Article(id=1149738958675951992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0093-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1390, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697126400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-13, revisedDate=1706457600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048728865, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048728865, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048728865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048728865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738958927610234, articleId=1149738958675951992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Early prediction and warning of offshore drilling overflow based on data model collaboration, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An early prediction and warning method of offshore drilling overflow based on data model collaboration was proposed to prevent blowout accidents during offshore drilling. Firstly,an overflow risk prediction model based on PSO-LSSVM was established to predict the trend of drilling monitoring parameters in the future,and analyze the correlation between overflow events and characterization parameters. Then,a single-parameter overflow probability estimation prediction model was proposed based on the Naive Bayesian method,and the probabilities of multiple drilling parameters were integrated through the optimized D-S method to realize a hierarchical early warning of overflow events. The results indicated that the overflow characterization parameters simulated by the PSO-LSSVM model had low prediction errors. The overflow event probability represented by a single drilling parameter showed discrepancies due to different sensitivities. The fused early warning model can address the issues of inconsistent early warning times of single parameters and eliminate the possibility of false alarms.

, correspAuthors=Shengnan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangqian YANG, Pingru ZHANG, Shengnan WU, Laibin ZHANG, Zhong LI, Huanzhi FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738971925758829, articleId=1149738958675951992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为防止海上钻井过程中井喷事故的发生,提出基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警方法。首先,建立基于粒子群优化(PSO)-最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)(PSO-LSSVM)的溢流风险预测模型,预测钻井监测参数未来时长内的趋势,并分析溢流事件与表征参数之间的关联关系;然后,建立基于朴素贝叶斯方法的钻井单参数溢流概率估算模型,并通过优化的D-S方法融合多个钻井参数的概率,分级预警溢流事件。结果表明:基于PSO-LSSVM的预测模型所得的溢流表征参数,预测误差较低;因对溢流事件的敏感度不同,单钻井参数所表征的溢流事件概率存在一定偏差;融合后的预警模型能够解决单参数的预警时间不一致的问题,排除误报警的可能。

, correspAuthors=武胜男, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**武胜男(1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事复杂油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估、预警、可靠性与测试维护等方面的研究。E-mail:
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杨向前 (1970—),男,陕西西安人,本科,高级工程师,从事海洋石油钻机和修井机的技术发展规划、方案论证和新技术开发等工作。E-mail:

张来斌 教授

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杨向前 (1970—),男,陕西西安人,本科,高级工程师,从事海洋石油钻机和修井机的技术发展规划、方案论证和新技术开发等工作。E-mail:

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杨向前 (1970—),男,陕西西安人,本科,高级工程师,从事海洋石油钻机和修井机的技术发展规划、方案论证和新技术开发等工作。E-mail:

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张来斌 教授

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张来斌 教授

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Characteristic parameters trend under overflow condition

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特征参数 表征规律
钻速 增加
立管压力 降低
大钩负载 增加
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878113509740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

溢流工况下特征参数的表征规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征参数 表征规律
钻速 增加
立管压力 降低
大钩负载 增加
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878176424301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparisons of simulations

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预测方法 MSE/%
PSO-LSSVM 4.1
优化的PSO-LSSVM 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878226755950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

预测结果对比

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预测方法 MSE/%
PSO-LSSVM 4.1
优化的PSO-LSSVM 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878272893295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Preliminary marking of overflow events

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数据 动态阈
值下限
动态阈
值上限
朴素贝叶
斯标记
事件
类型
-0.194 -0.072 0.428 -1 溢流
-0.296 -0.129 0.371 -1 溢流
-0.364 -0.199 0.301 -1 溢流
-0.376 -0.266 0.234 -1 溢流
-0.294 -0.305 0.195 0 正常
-0.110 -0.288 0.212 0 正常
0.171 -0.195 0.305 0 正常
0.586 -0.004 0.496 +1 溢流
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878331613552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

溢流事件初步标记

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据 动态阈
值下限
动态阈
值上限
朴素贝叶
斯标记
事件
类型
-0.194 -0.072 0.428 -1 溢流
-0.296 -0.129 0.371 -1 溢流
-0.364 -0.199 0.301 -1 溢流
-0.376 -0.266 0.234 -1 溢流
-0.294 -0.305 0.195 0 正常
-0.110 -0.288 0.212 0 正常
0.171 -0.195 0.305 0 正常
0.586 -0.004 0.496 +1 溢流
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878419693937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Model threshold marking results%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 漏标占比 虚标占比
立管压力 0.8 0.57
钻速 1.1 1.1
大钩负载 0.5 0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1168150878470025586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958675951992, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型阈值标记结果

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参数名称 漏标占比 虚标占比
立管压力 0.8 0.57
钻速 1.1 1.1
大钩负载 0.5 0.8
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基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警
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杨向前 1 , 张苹茹 2 , 武胜男 2, ** , 张来斌 2 , 李中 1 , 冯桓榰 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(4): 93-100
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(4): 93-100
基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警
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杨向前1 , 张苹茹2, 武胜男2, ** , 张来斌2, 李中1, 冯桓榰1
作者信息
  • 1 中海石油(中国)有限公司 北京研究中心,北京 100028
  • 2 中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
  • 3 油气生产安全与应急技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 102249
  • 杨向前 (1970—),男,陕西西安人,本科,高级工程师,从事海洋石油钻机和修井机的技术发展规划、方案论证和新技术开发等工作。E-mail:

    张来斌 教授

通讯作者:

**武胜男(1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事复杂油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估、预警、可靠性与测试维护等方面的研究。E-mail:
Early prediction and warning of offshore drilling overflow based on data model collaboration
Xiangqian YANG1 , Pingru ZHANG2, Shengnan WU2, ** , Laibin ZHANG2, Zhong LI1, Huanzhi FENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Research Center of CNOOC,Beijing 100028,China
  • 2 School of Safety and Ocean Engineering,China University of Petroleum (Beijing),Beijing 102249,China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Production Safety and Emergency Technology Emergency Management,Beijing 102249,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1390
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为防止海上钻井过程中井喷事故的发生,提出基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警方法。首先,建立基于粒子群优化(PSO)-最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)(PSO-LSSVM)的溢流风险预测模型,预测钻井监测参数未来时长内的趋势,并分析溢流事件与表征参数之间的关联关系;然后,建立基于朴素贝叶斯方法的钻井单参数溢流概率估算模型,并通过优化的D-S方法融合多个钻井参数的概率,分级预警溢流事件。结果表明:基于PSO-LSSVM的预测模型所得的溢流表征参数,预测误差较低;因对溢流事件的敏感度不同,单钻井参数所表征的溢流事件概率存在一定偏差;融合后的预警模型能够解决单参数的预警时间不一致的问题,排除误报警的可能。

数据模型协作  /  钻井溢流  /  早期预测  /  粒子群优化(PSO)-最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)(PSO-LSSVM)  /  预警模型

An early prediction and warning method of offshore drilling overflow based on data model collaboration was proposed to prevent blowout accidents during offshore drilling. Firstly,an overflow risk prediction model based on PSO-LSSVM was established to predict the trend of drilling monitoring parameters in the future,and analyze the correlation between overflow events and characterization parameters. Then,a single-parameter overflow probability estimation prediction model was proposed based on the Naive Bayesian method,and the probabilities of multiple drilling parameters were integrated through the optimized D-S method to realize a hierarchical early warning of overflow events. The results indicated that the overflow characterization parameters simulated by the PSO-LSSVM model had low prediction errors. The overflow event probability represented by a single drilling parameter showed discrepancies due to different sensitivities. The fused early warning model can address the issues of inconsistent early warning times of single parameters and eliminate the possibility of false alarms.

data model collaboration  /  drilling overflow  /  early prediction  /  particle swarm optimization(PSO)-least squares support vector machines(LSSVM)(PSO-LSSVM)  /  early warning models
杨向前, 张苹茹, 武胜男, 张来斌, 李中, 冯桓榰. 基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1390
Xiangqian YANG, Pingru ZHANG, Shengnan WU, Laibin ZHANG, Zhong LI, Huanzhi FENG. Early prediction and warning of offshore drilling overflow based on data model collaboration[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 93 -100 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1390
近年来,随着海洋勘探技术的不断进步和深海油气开发的需求增大,海上钻井活动逐渐向深水、超深水、高温高压等复杂地质条件的海域迈进,海上平台的井控风险也随之增高。井喷事故是钻井井控过程中极为严重的一种事故,溢流是井喷事故发生的前兆。溢流的发生不仅会增加钻井的难度,而且,在井控措施采取不当的情境下,极易发生井喷甚至井喷失控,导致船毁人亡及严重的海洋环境污染,如“深水地平线”半潜式钻井平台井喷爆炸事故[1]。因此,应提前采取监测预警等技术,及时发现溢流事件,控制溢流的发展,防止井喷事故失控,确保钻井安全[2]。开展溢流风险的早期预测预警可保障钻井工程顺利进行,减少井喷等灾难事故发生的可能性,且节约人力与财力,为实现我国石油钻井安全技术更新换代、油气勘探开发产业的整体转型与升级提供有力保障[3]
溢流事件可通过综合录井参数、随钻测井参数以及地层压力等参数的变化来表征,如钻井液池体积增加[4],及时预测相关参数的变化趋势,可早期预警溢流事件,为制定溢流的防控策略提供依据。
随着大数据技术的快速发展,人工智能、物联网、信息交互等技术的融合,以及各领域之间的相互渗透,油气行业近年来发生了巨大变革[5-7]。钻井工程风险预警模型的数字化和信息化,极大程度提高了钻井安全作业的效率[8]。目前,国内外学者对溢流预警与监测方法开展了大量的研究,如LIANG Haibo等[9]提出一种基于贝叶斯分类的钻井事故诊断方法;WU Shengnan等[10]基于动态贝叶斯网络的风险评估模型,进行风险预测、诊断和灵敏度分析;LIANG Haibo等[11]基于动态贝叶斯网络,智能化监测溢流,且验证了该方法的有效性;徐振华[12]设计了一种溢流监测诊断系统,该系统仅适用于控压钻井正常钻进过程,对于其他钻井工况的诊断存在局限性;李玉飞等[13]将支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,SVM)与D-S证据理论(Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory,D-S)相结合,有效地改善了溢流监测的可靠性,有很高的实用价值;SUN Wenfeng等[14]根据油气钻探安全高效的要求,对钻井工程漏失和溢流监测系统进行试验研究,取得了良好的监测预警效果。
目前,国内外学者主要基于单模型单参数的方法开展溢流预测及预警,对多模型多参数协作进行预测与预警的研究相对较少,且现有的方法存在预测预警结果滞后、不一致、预测精度不高等问题,缺少将已有的理论、模型进行改进并融合以及降低预测误差的模型,无法低误差预测预警多参数。为此,笔者考虑现有的溢流预测与预警方法的优缺点,以实际海上某高温高压井钻井综合录井数据为基础,提取关键特征参数,建立基于粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)优化最小二乘SVM(Least Squares SVM,LSSVM)(PSO-LSSVM)的溢流风险预测模型,预测未来时长数据趋势;建立基于朴素贝叶斯方法的钻井单参数溢流概率估算模型,通过D-S证据理论融合多参数;使预测与预警模型相互协作,对溢流事件进行早期、精准的预测及预警。
LSSVM算法是对机器学习算法SVM的扩展,它可以提高SVM的性能及优化运算速度,同时简化计算过程,主要应用于数据分析、模式识别、分类、回归分析等领域。
朴素贝叶斯方法是在机器学习中假设特征之间的强独立性,以贝叶斯原理为基础的概率分类的方法,其参数估计使用最大似然估计[15]。朴素贝叶斯方法的基本原理是对于给定的训练集,基于特征条件独立的情况假设学习输入输出的联合概率分布,利用贝叶斯原理预测在给定输入条件下预测后验概率的最大输出,即贝叶斯原理会选择概率最大的预测结果。也就是当分类项需要分类时,分类项会被归入到可能性最大的类别中[16]
朴素贝叶斯方法的条件概率及先验概率如下:
1) 条件概率。当给定 X = x 的条件下, Y = y q的概率如下式:
P Y = y q X = x = P X = x Y = y q P ( Y = y q ) q P X = x Y = y q P ( Y = y q )
式中: P Y = y q X = x为在 X = x的条件下 Y = y q的概率; q为自然数; P ( X = x Y = y q )为在 Y = y q的条件下 X = x的概率; P ( Y = y q )为先验概率。
2) 当存在多个条件时,朴素贝叶斯方法有一个前提假设,称为条件独立性假设,如下式:
P A B C = P A C · P B C
式中:P(AB|C)为C事件发生时AB事件发生的概率; P A CC事件发生时A事件发生的概率; P B CC事件发生时B事件发生的概率。
D-S证据理论用于处理不确定性、合并证据以及在不同证据之间进行推理[17]。D-S证据理论的规则如下:
定义辨别框架M由一些相互独立的元素组成。
规则1:称mass函数 2 M [ 0,1 ]即属于M中的所有元素范围为0 1。
m ( Ø ) = 0
G M m ( G ) = 1
若满足以上2个条件,则称m为基础概率指派, m ( G )G的基本概率数。如果 m ( G ) > 0,则称GMm的焦元。
规则2:设 m 1 m 2 m g为辨别框架M上的g个 mass函数,若 G M G Ø,则相应的 D-S多源融合为:
m ( G ) = 1 1 - K · G 1 G 2 G g   m g G g
式中K为冲突系数。K越大,冲突越强,K=1表示完全冲突,这时不可合成 D-S规则。
其中,D-S证据理论是通过对事件后的事实(即证据)进行推断,从而推断出造成这一事件的主要原因(也就是假定)[18]
为进一步提高数据驱动下的井喷早期风险预测预警的精度,提出基于数据模型协作的海上钻井溢流早期预测预警方法,具体实现流程如图1所示。
首先,应用小波降噪基础原理,根据所得监测数据选取合适波基进行层数分解,将f级低频系数和经过1-f级量化处理后的高频系数进行重建,求出降噪后的离散数据。同时,利用小波降噪处理所选取监测数据曲线,依据曲线所受的干预程度选取合适的阈值进行去噪、分层与分解处理,使监测参数的曲线平滑易分析。
应用PSO 搜索LSSVM中最优的SVM参数,建立PSO-LSSVM预测模型,数值预测特征参数。PSO方法参数调节量小,实现简单,收敛速度快。为此,利用PSO 来优化LSSVM,使预测结果更贴近现实情况,对所要反映的事件情况实现更准确地预测,完成对事件的预先感知。
在PSO-LSSVM预测模型的基础上,引入惯性权重以提高PSO的搜索水平,实时更新粒子最优位置。
预测模型具体实现流程如图2所示。
该模型首先通过动态阈值划分实现对监测参数的概率估计,然后,采用朴素贝叶斯方法预测溢流事件发生的可能性,最后,利用优化过的D-S多源信息融合方法对特征参数的概率结果进行融合,精准预警溢流事件。
首先,预处理特征参数的监测数据,根据数据的变化趋势计算相应的动态阈值,并标记超过动态阈值范围的数据。例如:超过动态阈值上限 R D U的数据标记为溢流+1,低于动态阈值下限 R D L的数据标记为溢流-1,位于正常阶段的数据标记为正常0。动态阈值计算如下:
R D U = i = 1 n R ( t i ) n 1 + R U 100
R D L = i = 1 n R ( t i ) n 1 - R L 100
R D U 1 = i = 1 n R ( t i ) n + R U
R D L 1 = i = 1 n R ( t i ) n - R L
式中: R ( t i )为某时刻下特征参数值;n为数据样本数; R U为特征参数阈值上限; R L为特征参数阈值下限。
其次,系统采样频率为5s,选取不同时间序列窗口,利用朴素贝叶斯方法采取动态推动的方式预测溢流概率,计算步骤如下:
P ( 1 ) = N ( 1 ) S ( N )
P ( 0 ) = N ( 0 ) S ( N )
式中:P(1)为出现溢流事件概率,即异常概率;P(0)为未出现溢流事件正常概率;N(1)为在时间序列样本中为溢流事件的数据样本数量;N(0)为在序列样本中为未出现溢流事件的数据样本数量; S ( N )为总事件存在的数量。
定义事件集为 E E 1 E 2 E e,其中,Ei(i=1,2,…,3)代表工况,可为下钻、起钻、钻进等。事件之间相互排斥。其次,选取 P p表征溢流事件的特征参数所对应的概率, p = 1,2 v w。首先计算溢流概率结果间的决策距离 d v w,如下式:
d v w = 2 | ( P v - 0.5 ) ( P v - P w )
r v w = 1 - d v w ( 0 < r v w < 1 )
R = 1   r 1 w       r w 1 1
相似矩阵R的元素 r v w的数量能够代表各个信息之间对结果的一致性程度。设各个信息的结果对应的权重为 α p,权重越大,表示信息的概率结果可信度越高,对综合判别结果的影响就越大。
利用支持度向量 H ( P p )、可靠度向量 α p、平均信任分配函数值 P p ¯、综合判别结果P ( E e )推演计算相对准确的融合概率值,提高溢流综合判别结果的可靠性。计算公式如下:
H ( P p ) = v = p p   r v j j p
α p = H ( P v ) v = 1 p   v = p p   r v j j p
P p ¯ = v = 1 p α v · P v
P ( E e ) = E e E P p ¯ ( E e ) E 1 E 2 E e Ø   P p ( E e )
根据综合判别结果进行溢流事件预警,预警级别为:概率达到0.5~0.75时进行一级溢流风险预警、达到0.75~0.85时进行二级溢流风险预警、达到0.85~1时进行三级溢流风险预警,上述预警结果可为海上高温高压钻井活动提供早期风险防控依据。
根据海上高温高压井乐东油田区块某井的钻井日志记载,某日0:00—10:00钻铤过防喷器前静止观察井筒,液面稳定;10:00后钻至4 098.14 m,在10:45—16:15时间段内监测计量罐的液面增加0.5 m3,判断发生溢流。
钻井日志记录中只给出溢流发生的时间段,并未说明溢流事件发生的具体时间。因此,根据油田的实际钻井历史数据,选取溢流发生前后的录井数据。选取钻至4 098.14 m前1 h的钻速、立管压力和大钩负载3种录井参数信号序列,作为表征溢流事件的特征参数。采用小波降噪对特征参数的实时监测数据进行预处理,以立管压力的降噪结果举例,如图3所示。3个特征参数对溢流事件的表征规律见表1
针对所选特征参数,以立管压力为例进行说明,预测模型结果对比如图4所示。通过修正、拟合训练集里的数据,获得预测模型相应的参数,根据误差估算验证测试集预测结果的准确性,早期预测特征参数未来时间序列数据。
根据均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)的判断规则,越趋近于0,数据早期预测精度越高,预测结果对比见表2。对比PSO-LSSVM与优化(引入惯性权重)的PSO-LSSVM的MSE可知:后者的误差较小,说明预测结果与实际数值相对接近,验证了文中构建的预测模型的有效性。
基于朴素贝叶斯的概率估算模型,估计单参数的概率分布,预警单参数溢流风险,验证预警模型的有效性。
首先,分析降噪后的数据样本趋势,根据式(6)—式(9)获得动态阈值区间进行溢流风险判断,结果如图5所示。以立管压力的结果为例,根据动态阈值判断结果初步标记钻井溢流事件,结果见表3
根据统计标记漏标与虚标的数量,不同特征参数虚标和漏标的占比不同,均小于等于1.1%,模型阈值标记结果见表4;同时,这也证明通过动态阈值对钻井溢流事件进行初步预判的有效性。
为消除钻井过程所提取出的录井信号受高温高压干扰而导致概率估算存在的偏差,解决参数间对于信号干扰和对钻井溢流事件的敏感度与信号波动映射程度不同的问题,依据朴素贝叶斯方法估算不同特征参数所表征的钻井溢流概率;采用D-S多源融合方法,融合3个特征参数的概率结果,结果如图6所示。
对比单参数所表征的钻井溢流事件预警时间,特征参数立管压力于9:27:45开始一级预警,于9:28:00达到二级预警,最终未达报警;大钩负载于9:27:50开始一级预警,于9:28:05达到二级预警,于9:28:15达到报警;钻速于9:27:05开始一级预警,但未达二级预警及以上,3个参数的预警时间处于不同阶段,预警不统一,且考虑到此时处于起下钻的作业状态存在信号或高温高压环境的干扰,如存在钻井液粘度增大、气侵、水眼堵等情况,通过单参数表征的钻井溢流事件概率进行预警与报警,其时间存在一定偏差。
融合后,模型于9:27:45开始一级预警,至9:28:00开始二级预警,于9:28:15达到报警。基于钻速的钻井溢流事件概率对应的一级预警时间很早,但没有进行二级以上预警,所以预警准确率不高,存在异常预警或误报,融合后排除了误报的可能;融合后的二级预警时间比单参数预警提前5s;报警时间与大钩负载一致,消除了延报和漏报的可能性。融合预警既消除了单参数概率预警不统一的缺点,也可通过参数异常预警为工作人员查明异常情况、及早防控提供依据。
1) 基于PSO-LSSVM预测模型,得到立管压力、钻速、大钩负载3个特征参数的早期预测数据。结合基于朴素贝叶斯方法的钻井单参数溢流概率估算模型和D-S证据理论,融合3个特征参数的概率,分级预警钻井溢流事件;所提预测与预警数据模型协作的方法,可为钻井溢流事件的早期预测预警模型提供数据模型协作的范例。
2) 基于PSO-LSSVM的钻井参数预测方法的预测误差较低,和实际数据较贴近。通过对比预警模型中单参数与多源信息融合后表征的预警时间,可为工作人员能及早排查引起溢流原因及受干扰的因素提供依据;预警模型可起到排除误报警和提前预警的作用,可防止钻井溢流事件升级及井喷事故的发生。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFC2806504)
  • 中海石油(中国)有限公司北京研究中心科研资助项目(CCL2022RCPS2008XNN)
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1390
  • 接收时间:2023-10-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-13
  • 修回日期:2024-01-29
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFC2806504)
中海石油(中国)有限公司北京研究中心科研资助项目(CCL2022RCPS2008XNN)
作者信息
    1 中海石油(中国)有限公司 北京研究中心,北京 100028
    2 中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
    3 油气生产安全与应急技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 102249

通讯作者:

**武胜男(1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事复杂油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估、预警、可靠性与测试维护等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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