Article(id=1149738959762276739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0017-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0614, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697731200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-20, revisedDate=1706198400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048729124, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048729124, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048729124, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048729124, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738959971991940, articleId=1149738959762276739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effect of "rush game" on unsafe driving of take-away riders: a perspective based on evaluation of stress perception, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to effectively prevent the unsafe driving behavior of take-away riders and reduce the traffic accidents caused by take-away riders,based on the work mechanism of take-away platforms' "rush game",combined with the theory of stress perception evaluation,a theoretical model characterising the effects of time pressure and competitive atmosphere perception on unsafe driving behavior of take-away riders was constructed from the perspective of safety attitude and exemplary norms. A reliable questionnaire was designed through literature review,and 360 valid samples were collected from take-away riders all over the country. The data reliability was analyzed by SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 24.0 data analysis software,and the theoretical model was verified by hierarchical regression analysis using Process 4.0. The results show that time pressure and competitive atmosphere perception have significant positive effects on unsafe driving behavior. Safety attitude can significantly negatively affect the unsafe driving behavior of take-away riders. Safety attitude can mediate the relationship between time pressure and unsafe driving behavior,and also mediate the relationship between competitive atmosphere perception and unsafe driving behavior. Exemplary norms can positively regulate the relationship between safety attitude and unsafe driving behavior.

, correspAuthors=Xixiu HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lixia NIU, Xixiu HAN, Rui ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738966552855104, articleId=1149738959762276739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=“赶工游戏”对外卖骑手不安全驾驶的影响:基于压力认知评价的视角, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效防范外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为,减少由外卖骑手引发的交通安全事故,基于外卖平台“赶工游戏”的工作机制,结合压力认知评价理论,从安全态度和示范性规范角度,构建时间压力和竞争氛围感知对外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为影响的理论模型;向全国各地的外卖骑手发放问卷并收集有效样本360份,通过SPSS 27.0 和AMOS 24.0 数据分析软件分析数据的可靠性,并利用Process 4.0 进行层次回归分析验证理论模型。结果表明:时间压力和竞争氛围感知可以显著正向影响不安全驾驶行为;安全态度可以显著负向影响外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为;安全态度可以介导时间压力与不安全驾驶行为的关系,也能介导竞争氛围感知与不安全驾驶行为的关系;示范性规范可以正向调节安全态度与不安全驾驶行为的关系。

, correspAuthors=韩羲秀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**韩羲秀(1998—),女,河北衡水人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为安全人因工程和组织行为管理等。E-mail:
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牛莉霞 (1983—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,教授,主要从事安全人因工程和领导行为方面的研究。E-mail:

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牛莉霞 (1983—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,教授,主要从事安全人因工程和领导行为方面的研究。E-mail:

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牛莉霞 (1983—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,教授,主要从事安全人因工程和领导行为方面的研究。E-mail:

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Academy of Management Journal, 2016, 59(5): 1508-1534., articleTitle=Whatever it takes to win: Rivalry increases unethical behavior, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168150783510983432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, awardId=52174184, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52174184), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168150783573897994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, awardId=L20BGL030, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省社科规划基金资助(L20BGL030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168150783678755596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, awardId=2023lslybkt-072, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省社科联项目(2023lslybkt-072), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168150780524638918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150780549804743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, companyId=1168150780524638918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Business Administration,Liaoning Technical University,Huludao Liaoning 125105,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150780558193352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, companyId=1168150780524638918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=辽宁工程技术大学 工商管理学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168150782214943462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Research hypothesis model, figureFileSmall=n3ti43756+GIcUGNM7ZA7Q==, figureFileBig=Liak0ST+fGzQcUUJmlJ/eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150782261080807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究假设模型, figureFileSmall=n3ti43756+GIcUGNM7ZA7Q==, figureFileBig=Liak0ST+fGzQcUUJmlJ/eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150782311412456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship between safety attitude and unsafe driving behavior at different levels of exemplary norms, figureFileSmall=ASD2sbbtEPqCwiCvxJ6aWw==, figureFileBig=9S/Z2eJqUmQhYziFV4JkUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150782361744105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同示范性规范水平上安全态度与不安全驾驶行为之间的关系, figureFileSmall=ASD2sbbtEPqCwiCvxJ6aWw==, figureFileBig=9S/Z2eJqUmQhYziFV4JkUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150782407881450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Results of confirmatory factor analysis

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模型描述 χ2 df χ2/df CFI TLI RMSEA
5因子模型(A、B、C、D、E) 1 213.434 892 1.360 0.929 0.925 0.032
4因子模型(A+B、C、D、E) 1 358.133 896 1.516 0.898 0.893 0.038
3因子模型(A+B、C+D、E) 2 014.926 899 2.241 0.755 0.742 0.059
2因子模型(A+B、C+D+E) 2 362.455 901 2.622 0.679 0.662 0.067
单因子模型(A+B+C+D+E) 2 735.228 902 3.032 0.597 0.577 0.075
加入共同方法因子 1 110.704 848 1.310 0.942 0.936 0.029
), ArticleFig(id=1168150782512739051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

验证性因子分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型描述 χ2 df χ2/df CFI TLI RMSEA
5因子模型(A、B、C、D、E) 1 213.434 892 1.360 0.929 0.925 0.032
4因子模型(A+B、C、D、E) 1 358.133 896 1.516 0.898 0.893 0.038
3因子模型(A+B、C+D、E) 2 014.926 899 2.241 0.755 0.742 0.059
2因子模型(A+B、C+D+E) 2 362.455 901 2.622 0.679 0.662 0.067
单因子模型(A+B+C+D+E) 2 735.228 902 3.032 0.597 0.577 0.075
加入共同方法因子 1 110.704 848 1.310 0.942 0.936 0.029
), ArticleFig(id=1168150782579847916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis(N = 360)

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变量 平均值 标准差 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.性别 1.156 0.363 1
2.年龄 2.517 0.867 -0.044 1
3.学历 2.125 0.703 -0.087 -0.435** 1
4.工作年限 2.447 0.806 -0.077 0.673** -0.296** 1
5.时间压力 3.514 0.779 -0.004 -0.031 -0.055 -0.036 1
6.竞争氛围感知 3.517 0.791 0.009 0.008 -0.010 -0.058 0.604** 1
7.安全态度 2.693 0.753 -0.066 -0.053 0.002 -0.015 -0.357** -0.514** 1
8.示范性规范 2.800 0.635 0.019 0.077 0.008 0.004 -0.144** -0.156** -0.112* 1
9.不安全驾驶行为 3.376 0.509 0.022 0.010 0.003 -0.018 0.437** 0.551** -0.389** 0.282**
), ArticleFig(id=1168150782663734000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

描述性统计与相关分析结果(N = 360)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 平均值 标准差 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.性别 1.156 0.363 1
2.年龄 2.517 0.867 -0.044 1
3.学历 2.125 0.703 -0.087 -0.435** 1
4.工作年限 2.447 0.806 -0.077 0.673** -0.296** 1
5.时间压力 3.514 0.779 -0.004 -0.031 -0.055 -0.036 1
6.竞争氛围感知 3.517 0.791 0.009 0.008 -0.010 -0.058 0.604** 1
7.安全态度 2.693 0.753 -0.066 -0.053 0.002 -0.015 -0.357** -0.514** 1
8.示范性规范 2.800 0.635 0.019 0.077 0.008 0.004 -0.144** -0.156** -0.112* 1
9.不安全驾驶行为 3.376 0.509 0.022 0.010 0.003 -0.018 0.437** 0.551** -0.389** 0.282**
), ArticleFig(id=1168150782722454260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Regression analysis of mediating effect of safety attitude (time pressure)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 安全态度 不安全驾驶行为
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6
控制变量 性别 -0.146 -0.158 0.031 0.041 -0.008 0.013
年龄 -0.081 -0.097 0.027 0.040 0.006 0.023
学历 -0.038 -0.072 0.009 0.037 -0.001 0.024
工作年限 0.030 0.020 -0.028 -0.020 -0.020 -0.016
自变量 时间压力 -0.352*** 0.289*** 0.226***
中介变量 安全态度 -0.263*** -0.178***
R2 0.009 0.141 0.002 0.195 0.152 0.255
ΔR2 0.009 0.132 0.002 0.193 0.150 0.060
F 0.813 11.595*** 0.159 17.140*** 12.693*** 20.090***
ΔF 0.813 54.234*** 0.159 84.912*** 62.719*** 28.247***
), ArticleFig(id=1168150782823117558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

安全态度的中介效应回归分析(时间压力)

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类别 安全态度 不安全驾驶行为
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6
控制变量 性别 -0.146 -0.158 0.031 0.041 -0.008 0.013
年龄 -0.081 -0.097 0.027 0.040 0.006 0.023
学历 -0.038 -0.072 0.009 0.037 -0.001 0.024
工作年限 0.030 0.020 -0.028 -0.020 -0.020 -0.016
自变量 时间压力 -0.352*** 0.289*** 0.226***
中介变量 安全态度 -0.263*** -0.178***
R2 0.009 0.141 0.002 0.195 0.152 0.255
ΔR2 0.009 0.132 0.002 0.193 0.150 0.060
F 0.813 11.595*** 0.159 17.140*** 12.693*** 20.090***
ΔF 0.813 54.234*** 0.159 84.912*** 62.719*** 28.247***
), ArticleFig(id=1168150782936363769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Regression analysis of mediating effect of safety attitude (competitive atmosphere perception)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 安全态度 不安全驾驶行为
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6
控制变量 性别 -0.146 -0.143 0.031 0.029 -0.008 0.015
年龄 -0.081 -0.044 0.027 0.000 0.006 -0.004
学历 -0.038 -0.043 0.009 0.012 -0.001 0.008
工作年限 0.030 -0.026 -0.028 0.013 -0.020 0.010
自变量 竞争氛围感知 -0.490*** 0.355*** 0.308***
中介变量 安全态度 -0.263*** -0.096**
R2 0.009 0.273 0.002 0.304 0.152 0.319
ΔR2 0.009 0.263 0.002 0.302 0.150 0.015
F 0.813 26.525*** 0.159 30.935*** 12.693*** 27.539***
ΔF 0.813 128.210*** 0.159 153.768*** 62.719*** 7.651**
), ArticleFig(id=1168150783024444156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

安全态度的中介效应回归分析(竞争氛围感知)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 安全态度 不安全驾驶行为
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6
控制变量 性别 -0.146 -0.143 0.031 0.029 -0.008 0.015
年龄 -0.081 -0.044 0.027 0.000 0.006 -0.004
学历 -0.038 -0.043 0.009 0.012 -0.001 0.008
工作年限 0.030 -0.026 -0.028 0.013 -0.020 0.010
自变量 竞争氛围感知 -0.490*** 0.355*** 0.308***
中介变量 安全态度 -0.263*** -0.096**
R2 0.009 0.273 0.002 0.304 0.152 0.319
ΔR2 0.009 0.263 0.002 0.302 0.150 0.015
F 0.813 26.525*** 0.159 30.935*** 12.693*** 27.539***
ΔF 0.813 128.210*** 0.159 153.768*** 62.719*** 7.651**
), ArticleFig(id=1168150783108330238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Moderating effect test of exemplary norms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 不安全驾驶行为
模型7 模型8 模型9
控制变量 性别 0.031 -0.014 -0.011
年龄 0.027 -0.016 -0.011
学历 0.009 -0.010 -0.018
工作年限 -0.028 -0.007 -0.025
主效应 安全态度 -0.246*** -0.265***
示范性规范 0.195*** 0.153***
调节效应 安全态度×示范性规范 -0.227***
R2 0.002 0.210 0.261
ΔR2 0.002 0.208 0.051
F 0.159 15.639*** 17.790***
), ArticleFig(id=1168150783213187842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

示范性规范调节效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 不安全驾驶行为
模型7 模型8 模型9
控制变量 性别 0.031 -0.014 -0.011
年龄 0.027 -0.016 -0.011
学历 0.009 -0.010 -0.018
工作年限 -0.028 -0.007 -0.025
主效应 安全态度 -0.246*** -0.265***
示范性规范 0.195*** 0.153***
调节效应 安全态度×示范性规范 -0.227***
R2 0.002 0.210 0.261
ΔR2 0.002 0.208 0.051
F 0.159 15.639*** 17.790***
), ArticleFig(id=1168150783292879620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Test results for moderating effects(Bootstrap)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
示范性规范 效应值 标准误 95%置信区间
LLCI(低限) ULCI(高限)
低示范性规范 -0.121 0.040 -0.200 -0.042
高示范性规范 -0.409 0.045 -0.499 -0.320
), ArticleFig(id=1168150783364182790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738959762276739, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

调节效应(Bootstrap法)检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
示范性规范 效应值 标准误 95%置信区间
LLCI(低限) ULCI(高限)
低示范性规范 -0.121 0.040 -0.200 -0.042
高示范性规范 -0.409 0.045 -0.499 -0.320
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“赶工游戏”对外卖骑手不安全驾驶的影响:基于压力认知评价的视角
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牛莉霞 , 韩羲秀 ** , 赵蕊
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(4): 17-25
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(4): 17-25
“赶工游戏”对外卖骑手不安全驾驶的影响:基于压力认知评价的视角
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牛莉霞 , 韩羲秀** , 赵蕊
作者信息
  • 辽宁工程技术大学 工商管理学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 牛莉霞 (1983—),女,山西吕梁人,博士,教授,主要从事安全人因工程和领导行为方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**韩羲秀(1998—),女,河北衡水人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为安全人因工程和组织行为管理等。E-mail:
Effect of "rush game" on unsafe driving of take-away riders: a perspective based on evaluation of stress perception
Lixia NIU , Xixiu HAN** , Rui ZHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Business Administration,Liaoning Technical University,Huludao Liaoning 125105,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0614
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为有效防范外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为,减少由外卖骑手引发的交通安全事故,基于外卖平台“赶工游戏”的工作机制,结合压力认知评价理论,从安全态度和示范性规范角度,构建时间压力和竞争氛围感知对外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为影响的理论模型;向全国各地的外卖骑手发放问卷并收集有效样本360份,通过SPSS 27.0 和AMOS 24.0 数据分析软件分析数据的可靠性,并利用Process 4.0 进行层次回归分析验证理论模型。结果表明:时间压力和竞争氛围感知可以显著正向影响不安全驾驶行为;安全态度可以显著负向影响外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为;安全态度可以介导时间压力与不安全驾驶行为的关系,也能介导竞争氛围感知与不安全驾驶行为的关系;示范性规范可以正向调节安全态度与不安全驾驶行为的关系。

“赶工游戏”  /  外卖骑手  /  不安全驾驶行为  /  时间压力  /  竞争氛围感知

In order to effectively prevent the unsafe driving behavior of take-away riders and reduce the traffic accidents caused by take-away riders,based on the work mechanism of take-away platforms' "rush game",combined with the theory of stress perception evaluation,a theoretical model characterising the effects of time pressure and competitive atmosphere perception on unsafe driving behavior of take-away riders was constructed from the perspective of safety attitude and exemplary norms. A reliable questionnaire was designed through literature review,and 360 valid samples were collected from take-away riders all over the country. The data reliability was analyzed by SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 24.0 data analysis software,and the theoretical model was verified by hierarchical regression analysis using Process 4.0. The results show that time pressure and competitive atmosphere perception have significant positive effects on unsafe driving behavior. Safety attitude can significantly negatively affect the unsafe driving behavior of take-away riders. Safety attitude can mediate the relationship between time pressure and unsafe driving behavior,and also mediate the relationship between competitive atmosphere perception and unsafe driving behavior. Exemplary norms can positively regulate the relationship between safety attitude and unsafe driving behavior.

"rush game"  /  take-away riders  /  unsafe driving behavior  /  time pressure  /  competitive atmosphere perception
牛莉霞, 韩羲秀, 赵蕊. “赶工游戏”对外卖骑手不安全驾驶的影响:基于压力认知评价的视角. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0614
Lixia NIU, Xixiu HAN, Rui ZHAO. Effect of "rush game" on unsafe driving of take-away riders: a perspective based on evaluation of stress perception[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0614
近年来,随着外卖行业的飞速发展,外卖骑手队伍迅速扩大,给道路交通安全带来极大隐患[1]。据不完全统计,一线城市近年来查处外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为数以万计,即使在四、五线城市外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为也屡见不鲜,以松原市为例,根据松原交警处的统计[2],在集中整治行动中,仅2天就查处了239起外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为。由此可见:外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为严重威胁到道路交通安全。因此,深入探究外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为的影响因素,对促进外卖行业的健康发展以及维护道路交通安全具有重要意义。
目前针对外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为的研究,已初具规模,例如:张玲瑞等[3]从个人属性的角度,探讨了性别、年龄、血型、学历等对外卖骑手风险驾驶行为的影响。吕慧[4]从地方政策入手,探讨了外卖骑手驾驶行为的管理现状和存在的问题,并据此提出治理路径。WANG Zhuo等[5]通过观察和访谈的调查方法,记录并分析了快递员和外卖骑手的驾驶行为和道路交通伤害信息。上述研究虽从多个角度研究外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为,但很少从外卖平台“赶工游戏”机制角度探究不安全驾驶行为影响因素。所谓“赶工游戏”,是社会学家麦克·布洛维提出的一种理论,指劳动者参与到基于计件工作的游戏中,被迫同意游戏规则,并服从秩序。具体而言,平台设计了按时送达的奖励机制和超时惩罚制度,以及送餐单数的累计奖金制度,使骑手获得了一种自由感和玩游戏般的体验感。但“赶工游戏”实际上为骑手带来了严重的时间压力和竞争压力[6-7],不利于骑手的安全驾驶。
鉴于此,笔者从“赶工游戏”机制入手,基于压力认知评价理论,探讨该机制下时间压力和竞争氛围感知对外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为的影响机制,并分析安全态度在其中的中介作用及示范性规范的调节作用,以期为降低外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为,维护道路交通安全提供理论依据。
时间压力是指个体感觉到缺乏足够的时间去完成某项任务的主观体验[8]。对于外卖骑手来说,时间压力是指在劳动过程中因受到算法实时追踪和规制而产生的时间压力感[9]
根据压力认知评价理论,当个体认为压力源在自身可控范围内,且可以通过努力改变具有挑战性的环境时,个体倾向于采取聚焦问题的应对方式[10]。时间压力作为压力源的一种,往往会增加个体的冒险倾向和不安全行为,以应对时间压力带来的威胁。一方面,当外卖骑手感知到平台和消费者施加的时间压力时,会倾向于通过超速、闯红灯、逆行等不安全驾驶行为减少或避免因超时带来的惩罚;另一方面,聚焦问题的应对方式既可以从外部入手,降低或改变压力源的要求;也可以从内部入手,通过提升自身能力来应对压力源,也就是指向自我的应对策略。外卖骑手无法改变平台的时间算法规制,因此,只能从自身入手,通过减少路上的时间来规避平台罚款或顾客差评[9]。由此,提出以下假设:
假设1:时间压力对不安全驾驶行为有显著正向影响。
竞争氛围使员工热衷于与同事进行比较,并将注意力集中在工作绩效上,使其将精力集中在目标任务相关的活动上。竞争氛围感知源于BROWN等[11]引入的竞争心理氛围,并将其定义为员工对组织薪酬奖励、职位晋升等的感知程度取决于他们的绩效与同龄人绩效的比较程度。随后,我国学者杨陈等[6]在此基础上将其翻译为竞争氛围感知。
工作压力是指与工作相关的负面刺激和工人对工作要求超过其能力情况下的生理和心理反应[12],主要由外部环境、组织因素和个体特征引起。根据以往研究,压力对不安全行为有显著影响[13],压力源与能够诱发压力的挑战性或威胁性事件相关,而竞争氛围感知作为一种重要的压力源[6],同样会增加个体的不安全行为。根据压力认知评价理论,当外卖骑手感知到组织内激烈的竞争氛围后,会将竞争压力评估为一种挑战,通过同时配送多个订单来缓解这种压力;这会导致外卖骑手对当前配送任务产生焦虑,而焦虑可以通过影响安全态度对不安全驾驶行为产生间接影响。总之,当外卖骑手存在竞争氛围感知时,会产生压力感,并可能由此引发不安全驾驶行为。由此,提出以下假设:
假设2:竞争氛围感知对不安全驾驶行为有显著正向影响。
安全态度是指员工应对安全生产所持的稳定概括的反应倾向,良好的安全态度有利于贯彻安全方针,执行安全制度[14]。态度被认为是对某事物的认知和情感倾向,会对个体行为方式产生一定程度的影响。
根据压力认知评价理论,人体对压力源的认知评价涉及初级评价和次级评价2个过程。初级评价阶段,个体关注外界刺激是否涉及到自身利益,以及会对自身利益造成多大影响;次级评价阶段,个体会评估压力事件以及内外部应对资源,考虑自身可以对结果施加多少控制[10]。在外卖行业中,准时和快速送达是外卖行业默认遵守的行业要则[1],而时间压力被视为道路交通安全相关的重要因素之一,会降低决策质量,增加冒险倾向,TIAN Kai [15]等通过沉浸式仿真器,在单车道连续交通的道路上开展行人过马路试验,探讨正常和时间压力对行人过马路的影响,结果表明:时间压力会导致原本可以在安全间隙过马路的行人选择较小的间隙。总之,随着时间压力的增加,人们的安全态度会随之变差。外卖骑手在时间压力下,在评估自己驾驶能力、道路环境状况以及迟到的惩罚后,往往会在送餐迟到和违反交通规则之间选择后者。由此可见:时间压力可能负向影响安全态度。
关于安全态度与不安全行为的研究,众多学者已从多个角度进行探索。WANG Tao等[16]分析电动自行车骑手不安全驾驶行为影响因素,确定了包括安全态度在内的4种影响因素;陈彦霖等[17]基于差错管理氛围,发现安全态度对建筑工人的安全行为有促进作用。根据压力认知评价理论,前文论述了外卖骑手在经历时间压力时,当评估到外部环境有较大收益,并且对自身驾驶能力有足够的自信时,会降低对自身安全驾驶的要求和安全态度,进而作出更多不安全的驾驶行为。因此,提出以下假设:
假设3:安全态度在时间压力与不安全驾驶行为之间起到中介作用。
组织氛围会对个体的认知产生影响,如PANDIT等[18]研究发现,良好的组织氛围会对工人的风险认知水平产生正向的影响。竞争氛围激烈的组织中,往往员工的绩效压力也较大,根据压力认知评价理论,个体在次级评价阶段会关注自己是否有能力应对压力源,并根据评估结果作出应对[10]。对于外卖骑手,平台通过设置抢单机制,激发了其竞争氛围感知,骑手抢单送单越多,在系统中的排名越靠前,成为“单王”还会获得站点的奖励[1],因此,外卖骑手为了获得更丰厚的报酬会倾向于多抢订单以及更快速地送达。但同时,对任务的专注会降低骑手在配送途中的风险认知,进而对其安全态度产生负面影响。由此可见:竞争氛围感知可能负向影响安全态度。另外,根据上文的研究假设,提出安全态度与不安全驾驶行为具有负向相关关系。因此,提出以下假设:
假设4:安全态度在竞争氛围感知与不安全驾驶行为之间起到中介作用。
示范性规范指个体身边重要的参照个体(如家人、领导、同事等)的行为表现对其产生的影响效应[19],传达了多数人在特定情境下的行为模式信息,为个体提供了信息加工和决策的捷径。文中研究将示范性规范定义为外卖骑手知觉到的其他骑手的不安全驾驶行为。
根据压力认知评价理论,个体对压力源的评价结果会对其后续的应对方式产生一定程度的影响,其中应对指的是个体为管理特定外部或内部需求而作出的认知和行为努力[10]。示范性规范提供了有关人们在特定环境中从事某种行为程度的信息[19],这些信息会对个体的认知以及行为表现产生影响。鉴于此,在安全态度影响不安全驾驶行为的过程中,对于受到强示范性规范的外卖骑手而言,由于周围骑手普遍存在不遵守交通规则的行为且因此获得更好的排名以及更大的收益,遵守交通规则的骑手会产生不公平感,因此,即使安全态度好的骑手也会倾向于采取不安全驾驶行为;对于受到示范性规范较弱的外卖骑手而言,周围骑手对其影响较小,其不安全驾驶行为受安全态度的影响较大。简言之:强示范性规范能够增强外卖骑手安全态度对其不安全驾驶行为的负向影响;而在弱示范性规范下,外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为主要受个体安全态度的影响。基于此,提出以下假设:
假设5:示范性规范对于安全态度和不安全驾驶行为的关系有正向调节作用。
基于以上分析,构建时间压力、竞争氛围感知、安全态度、示范性规范以及不安全驾驶行为间影响关系的概念模型,如图1所示。
通过滚雪球的方式,对全国各地的外卖骑手发放电子问卷。首先向37名外卖骑手说明本次调查的意图,发放电子问卷并由此扩散,同时创建问卷群,并邀请填写调查问卷的外卖骑手加入。为避免同源偏差,研究分2个阶段向同一批外卖骑手发放和收集,其中2次收集时间间隔为2个月。具体如下:第1阶段,收集时间压力、竞争氛围感知、示范性规范以及人口统计学信息;第2阶段,收集安全态度、不安全驾驶行为信息。2个阶段均通过线上收集,在2次数据收集中,要求被试填写手机号码后4位数字用以数据收集后进行问卷匹配。共回收460份问卷,经过比对手机号码后4位,有436份问卷符合要求,剔除无效问卷后(全部题项选择相同的数值或有明显的选择规律),得到360份有效问卷,有效回收率为82.57%。在所有被调查的外卖骑手样本中,性别以男性为主,占比84.44%;年龄主要集中在21~30岁,占比47.16%;教育程度普高/中专/技校/职高占比较高,为58.77%;工作年限以1~2年和3~4年为主。
研究所涉及的主要变量包括时间压力、竞争氛围感知、安全态度、示范性规范和不安全驾驶行为,所采用的测量量表都是发表在权威期刊上且被验证为成熟有效的量表,同时,根据研究情境进行适当修订。除人口统计学变量外,其他测量量表均采用Likert 5点记分。具体的量表信息如下:
1) 时间压力。时间压力的测量主要参照高雪原等[9]的研究,由于该量表专门针对零工工作者群体,与研究对象高度契合,故完全采用原量表测量外卖骑手时间压力,代表题项如“系统会显示并实时更新订单的预计完成时间,让我有紧迫感”等。通过数据分析,该量表Cronbach's α值为0.808。
2) 竞争氛围感知。该变量采用 ZHU Yuqian等[20]开发的量表,研究发现,否定量表与期望反应的相关性更高,不利于对被试真实想法的测量[21],因此,将其中的“公司成员之间不存在竞争”改为“平台成员之间存在竞争”。考虑到拟测量的是外卖骑手对竞争氛围的感知,因此,将测量工具中的“团队”更换为“平台”。代表题项如“每个人必须与他人竞争才不会被忽视”等。通过数据分析,该量表的Cronbach's α值为0.895。
3) 安全态度。该量表采用ULLEBERG等[22]开发的量表,选取其中的交通流量与规则服从、速度 2个维度,共12个题项,其中“开车超过限速5或10英里是可以的,因为每个人都这样做”等与研究情境不符,予以删除,剩余8个题项,代表题项如“为了保障按时完成配送,有时可以不用遵守交通规则”等。通过数据分析,该量表的Cronbach's α值为0.801。
4) 示范性规范。该变量采用AJZEN[23]开发的量表,代表题项如“平台中,我敬佩的同事都在遵守组织安全驾驶规范”等。通过数据分析,该量表的Cronbach's α值为0.801。
5) 不安全驾驶行为。该变量采用WANG Tao等[16]开发的20题项量表,该量表是针对电动自行车骑手设计的,与绝大部分外卖骑手的交通工具基本一致,故未进行修订。代表题项如“变换车道或转弯时未观察周围环境”等。通过数据分析,该量表的Cronbach's α值为0.840。
6) 控制变量。根据以往研究结果,将可能影响外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为的人口统计学变量如性别、年龄、学历和工作年限作为控制变量。
运用AMOS 24.0软件进行验证性因子分析,见表1。由表1可知:5因子模型是各种模型中拟合最佳的(χ2/df=1.360,CFI=0.929,TLI=0.925,RMSEA=0.032),各变量区分效度良好,可以进行后续变量间关系的检验。
为检验所采集测量数据的共同方法偏差,首先,利用SPSS 27.0 软件进行Harman单因子分析,结果显示,第1个析出因子的因子载荷量为20.873%,未超过40%。其次,通过AMOS 24.0软件在5因子模型的基础之上加入1个共同方法因子。结果显示,各拟合指标与原模型相比变化不大,比较二者的主要拟合指数:Δχ2/df=0.05,ΔCFI=0.013,ΔTLI=0.011,ΔRMSEA=0.003,由此可以确定不存在严重的共同方法偏差问题。
主要变量的平均值、标准差及变量间相关系数见表2。由表2可知:时间压力与安全态度显著负相关(r= -0.357,p<0.01),与不安全驾驶行为显著正相关(r= 0.437,p<0.01);竞争氛围感知与安全态度显著负相关(r= -0.514,p<0.01),与不安全驾驶行为显著正相关(r= 0.551,p< 0.01);同时,安全态度与不安全驾驶行为显著负相关(r= -0.389,p<0.01)。这些相关性与理论预期一致,因此,研究假设得到初步支持。
通过层次回归分析验证论文假设,有关结果见表3表4表3中,由模型4可知:在控制相关变量后,时间压力与不安全驾驶行为间呈现显著正相关(β=0.289,p<0.001),由此,假设1得到支持。表4中,由模型4可知:在控制相关变量后,竞争氛围感知与不安全驾驶行为间呈现显著正相关(β=0.355,p<0.001),由此,假设2得到支持。
表3中,由模型2可知:在控制相关变量之后,时间压力显著负向影响安全态度(β= -0.352,p<0.001); 模型5表明:在模型3的基础上增加安全态度后,R2值增加0.150,模型解释力得以大幅度提高,安全态度负向影响不安全驾驶行为(β= -0.263,p<0.001);模型6显示,当引入中介变量(安全态度)后,自变量(时间压力)对因变量(不安全驾驶行为)的回归系数从0.289降为0.226,仍然显著。即安全态度在时间压力与不安全驾驶行为关系中起到中介作用,因而前文的假设3得到验证。
表4可知:模型2中,竞争氛围感知显著负向影响安全态度(β= -0.490,p<0.001);模型6中,当引入中介变量(安全态度)后,自变量(竞争氛围感知)对因变量(不安全驾驶行为)的回归系数从0.355降为0.308,仍然显著。即安全态度在竞争氛围感知与不安全驾驶行为关系中起到中介作用,因而前文的假设4得到验证。
根据调节效应检验办法检验示范性规范在安全态度与不安全驾驶行为之间的调节作用。为避免多重共线性,对安全态度与示范性规范进行中心化处理,结果见表5表5中,在控制相关变量后,由模型9可知:安全态度与示范性规范的交乘项与不安全驾驶行为之间为显著负向相关关系(β= -0.227,p< 0.001),说明示范性规范正向调节安全态度与不安全驾驶行为之间的关系,因此,假设5得到支持。
为了能更加清晰地表明示范性规范在安全态度与不安全驾驶行为之间的调节作用,通过简单斜率分析绘制了调节效应图如图2所示。由图2可知:在高示范性规范的条件下,外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为更多,假设5得到支持。
为进一步检验调节效应,分析当示范性规范处于低、高不同水平时,安全态度和不安全驾驶行为的关系,检验结果见表6。由表6可知:示范性规范处于低水平时,安全态度对不安全驾驶行为的影响效应估计值为-0.121,95%置信区间为[-0.200,-0.042],不包含0;示范性规范处于高水平时,安全态度对不安全驾驶行为的影响效应估计值为-0.409,95%置信区间为[-0.499,-0.320],不包含0,说明高示范性规范显著调节安全态度对不安全驾驶行为的影响。进一步结合表6中示范性规范高低水平的效应值,说明示范性规范显著正向调节安全态度对不安全驾驶行为的影响。即示范性规范越高,安全态度对不安全驾驶行为的负向影响越强。假设5得到支持。
“赶工游戏”对外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为产生以下影响。
时间压力可以正向影响外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为。主要表现为时间压力会增加外卖骑手在配送过程中的焦虑感,提高骑手作出有风险的驾驶决策的可能,从而引发不安全驾驶行为。有关研究表明:工作压力会促进工人的不安全行为[24],时间压力即属于工作压力的一种,同样会引发外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为。
竞争氛围感知可以正向影响外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为。主要表现为外卖骑手的竞争氛围感知增加了其压力感,促使其将注意力集中到任务目标上,并增强了骑手的底线心态,这极易导致不道德行为的出现。已有研究表明竞争会导致个体作出不道德行为[25],文中在该研究基础上进一步发现竞争氛围感知会引发不安全驾驶行为。
时间压力与不安全驾驶行为、竞争氛围感知与不安全驾驶行为均受安全态度的中介作用。时间压力和竞争氛围感知作为2种压力源,分别从时间和工作绩效2个方面促使外卖骑手加入“赶工游戏”中,安全态度也因此降低,再加上担心顾客的差评或投诉,存在商家出餐速度、地理路况以及天气状况等因素的不可控影响,导致时间压力和竞争氛围感知对外卖骑手安全态度的影响更加显著。与此同时安全态度降低的外卖骑手安全注意力和安全警觉度都会降低,最终引发不安全驾驶行为。
示范性规范在安全态度与不安全驾驶行为之间起正向调节作用。研究验证了示范性规范是安全态度影响不安全驾驶行为过程的重要边界条件。高示范性规范下,周围同行不安全驾驶行为更普遍,对于外卖骑手传递的不安全驾驶信息更明确,骑手更容易接受和效仿这种不安全行为。此外,其他同行通过不安全驾驶避免了超时罚款,在跑单排行榜取得了更好的排名,获得了更高的报酬收益,均促使其进行不安全驾驶行为。
1) 时间压力和竞争氛围感知均与外卖骑手不安全驾驶行为显著正相关,时间压力和竞争氛围感知均与安全态度显著负相关,安全态度与不安全驾驶行为显著负相关。
2) 时间压力和竞争氛围感知能够通过安全态度影响外卖骑手的不安全驾驶行为;示范性规范在外卖骑手的安全态度与不安全驾驶行为之间起到调节作用。
3) 数据收集时分为2个阶段,可在一定程度上减弱共同方法偏差对结果的影响,但仍不是严格的纵向研究,未来应尝试采用2个阶段的配对追踪研究设计,同时用试验法辅助,以便更准确地推断变量间的因果关系。此外,不同年龄、性别、工作年限的骑手群体在不安全驾驶行为的影响关系方面可能会存在差异性,下一步将对此进行深入探讨。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52174184)
  • 辽宁省社科规划基金资助(L20BGL030)
  • 辽宁省社科联项目(2023lslybkt-072)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0614
  • 接收时间:2023-10-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-20
  • 修回日期:2024-01-26
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52174184)
辽宁省社科规划基金资助(L20BGL030)
辽宁省社科联项目(2023lslybkt-072)
作者信息
    辽宁工程技术大学 工商管理学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105

通讯作者:

**韩羲秀(1998—),女,河北衡水人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为安全人因工程和组织行为管理等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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