治应急处置手段(预防性灌浆、凝胶、三相泡沫、注氮气等,以及温控胞衣防灭火技术)。
9) 培养具备解决现场工程问题能力的专业人才,通过仿真技术提高学生或受训者运用专业知识和现代技术手段进行矿井火灾监测与防控的应急能力。
矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统知识体系包括3个知识模块。
1) 矿井火灾事故理论模块。包括矿井火灾案例、相关数据、矿井火灾事故理论以及最新监测应急处置技术4个知识点。指导学生或受训者学习矿井火灾的相关概念、事故危害与相关应急处置技术原理。
2) 外因火灾监测防治模块。包括外因火灾多发区域与外部火源多发诱因、胶带巷安全监测、外因火灾应急处置技术以及远程自动救灾风门应用5个知识点。指导学生或受训者学习外因火灾易发区域和诱因,掌握以胶带巷为主的安全监测与应急处置技术以及针对胶带巷火灾的远程自动控制救灾风门技术的应用等。
3) 内因火灾监测防治模块。包括内因火灾多发区域与影响因素、采空区自然发火监测与防治应急处置、温控胞衣防灭火新技术等6个知识点。指导学生或受训者掌握内因火灾相关概念、监控技术和应急处置新手段等。
矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统包含支持层、资源层、交互层和使用层4层架构,且每一层都为下一层提供支持[12-14]。系统结构设计如图2所示。
1) 支持层。主要包含建模软件3ds Max和Unity3D引擎等实现虚拟现实技术所用到的编译软件。通过实景图片和视频,以及相关设备具体参数,运用3ds Max建立液压支架、风门、机电设备等三维模型,再导入Unity3D中,构建采空区、胶带巷、机电硐室等虚拟仿真三维场景。
2) 资源层。针对试验项目,构建矿井环境和相关设备3D模型,存储于资源库中,根据需求取用。在Unity3D中,资源可设立预制体文件夹实现相同模型的快速布置与改变。
3) 交互层。利用各三维模型和场景,导入和编程实现交互,共同构成矿井火灾监测防治试验的虚拟现实环境,满足用户在虚拟仿真中达到学习和交互目的,实现相关操作与流程的实践和培训。
4) 使用层。面对高校师生和受训者开展教学应用,设计者或教师可对系统进行二次设计以满足创新教学和培训的需求。目前,该虚拟仿真试验系统包含矿井环境认知、通风系统认知、矿井火灾模拟和题目考核等。
结合系统功能分析,试验系统主要功能设计包括4个功能模块,如图3所示。
1) 用户登录功能模块。系统采用B/S架构,用户通过浏览器访问系统。试验系统部署于学校或公司的服务器上,校内用户通过校园网访问,校外用户通过Internet访问。录入姓名、学号等信息完成登录,系统自动记录保存用户学习进度等信息,实现教师对学生或受训者学习情况的了解。
2) 试验实践教学功能模块。包括准备部分和试验部分。准备部分主要为试验介绍,帮助学生在使用系统前进行初步认知,明确该系统的定位以及整体知识框架,便于后续虚拟仿真教学及试验实践的进行。试验模块是该虚拟仿真试验教学系统的核心部分,包含基础知识总述和火灾场景演练2部分。采取“讲解+同步操作”+“讲解后+独立操作”的分步教学实训模式,并在基础知识讲解的同时设置交互任务,加深知识掌握程度。
3) 数据记录功能模块。通过数据采集实现数据存储和传输,达到记录学习进程的目的,加深用户自我认知以及教师对学生情况的掌握。正在进行的任务图标以高亮区分,完成任务后将对其所对应任务图标加以标记,如图4所示。
4) 考核评价功能模块。试验系统的考核方式有2种:①试验模块中的任务考核。主要涉及虚拟仿真场景中的交互操作。②试题考核。知识点覆盖范围包括矿井火灾监测防治核心理论和技术,题目作答后自动判断并显示正确答案和解析。试验交互操作和试题应答完成后,系统自动打分,按权重计算最终得分,并反馈给学生或受训者,以便掌握学习实训情况,明确薄弱知识点以便改进提高。
在系统内容设计上,选取典型井工煤矿为样本,建设井上工业广场、井下巷道、硐室等三维可视化虚拟场景,融入火灾监控防治基础理论知识、火灾发生情形以及应急处置手段,试验系统内容设计如图5所示。
基于以上设计框架,按照B/S架构,综合应用3ds Max、Unity3D、ZBrush、Visual Studio、 Mysql等技术和工具进行系统开发。试验系统品质至少满足单场景模型总面数1 000 000三角面、贴图分辨率 1 024×1 024、 每帧渲染次数30 帧/s、动作反馈时间1/90 s、显示刷新率60 Hz、分辨率4 K等要求。
整个试验系统实训过程分为4步[15-16],依次为矿井环境及事故认知、内因火灾虚拟仿真与应急处置、外因火灾虚拟仿真与应急处置和试验考核。
点击“矿井环境及事故认知”相关按钮,以井上工业广场的虚拟场景作为视觉开端,通过第一视角镜头推进的方式进入井下巷道。随着场景深入,分别介绍通风系统以及机电硐室、胶带巷、采空区等易发生火灾事故的场景,并讲解分析内、外因火灾事故案例。引导认知和事故案例分析界面如图6所示。学生或受训者可通过语音文字或视频动画等方式进行场景再现和事故原因认知。
点击“外因火灾虚拟仿真与应急处置”相关按钮,进入机电硐室和胶带巷三维虚拟仿真场景,并开展监测传感器布置、常规应急处置技术以及远程自动控制救灾风门演练等试验实训,锻炼学生掌握外因火灾监测及应急处置技能。外因火灾虚拟仿真与应急处置交互界面如图7所示。
以“胶带巷火灾监测及远程自动控制救灾风门试验”为例,试验实训过程如下:未发生火情时,部分救灾风门处于常闭状态(自动闭锁);当监测到胶带巷发生火灾,检测到烟雾信号发出声光报警,启动救灾;此时,应急控制将启、闭相关救灾门以调控灾害气体流动,将火灾有毒有害气体导入总回风巷,保证受灾区域人员可经由轨道巷等新鲜风流巷道逃生升井或躲入避灾硐室。
点击“内因火灾虚拟仿真与应急处置”相关按钮,通过三维动画和虚拟仿真展示巷道高冒区、煤柱、采空区等煤自燃易发[17-18]场景和自然发火条件,并开展采空区监测传感器布置、束管系统、三带监测以及温控胞衣防灭火技术等试验实训,锻炼学生掌握内因火灾监测及应急处置技能。内因火灾虚拟仿真与应急处置交互界面如图8所示。
以“三带划分+注浆注氮位置优选试验”为例,试验实训过程如下:根据三带监测管路布置方法及获得的采空区内部指标气体浓度数据和温度数值(图8a图8b图8c),受训者或学生可以科学划分并得出内因火灾重要防治参数“可能自燃带(散热带)、自燃带及窒息带,即采空区三带”的具体范围,并以动态图示方式逼真展现,如图9所示。而针对注浆注氮位置优选,需将防灭火管路深入采空区“自燃带”中部,以利于防灭火浆液或惰性气体对自燃带内的遗煤进行降温、覆盖和惰化,达到高效防灭火目的。
以“温控胞衣阻化剂防灭火试验”为例,试验实训过程如下:内因火灾以预防为主,并应及时处置自燃初期火情。实训操作中开展温控胞衣相变材料封装阻化剂实践,制备后预先喷洒留置在采空区,当遗煤温度升高到60~70 ℃(临界温度),胞衣外壳自动融化及时释放出内部封装的阻化剂溶液,以实现高效预防和处置采空区自然发火的目的。
实训环节完成后,学习、受训者点击进入考核评价模块。系统的考核方式主要有2种:①试验模块中的任务考核。主要是在虚拟仿真场景中的操作交互,系统针对交互情况给出评分。②试题测试考核。系统自动从题库中生成试题考察学生对前述煤自燃、内外因火灾及相关应急处置的掌握程度。完成测试考核点击“提交”后,系统参照各模块权重,计算给出最终得分。
矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验系统采用综合测评的方法,注重学生学习的多样化与灵活性,结合操作交互与试题测试,考察考生在开展矿井火灾监测防治仿真工程实践中对相关理论知识的掌握、对易发火场景的相关监测仪器以及防治技术的实操应用能力。评价体系见表1,总得分应为100。
1) 文中基于Unity3D搭建的虚拟仿真试验系统,可实现时长合适、内容合理、步骤紧凑、技术先进的矿井火灾监测与防治虚拟仿真试验及实训应用,有助于培养安全与应急学科相关技术人员工程实践能力。
2) 文中提出的虚拟实训方法将传统理论教学不易讲解和实体试验不易开展的难点和堵点问题,拓展到矿井三维虚拟空间下开展“实操练兵”,深入融合发展矿井火灾监测与防治理论教学和工程实践,利于创新试验模式、丰富试验资源,提高实训效率,促进安全应急人才的培养。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52074278)
  • 教育部首批虚拟教研室建设试点项目(教高厅函[2022]2号)
  • 江苏高校“青蓝工程”优秀教学团队项目(苏教师函[2022]29号)
  • 中国矿业大学教学学术研究子课题项目(2022ZDKT02-204)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0800
  • 接收时间:2023-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-20
  • 修回日期:2023-12-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52074278)
教育部首批虚拟教研室建设试点项目(教高厅函[2022]2号)
江苏高校“青蓝工程”优秀教学团队项目(苏教师函[2022]29号)
中国矿业大学教学学术研究子课题项目(2022ZDKT02-204)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学 教育部安全工程专业虚拟教研室,江苏 徐州 221116
    2 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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种数
Number of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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