Article(id=1149738962345968058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)-04-0077-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1292, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699545600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-10, revisedDate=1705334400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048729739, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048729739, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048729739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048729739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738962589237695, articleId=1149738962345968058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effect of variation of cross-section dimensions on noise propagation in coal mine excavation roadway, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of section size change on noise propagation in long space of coal mine roadway,the simulation method was used to study the noise propagation in the roadway,and to analyze the influence of the changes of section area size,section shape and section area mutation rate on the noise propagation in the roadway of coal mine roadway. The results showed that: the section area size,section shape and section area mutation rate in coal mine tunneling would affect the propagation of noise in the tunnel,when the noise source power and frequency were the same,the attenuation of the sound pressure level increased with the increase of the section area of the roadway. For a given section area (18 m2),when the section shape was different,the attenuation of the sound pressure level was also different,and there would be an obvious acoustic focusing effect when the section shape was arch-shaped. When the cross-section area changed abruptly,the distribution of sound pressure level in the roadway would change,in which the change of cross-section area from large to small was not conducive to noise attenuation,and the change of cross-section area from small to large only affected the sound field after the abrupt change,and the overall sound pressure level in the roadway is not significant. The field test and numerical simulation results of noise attenuation in the tunnel were basically consistent,which verified the reliability of the model and simulation results.

, correspAuthors=Gaini JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming YANG, Gaini JIA, Xingyuan QUAN, Xuebo ZHANG, Maomao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738980423418085, articleId=1149738962345968058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=煤矿掘进巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究煤矿掘进巷道长空间内断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响,采用仿真模拟方法研究巷道内噪声传播,分析煤矿掘进巷道断面积大小、断面形状及断面面积突变率的变化对巷道内噪声传播影响。结果表明:煤矿掘进巷道内断面面积大小、断面形状及断面面积突变率均会影响巷道内噪声的传播,当噪声源功率、频率相同时,声压级衰减随巷道截面积增大而增大;对于给定的断面面积(18 m2),当断面形状不同时,声压级衰减也不同,且断面形状为拱形时会产生明显的声聚焦效应,不利于噪声衰减;当断面面积发生突变时,巷道内的声压级分布会有所变化,其中断面面积由大变小时不利于噪声的衰减,断面面积由小变大时仅影响突变后的声场,而对巷道内整体声压级影响并不明显;巷道内噪声衰减现场测试与数值模拟结果基本一致,验证了搭建的模型及模拟结果的可靠性。

, correspAuthors=贾改妮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**贾改妮(1991—),女,河南周口人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为矿井职业健康与安全。E-mail:
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杨明 (1982—),男,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授,主要从事于矿井通风与热害防治、瓦斯灾害防治、职业健康与安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

张学博 副教授

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张学博 副教授

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168151018710773777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738962345968058, language=CN, label=图12, caption=煤矿掘进巷道内距声源不同距离时声压级变化, figureFileSmall=qUAEowpTQ86XlfY7MIl7sg==, figureFileBig=jDOAa2XBlGt3+s1XewptMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168151018773688338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738962345968058, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Attenuation of sound pressure levels along distance for different cross-sectional area sizesdB

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
声源距
离/m
截面积/m2
3 9 18
0.1 129.78 125.94 119.41
10 111.93 108.35 97.27
20 95.93 94.90 87.14
30 88.03 85.24 81.77
40 82.09 79.29 74.28
50 78.68 73.21 66.89
60 77.36 66.50 60.89
70 70.06 64.45 56.09
80 63.10 58.99 54.55
90 59.31 58.27 50.38
100 55.34 53.51 49.00
), ArticleFig(id=1168151018849185811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738962345968058, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

截面积大小不同时声压级沿距离衰减

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
声源距
离/m
截面积/m2
3 9 18
0.1 129.78 125.94 119.41
10 111.93 108.35 97.27
20 95.93 94.90 87.14
30 88.03 85.24 81.77
40 82.09 79.29 74.28
50 78.68 73.21 66.89
60 77.36 66.50 60.89
70 70.06 64.45 56.09
80 63.10 58.99 54.55
90 59.31 58.27 50.38
100 55.34 53.51 49.00
), ArticleFig(id=1168151018907906068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738962345968058, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Sound pressure level attenuation values along distance when cross-section shape is differentdB

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
声源距
离/m
截面形状
正方形 梯形 拱形
0.1 118.44 123.68 117.21
10 100.94 101.19 107.07
20 89.96 89.15 97.52
30 84.31 83.23 93.45
40 78.38 75.83 88.14
50 67.33 68.18 80.64
60 65.36 61.68 75.44
70 65.18 58.74 70.56
80 53.19 56.93 74.95
90 51.36 52.50 74.04
100 55.64 55.74 69.12
), ArticleFig(id=1168151018991792149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738962345968058, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

截面形状不同时声压级沿距离衰减值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
声源距
离/m
截面形状
正方形 梯形 拱形
0.1 118.44 123.68 117.21
10 100.94 101.19 107.07
20 89.96 89.15 97.52
30 84.31 83.23 93.45
40 78.38 75.83 88.14
50 67.33 68.18 80.64
60 65.36 61.68 75.44
70 65.18 58.74 70.56
80 53.19 56.93 74.95
90 51.36 52.50 74.04
100 55.64 55.74 69.12
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煤矿掘进巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响
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杨明 1, 2, 3 , 贾改妮 1, ** , 全星苑 1 , 张学博 1, 2, 3 , 刘毛毛 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(4): 77-86
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(4): 77-86
煤矿掘进巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响
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杨明1, 2, 3 , 贾改妮1, ** , 全星苑1, 张学博1, 2, 3, 刘毛毛1
作者信息
  • 1 河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,河南 焦作 454003
  • 2 河南理工大学 煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,河南 焦作 454003
  • 3 河南理工大学 瓦斯地质与瓦斯治理省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,河南 焦作 454003
  • 杨明 (1982—),男,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授,主要从事于矿井通风与热害防治、瓦斯灾害防治、职业健康与安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

    张学博 副教授

通讯作者:

**贾改妮(1991—),女,河南周口人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为矿井职业健康与安全。E-mail:
Effect of variation of cross-section dimensions on noise propagation in coal mine excavation roadway
Ming YANG1, 2, 3 , Gaini JIA1, ** , Xingyuan QUAN1, Xuebo ZHANG1, 2, 3, Maomao LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Science and Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454003,China
  • 2 State Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean-efficiency Utilization,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454003,China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454003,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1292
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为研究煤矿掘进巷道长空间内断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响,采用仿真模拟方法研究巷道内噪声传播,分析煤矿掘进巷道断面积大小、断面形状及断面面积突变率的变化对巷道内噪声传播影响。结果表明:煤矿掘进巷道内断面面积大小、断面形状及断面面积突变率均会影响巷道内噪声的传播,当噪声源功率、频率相同时,声压级衰减随巷道截面积增大而增大;对于给定的断面面积(18 m2),当断面形状不同时,声压级衰减也不同,且断面形状为拱形时会产生明显的声聚焦效应,不利于噪声衰减;当断面面积发生突变时,巷道内的声压级分布会有所变化,其中断面面积由大变小时不利于噪声的衰减,断面面积由小变大时仅影响突变后的声场,而对巷道内整体声压级影响并不明显;巷道内噪声衰减现场测试与数值模拟结果基本一致,验证了搭建的模型及模拟结果的可靠性。

煤矿掘进巷道  /  断面形状  /  噪声传播  /  掘进机  /  断面面积突变率

In order to study the influence of section size change on noise propagation in long space of coal mine roadway,the simulation method was used to study the noise propagation in the roadway,and to analyze the influence of the changes of section area size,section shape and section area mutation rate on the noise propagation in the roadway of coal mine roadway. The results showed that: the section area size,section shape and section area mutation rate in coal mine tunneling would affect the propagation of noise in the tunnel,when the noise source power and frequency were the same,the attenuation of the sound pressure level increased with the increase of the section area of the roadway. For a given section area (18 m2),when the section shape was different,the attenuation of the sound pressure level was also different,and there would be an obvious acoustic focusing effect when the section shape was arch-shaped. When the cross-section area changed abruptly,the distribution of sound pressure level in the roadway would change,in which the change of cross-section area from large to small was not conducive to noise attenuation,and the change of cross-section area from small to large only affected the sound field after the abrupt change,and the overall sound pressure level in the roadway is not significant. The field test and numerical simulation results of noise attenuation in the tunnel were basically consistent,which verified the reliability of the model and simulation results.

coal mine excavation roadway  /  section shape  /  noise propagation  /  roadheader  /  sectional area mutation rate
杨明, 贾改妮, 全星苑, 张学博, 刘毛毛. 煤矿掘进巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 77 -86 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1292
Ming YANG, Gaini JIA, Xingyuan QUAN, Xuebo ZHANG, Maomao LIU. Effect of variation of cross-section dimensions on noise propagation in coal mine excavation roadway[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 77 -86 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1292
我国煤炭开采机械化水平不断提高,煤矿井下噪声源种类多、单机噪声大[1],工作场所噪声强度及主要岗位个体噪声超标率较高[2],噪声问题已成为与粉尘、高温、高湿、职业毒物等危害因素并存的煤矿职业安全健康问题[3]。短期噪声暴露会对人的注意力产生影响,景国勋等[4]研究发现噪声在0~10和40~ 55 min 时间段对视觉注意力影响较严重,在0~15和50~80 min时间段对视觉辨识能力影响较严重。长时间噪声暴露还会诱发作业人员压力和疲劳,进而会引起人体内激素水平发生变化[5-6]。除受噪声暴露时间影响外,噪声暴露强度会引起人的听力损失、睡眠障碍或心血管疾病等[7]。不同噪声强度还会影响作业人员的安全行为,如作业失误率、反应时间、出错次数等[8-9],当噪声强度低于95 dB时,噪声强度是影响作业人员注意力的主要因素[10],而研究煤矿巷道内噪声传播特性是减少噪声对矿工职业健康损害的前提,同时也是开展噪声防控的基础。
煤矿掘进工作面空间上长度远大于高度和宽度,是一种声学长空间结构[11]。KANG Jian等[12]早在1996年开展了有关长空间声学问题的研究,并指出沿长度方向的声衰减是长空间声学中的一项重要声学指标。受地质条件、采掘方式、巷道尺寸、巷道形状、巷道支护等的影响,煤矿掘进工作面作业期间,断面结构上表现为长度、截面积及壁面材料均动态变化。因受巷道内煤(岩)壁、支护材料、巷道内通风和风度等因素影响,巷道内噪声传播受阻[13]。煤矿井下环境条件复杂、巷道空间有限,实地噪声测试干扰因素多;且现场实测可能会对正常的工作产生干扰,空间中所能够采集的声学参数有限,而数值模拟可在研究时考虑各种因素的影响,能直观显示声场分布。因此,结合巷道作业特点,采用数值模拟法研究工作面的噪声分布是可行的。彭佑多等[14]通过实测与理论分析相结合的方法,分析了某铜矿掘进巷道内噪声的空间特性和沿巷道轴向长空间中的声场特性。谢伟华等[15]基于表面积分法建立直巷道声学模型,研究壁面吸声系数以及截面大小对巷道声场分布影响。翟成等[16]通过搭建比例模型分析平直掘进巷道内局部通风机产生的噪声在不同壁面条件下的传播特征。景国勋等[17]采用有限元法研究了综采巷道内采煤机处于不同位置激发时的声场特性。王远声[18]利用COMSOL软件比较了巷道长空间截面形状、大小以及壁面吸声状况对声场分布影响。
目前对其他声学长空间声场分布特性研究较多,而对煤矿掘进巷道断面尺寸发生变化时噪声空间分布特征、传播特性缺乏充分认识,无法为煤矿掘进巷道长空间内噪声防控提出合理有效的降噪方案,且已有的研究未考虑巷道内不同截面形状、宽高比不定时截面积变化等对噪声传播影响。基于此,笔者拟利用COMSOL数值模拟软件,开展煤矿掘进巷道受限长空间内断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响研究,以期为煤矿掘进巷道长空间矿工职业健康防护和噪声防控提供理论参考。
COMSOL仿真软件是以有限元法为基础的数值模拟仿真平台,可以应用于各种环境场的模拟分析。笔者利用COMSOL仿真软件模拟煤矿掘进巷道内噪声场,研究掘进巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响,物理模型长度为距掘进工作面前方100 m,如图1所示。
COMSOL软件中压力声学接口可用于模拟声音的散射、衍射、辐射和传递等,针对煤矿掘进工作面声场分布研究,采用压力声学接口。其中频域下的压力声学方程为:
· - 1 ρ c ( p t - q d ) - k e q 2 p t ρ c = Q m
p t = p + p b
k e q 2 = ω c 2
式中:ρc为介质密度,kg/m3;pt为总声压场,Pa;qd为偶极源,N/m3;keq为平衡波数;Qm为单极源,1/s2; p为求解得到的声压场,Pa;pb为背景声压场,Pa;ω为角频率,1/s;c为声速,m/s。
采用COMSOL声学模块建立有限元模型时,边界条件的设定关系着模型的准确性,建模时需要根据边界条件的不同设定参数。笔者模拟的工程背景是基于某矿戊8-31240机巷,巷道围岩类型属于煤巷,巷道顶板岩石类别主要为泥岩、局部为砂质泥岩,硬度为4~6、厚度3.8~9.5 m;底板为灰及深灰泥岩,硬度为4~6、厚度2.0~8.2 m,底板常夹有砂质泥岩及细砂岩薄层,局部可能存在煤线。在煤矿掘进工作面中,工作面两端设置为无反射边界条件,顶板、底板、煤壁均较粗糙,其吸声系数的设定影响着模型的准确性,其中,煤壁的吸声系数参考文献[18]中的取值为0.3;对于顶底板材料吸声确定考虑到砂质泥岩的吸声特性,有关文献中表示对于平均吸声系数大于0.2的材料为吸声材料[19],而砂质泥岩通常不是一种优秀的吸声材料,因此,模拟时取砂质泥岩的吸声系数约为0.2。
经调查,煤矿掘进工作面噪声源有掘进机、带式输送机、局部通风机(局部通风机安装有消音器)、矿岩破碎噪声、矿岩输送时碰撞、跌落、和摩擦噪声等。经现场测试噪声源主要来自掘进机(声压级>90 dB),由于声源尺寸远小于声波传播距离,故将掘进机噪声近似看作点声源,声功率为0.1 W,噪声源位于掘进工作面端部,距地面1.5 m处于截面的中心位置,通过改变巷道截面积、截面形状及截面积突变率来研究空间结构对噪声传播影响。
根据掘进机作业时频谱特性确定模拟频率,采用煤矿用防爆型声级计按照《煤矿岩巷掘进机械设备噪声测点方法》(MT/T 515—1995)测试掘进机作业时声辐射特性,其频谱图如图2所示。由图2可知:掘进机频程以中高频噪声为主,从频谱图中声压级较大的500 Hz为例开展巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声防控模拟研究。
在有限元法中,微元网格的大小和数量对数值模拟的计算结果存在一定影响。在煤矿掘进工作面中,主要噪声来源于大功率设备[20],本文主要分析掘进机噪声在巷道内的传播特征。由于数值模拟网格尺寸的大小、数量关系到计算的精度和硬件要求,应对网格尺寸进行讨论,本文基于波长验证网格收敛性,即:
h m a x λ N
λ = c / f
式中: h m a x为最大网格尺寸,m, λ为声波波长,m; f为频率,Hz;N为一个波长划分的网格数量。
将一个波长划分的网格数量N由1增至7,监测巷道长度在10~100 m,各监测点相对于N=5时的相对声压级分布如图3所示。随着N增加,各测点的相对声压级差值逐渐减少,当N≥5时,各测点相对于N=5时的相对声压级差值趋于0,因此,网格划分最大尺寸为1/5波长。
设置煤矿掘进巷道截面形状为矩形,截面积分别为3、9、18 m2,模拟煤矿掘进工作面噪声场,噪声源频率均为500 Hz时的声压级,仿真计算所得声场分布云图如图4所示。
图4a可以得出,截面积不同时声压级云图沿声传播方向着色深浅不同,颜色越深表明声压级越大。当S=3 m2时,声压级云图沿声传播方向着色深的范围比图4b图4c中的着色深的范围长。说明在相同的声源功率的情况下,截面积越小越不利于掘进工作面前端噪声衰减。截面积由3 m2增加至9 m2时,图4中近煤矿掘进工作面部分着色深的范围减小,且截面积越大着色深的区域范围越小,原因主要是煤矿掘进工作面截面积越大,声波与反射面的接触面积增大,声波在传播过程中的反射作用增强,声波在传播过程中遇到的障碍物增多,声波能量的损失和衰减增多,导致同一截面上分布着不同强度的声波,从而出现紊乱声场,并在图中表现为在近煤矿掘进工作面内声压级云图着色深浅交替,在工作面后端声场都逐渐趋于稳定,声压级云图着色越浅。
声压级衰减曲线如图5所示,不同截面积声压级随距离的衰减值见表1
图5表1看出,当煤矿掘进工作面截面积大小发生变化时,声压级衰减趋势基本相同,均呈先快后慢的变化趋势,且煤矿掘进工作面截面积越小,其最大声压级越大。随煤矿掘进工作面截面积增大,其衰减到相关规范要求的噪声级限值距煤矿掘进工作面距离越小。根据《煤矿安全规程》规定煤矿作业场所的噪声大小不应超过85 dB,>85 dB时,需配备个体防护用品;≥90 dB时,应采取降噪措施[21]
根据《工作场所职业病危害作业分级第4部分:噪声》(GBZT-229.4—2012)可知:当截面积为3和9 m2时,距煤矿掘进工作面10 m范围内,噪声危害程度属于极重度危害,比截面积为18 m2时噪声危害程度严重。煤矿掘进工作面截面积越大,其对矿工的危害程度越小。
综上分析可知:煤矿掘进工作面截面积增加,工作面中的最大声压级会减小,截面积越大噪声衰减到规定的噪声限值时距煤矿掘进工作面的距离越近。因此,从职业安全噪声防护上来说,当煤矿掘进工作面截面积设计为18 m2时,有利于噪声衰减,减小了矿工受高噪声影响范围。
保持煤矿掘进工作面截面积18 m2不变,当截面形状分别为正方形、梯形、拱形时,模拟煤矿掘进巷道内噪声传播声场,分布云图如图6所示。
图6看出,对于给定的横截面积,当截面形状不同时,声压级沿轴向衰减趋势基本不变。当截面形状为梯形时,声压级衰减更快,高噪声区域范围较小;当截面形状为正方形、梯形时,掘进工作面内的声压级云图存在2种区域:声场紊乱区与稳定区(声压级云图表现为高声压级区域声压级云图着色深浅不一及低声压级区域内声压级云图着色较浅且均匀)。近声源附近时声压级云图着色不均匀,在60 m以后逐渐趋于稳定,当截面形状为拱形时,煤矿掘进工作面内的声压级云图着色整体着色变化较大,考虑到拱形巷道壁面为曲面,影响了声波的反射角度从而增加反射次数,使得多种反射声波之间发生同相位叠加或相位消减现象,当截面形状为拱形时声压级云图呈现出深浅交替现象。
为了更好地反映掘进工作面形状改变时噪声传播特征,将各测点处声压级绘制成声压级衰减曲线,如图7所示,当截面形状不同时距掘进工作面不同距离时声压级衰减值见表2
图7表2看出,距煤矿掘进工作面10 m范围内,截面形状为正方形和梯形时声压级衰减接近于线性,当截面形状为拱形时,声压级曲线波动明显、且噪声在煤矿掘进工作面传播过程中的声压级比其他形状的声压级高,说明拱形巷道壁面反射后的声能量有明显聚集效应[22]。距煤矿掘进工作面10~20 m范围内,当截面形状为梯形时,其声压级衰减量大,且其声压级衰减到相关规范要求时距掘进工作面距离最近。
根据《工作场所职业病危害作业分级第4部分:噪声》(GBZT-229.4—2012)可知:距煤矿掘进工作面10 m范围内,截面形状不同时的声压危害程度均属于极重度危害,而距煤矿掘进工作面10~20 m范围内,截面形状为拱形时的声压级危害程度属于重度危害,比截面形状为正方形和梯形时的危害程度严重,但当截面形状为梯形时其声压级衰减到规定的限值时距煤矿掘进工作面的距离比截面形状为正方形时近。
综上分析可知:当掘进工作面截面形状为拱形时,工作面内的整体声压级较高,受噪声影响区域比较大。当工作面的截面形状为梯形时,噪声衰减快,煤矿掘进工作面内受高噪声影响区域范围最小。故在设计掘进巷道断面形状时,除满足其他设计要求外,从职业安全噪声防护上应避免采用正方形截面,可选择有利于噪声衰减的梯形截面,减少矿工高强噪声暴露,减少矿工听力损失发生率。
保持煤矿掘进工作面声源端截面积不变,在50 m处面积发生变化,截面积突变率分别为0.5、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0,其中突变率为1时即截面面积未发生变化,仿真计算所得声压级云图分布如图8所示。
图8看出,当截面积缩小时,对工作面整体声压级云图分布影响较大,声压级衰减缓慢,产生的高噪声区域明显较大;当截面积增大时,截面积突变前工作面的声压级云图无明显变化,但会影响突变后的声压级云图分布。且当截面积从50 m处发生突变时,整个工作面的声压级云图着色深浅不同,尤其是截面积突变率小于1.0时,整个工作面声压级云图中的着色深浅交替变化,声波在工作面传播过程中,当遇空间缩小,反射的声波数量增多,直射声波数量减少,声压级云图着色深浅交替明显。
截面积突变率不同时的声压级衰减如图9所示。由于突变前工作面截面积与输入噪声源功率均相同,故当截面积突变率改变时,在声源处产生的噪声声压级基本相同,且距离噪声源15 m内,声压级衰减曲线基本重合。从图9可以看出,当截面积突变率为0.5和0.8,即截面积由大变小时,工作面内声压级较高,其中当突变率为0.5时,声压级先逐步降低,而后又在20 m处达到峰值,25 m之后逐渐稳定;当截面积突变率为0.8时,工作面内声压级随着距声源距离的增加而逐渐降低,声压级衰减趋势接近于截面积不发生突变的声压级传播特征,说明截面积突变率越小越不利于噪声的衰减。当截面积突变率大于1.0时,前50 m的声压级衰减曲线基本重合,声压级在20 m处激增,达到峰值,而后声压级经过多次波动,呈现出震荡衰减的特征,50 m之后,当与声源距离较远时,震荡衰减特征不显著,声压级逐渐降低,截面积突变后的声压级随着突变率的增大而降低。
截面积发生突变前后声压级切面云图如图10所示。对比可以看出,截面积突变率小于1.0时,会影响突变前的声场分布,截面积突变率大于1.0时,面积突变前的切面声场分布图与面积不发生突变的切面声场分布图相似;突变后切面声场的声压级随着面积突变率的增大而降低,说明工作面内截面积突然增大有利于噪声的衰减。
当截面积突变率为0.5时,突变前后的声场分布差别较大,截面积突变前的声场分布图中,各种色块相交,截面积突变后低噪声区域类似于2条相交的弧线将高噪声区划分为5大块。当截面积突变率大于1.0时,突变后切面中间位置的声场分布图与突变前的声场分布图相同,高噪声区出现在切面中部,声压级由中部向外逐渐降低,但由于声聚焦效应使得靠近壁面位置也会出现部分高噪声区域。
综上分析可知:掘进工作面截面积由大变小时不利于噪声的衰减,当工作面截面积由小变大时,并不影响突变前的声场分布,但会对突变后的声场分布产生影响,突变后的声压级随突变率的增加而减小,但变化不显著。因此,在对煤矿掘进工作面进行设计时,应避免工作面截面积发生突变。
实测矿井为河南平顶山某矿己17-33200机巷,该机巷用途为运输和通风。矩形断面,截面积18.36 m2
矿井噪声实测选用煤矿用防爆声级计,使用前对其进行声校准。噪声检测方法参照的具体标准有《工作场所物理因素测量第8部分:噪声》(GBZ/T189.8—2007)、《电声学声校准器》(GB/T15173—2010)、《煤矿岩巷掘进机械设备噪声测定方法》(MTT515—1995)等。测点布置如图11所示,以掘进头为基础,距掘进头0~100 m,沿巷道中心每10 m布置一个测点,麦克风传感器放置在约1.5 m人耳高度处,在选定的测点上,传声器指向掘进工作面,用声级计“慢”档取读取最大的稳定A声级值,每个检测点读取3个数据,对测量误差大于3 dB的测点进行重测,并取平均值代表该测点的A声级,声压级测量结果如图12所示。
图12可知:机掘作业时沿掘进巷道轴向测点声压级逐渐减小,距离掘进头最近测点测量的最高声压级稳定在110.0,距掘进头最远测点测得的最低声压级53.4 dB。距掘进工作面20 m以内的作业区中,声压级大小均超过85 dB。实测结果和模拟值基本吻合,该模拟方法可用于掘进工作面噪声分布特征研究。从现场了解,距掘进工作面20 m范围内声压级超过相关规定限值,且矿工集中作业区与高噪声区域高度重合。因此,建议从噪声源上可考虑加装消音装置或选择低噪声设备,减少噪声的产生;从掘进巷道断面结构设计上一般应选择梯形截面,截面积大小为18 m2左右,同时应避免截面积发生突变,减少声能量集聚;从职业安全噪声防护上考虑,应重点关注距掘进工作面20 m范围内作业人员个体噪声防护用品的配备、使用及轮班休息情况,减少高噪声暴露时间。
1) 煤矿掘进巷道截面积变化影响巷道内噪声的传播,随着截面积增加,巷道中的最大声压级会减小,且声压级衰减到规定的限值时距离煤矿掘进工作面近,即巷道截面积越大,近工作面端煤矿作业人员受高噪声影响程度小。
2) 煤矿掘进巷道截面形状会影响噪声的传播,对于给定截面积,当截面形状为拱形时,不利于噪声衰减;当截面形状为梯形时,巷道内整体声压级处于较低水平、声压级衰减明显,高噪声影响区域较小。因此,在设计煤矿掘进巷道断面时,除满足其他规范要求的前提下,从职业安全噪声防护上考虑应尽可能采用梯形断面。
3) 煤矿拱形掘进巷道截面积发生突变会影响噪声传播,当截面积突变率小于1.0时,声波在传播过程中会产生阻抗失衡现象,不利于噪声衰减,且产生的高噪声区域较大;而当截面积由小变大时,会对突变后工作面内的声场分布产生影响,但影响不显著。因此,巷道在开挖时应避免截面积发生由大到小的突变,减小对工作面前方声场分布影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52274186)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52274187)
  • 河南省高校基本科研业务费专项(NSFRF200317)
  • 河南省高等学校青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2020GGJS053)
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1292
  • 接收时间:2023-11-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-10
  • 修回日期:2024-01-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52274186)
国家自然科学基金资助(52274187)
河南省高校基本科研业务费专项(NSFRF200317)
河南省高等学校青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2020GGJS053)
作者信息
    1 河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,河南 焦作 454003
    2 河南理工大学 煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,河南 焦作 454003
    3 河南理工大学 瓦斯地质与瓦斯治理省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,河南 焦作 454003

通讯作者:

**贾改妮(1991—),女,河南周口人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为矿井职业健康与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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