Article(id=1149738958399124268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0153-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0549, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=1705507200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048728798, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048728798, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048728798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048728798, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738958566896430, articleId=1149738958399124268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on influencing factors of subway station fire evacuation based on 24Model-D-ISM, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to prevent fire accidents in subway stations and deeply understand the internal relations and hierarchical structure among the influencing factors of fire evacuation in subway stations,63 fire evacuation accidents in subway stations were analyzed based on the sixth edition of 24Model,and the interaction among various factors was fully considered,and 19 key factors affecting fire evacuation in subway stations were extracted to establish an index system of influencing factors of fire evacuation in subway stations. C-OWA was used to improve DEMATEL to determine the important influencing factors of fire evacuation in subway stations. On this basis,ISM was used to analyze the hierarchical structure and interaction path of various factors,and a multi-level hierarchical structure model of the influencing factors of subway station fire evacuation was constructed. Research results show that evacuation guidance,panic herd behavior and crowded people are the key influencing factors for the evacuation of people in subway station fires. The evacuation of fire personnel in the subway station is influenced by surface factors,intermediate factors and deep factors. Among them,evacuation education and training,facilities maintenance and inspection,evacuation plan and other factors are the root causes. Paying attention to the improvement of root causes was conducive to preventing and controlling accidents in essence.

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为预防地铁站火灾事故,深入了解地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素间的内在联系与层次结构,基于第6版“2-4”模型(24Model)分析63起地铁站火灾疏散事故,充分考虑各个因素之间的交互作用,提取19个影响地铁站人员疏散的关键因素,建立地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素指标体系;采用算子客观赋权法(C-OWA)改进决策试验与评价实验法(DEMATEL),确定地铁站火灾人员疏散的重要影响因素;在此基础上,采用解释结构模型(ISM)分析各个因素间的层次结构及相互作用路径,构建地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素的多级递阶结构模型。研究结果表明:疏散引导、恐慌从众行为、人员拥挤为地铁站火灾人员疏散的关键影响因素;地铁站火灾人员疏散受表层因素、中间层因素、深层因素共同作用的影响,其中,疏散教育与培训、设施维护与检查、疏散预案等因素是根源影响因素,重视根源影响因素的改善有利于从本质上预防和控制事故的发生。

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孙世梅 (1966—),女,吉林磐石人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全与事故预防等方面的研究。E-mail:

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孙世梅 (1966—),女,吉林磐石人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全与事故预防等方面的研究。E-mail:

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孙世梅 (1966—),女,吉林磐石人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全与事故预防等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Analysis of subway fire evacuation accident based on 24Model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原因板块 原因类型 原因分析
个体动作 个体的不
安全动作
人员蓄意或非自住纵火、违规操作、员工作业过程失误、员工遭遇火险处理不当、乘客非适应性疏散行为(恐慌、应激等)、员工未及时检修故障电气设施;电气设备老化故障、易燃可燃材料、疏散设施损坏(应急广播、照明等)、障碍物堵塞
个体能力 个体安全
能力不足
地铁员工缺乏火灾应急处置和基本防火知识、作业人员无视安全规范、作业人员长期违章作业、管理人员隐患排查不重视、员工不清楚消防设施使用规范、消防管理知识匮乏
管理体系 安全管理
体系欠缺
消防安全职责执行不到位、日常防火管理不到位、消防设施管理不到位、消防演练不到位、消防宣传教育培训不到位
组织文化 安全文化 安全融入管理、管理层的负责程度、安全部门的作用、安全培训需求、安全制度的执行方式
), ArticleFig(id=1168150769560723687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958399124268, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于24Model的地铁火灾疏散事故原因分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原因板块 原因类型 原因分析
个体动作 个体的不
安全动作
人员蓄意或非自住纵火、违规操作、员工作业过程失误、员工遭遇火险处理不当、乘客非适应性疏散行为(恐慌、应激等)、员工未及时检修故障电气设施;电气设备老化故障、易燃可燃材料、疏散设施损坏(应急广播、照明等)、障碍物堵塞
个体能力 个体安全
能力不足
地铁员工缺乏火灾应急处置和基本防火知识、作业人员无视安全规范、作业人员长期违章作业、管理人员隐患排查不重视、员工不清楚消防设施使用规范、消防管理知识匮乏
管理体系 安全管理
体系欠缺
消防安全职责执行不到位、日常防火管理不到位、消防设施管理不到位、消防演练不到位、消防宣传教育培训不到位
组织文化 安全文化 安全融入管理、管理层的负责程度、安全部门的作用、安全培训需求、安全制度的执行方式
), ArticleFig(id=1168150769640415465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958399124268, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

DEMATEL calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响
因素
中心度 原因度 影响度 被影
响度
中心度
排序
因素
属性
K1 2.730 -2.125 0.303 2.428 4 结果
K2 2.257 -1.493 0.382 1.875 8 结果
K3 2.972 -1.500 0.736 2.236 2 结果
K4 2.426 -1.425 0.501 1.926 6 结果
K5 1.188 0.956 1.072 0.116 15 原因
K6 1.129 0.897 1.013 0.116 18 原因
K7 1.313 1.080 1.196 0.116 13 原因
K8 0.588 0.469 0.529 0.059 19 原因
K9 1.226 0.593 0.910 0.317 14 原因
K10 2.597 -0.505 1.046 1.551 5 结果
K11 1.835 1.248 1.542 0.293 12 原因
K12 3.391 -1.063 1.164 2.227 1 结果
K13 1.143 0.288 0.716 0.428 17 原因
K14 2.055 1.563 1.809 0.246 9 原因
K15 1.985 1.163 1.574 0.411 10 原因
K16 1.891 1.270 1.581 0.311 11 原因
K17 2.956 -1.137 0.910 2.047 3 结果
K18 1.176 1.085 1.130 0.046 16 原因
K19 2.297 -1.364 0.467 1.830 7 结果
), ArticleFig(id=1168150769728495851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958399124268, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DEMATEL计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响
因素
中心度 原因度 影响度 被影
响度
中心度
排序
因素
属性
K1 2.730 -2.125 0.303 2.428 4 结果
K2 2.257 -1.493 0.382 1.875 8 结果
K3 2.972 -1.500 0.736 2.236 2 结果
K4 2.426 -1.425 0.501 1.926 6 结果
K5 1.188 0.956 1.072 0.116 15 原因
K6 1.129 0.897 1.013 0.116 18 原因
K7 1.313 1.080 1.196 0.116 13 原因
K8 0.588 0.469 0.529 0.059 19 原因
K9 1.226 0.593 0.910 0.317 14 原因
K10 2.597 -0.505 1.046 1.551 5 结果
K11 1.835 1.248 1.542 0.293 12 原因
K12 3.391 -1.063 1.164 2.227 1 结果
K13 1.143 0.288 0.716 0.428 17 原因
K14 2.055 1.563 1.809 0.246 9 原因
K15 1.985 1.163 1.574 0.411 10 原因
K16 1.891 1.270 1.581 0.311 11 原因
K17 2.956 -1.137 0.910 2.047 3 结果
K18 1.176 1.085 1.130 0.046 16 原因
K19 2.297 -1.364 0.467 1.830 7 结果
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基于24Model-D-ISM的地铁站火灾疏散影响因素研究
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孙世梅 1, 2 , 张家严 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(4): 153-159
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(4): 153-159
基于24Model-D-ISM的地铁站火灾疏散影响因素研究
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孙世梅1, 2 , 张家严1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 吉林建筑大学 应急科学与工程学院,吉林 长春 130118
  • 2 吉林建筑大学 事故预防科学研究院,吉林 长春 130118
  • 孙世梅 (1966—),女,吉林磐石人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全与事故预防等方面的研究。E-mail:

Research on influencing factors of subway station fire evacuation based on 24Model-D-ISM
Shimei SUN1, 2 , Jiayan ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Emergency Science and Engineering,Jilin Jianzhu University,Changchun Jilin 130118,China
  • 2 Institute of Accident Prevention Science,Jilin Jianzhu University,Changchun Jilin 130118,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0549
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为预防地铁站火灾事故,深入了解地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素间的内在联系与层次结构,基于第6版“2-4”模型(24Model)分析63起地铁站火灾疏散事故,充分考虑各个因素之间的交互作用,提取19个影响地铁站人员疏散的关键因素,建立地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素指标体系;采用算子客观赋权法(C-OWA)改进决策试验与评价实验法(DEMATEL),确定地铁站火灾人员疏散的重要影响因素;在此基础上,采用解释结构模型(ISM)分析各个因素间的层次结构及相互作用路径,构建地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素的多级递阶结构模型。研究结果表明:疏散引导、恐慌从众行为、人员拥挤为地铁站火灾人员疏散的关键影响因素;地铁站火灾人员疏散受表层因素、中间层因素、深层因素共同作用的影响,其中,疏散教育与培训、设施维护与检查、疏散预案等因素是根源影响因素,重视根源影响因素的改善有利于从本质上预防和控制事故的发生。

“2-4”模型(24Model)  /  决策试验与评价实验法(DEMATEL)  /  解释结构模型(ISM)  /  地铁站  /  火灾疏散  /  影响因素

In order to prevent fire accidents in subway stations and deeply understand the internal relations and hierarchical structure among the influencing factors of fire evacuation in subway stations,63 fire evacuation accidents in subway stations were analyzed based on the sixth edition of 24Model,and the interaction among various factors was fully considered,and 19 key factors affecting fire evacuation in subway stations were extracted to establish an index system of influencing factors of fire evacuation in subway stations. C-OWA was used to improve DEMATEL to determine the important influencing factors of fire evacuation in subway stations. On this basis,ISM was used to analyze the hierarchical structure and interaction path of various factors,and a multi-level hierarchical structure model of the influencing factors of subway station fire evacuation was constructed. Research results show that evacuation guidance,panic herd behavior and crowded people are the key influencing factors for the evacuation of people in subway station fires. The evacuation of fire personnel in the subway station is influenced by surface factors,intermediate factors and deep factors. Among them,evacuation education and training,facilities maintenance and inspection,evacuation plan and other factors are the root causes. Paying attention to the improvement of root causes was conducive to preventing and controlling accidents in essence.

"2-4" model(24Model)  /  decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL)  /  interpretative structural modeling method(ISM)  /  subway station  /  fire evacuation  /  influencing factor
孙世梅, 张家严. 基于24Model-D-ISM的地铁站火灾疏散影响因素研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 153 -159 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0549
Shimei SUN, Jiayan ZHANG. Research on influencing factors of subway station fire evacuation based on 24Model-D-ISM[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 153 -159 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0549
随着我国城市的快速发展,地铁占城市轨道交通的78%左右[1],已然成为人们出行的重要交通工具。地铁站作为一种特殊的地下空间结构,具有密闭性和复杂性等特点,一旦爆发火灾将造成大量人员伤亡。如2003年2月18日,韩国大邱地铁站因人为火灾造成198人死亡,147人受伤[2]。因此,研究地铁站火灾人员疏散的影响因素对降低人员伤亡、公共设施损失和提高疏散效率具有明显的现实意义。
近年来,国内外学者通过建立元胞自动机、社会力等疏散模型研究了疏散的影响因素,如YUAN Weifeng等[3]重点研究了距离和人员密度对疏散行为的影响;李芳等[4]研究发现,客流引导和小群体效应对疏散时间、疏散效率、瓶颈区域及绕行距离有显著影响;岳昊等[5]分析了行人视野半径对行人疏散时间的影响。随着现代信息技术的发展,人员疏散模型和仿真模拟的优化,目前Pathfinder、Exodus、多智能体等仿真软件被广泛用于人员疏散研究,部分学者研究了地铁站人员疏散中个别客观因素,如通道类设施[6-8]、引导类设施[9]、火源位置[10]等;此外也有学者探讨了地铁站人员疏散中主观因素,分析了客流量[11]、心理压力[12]、决策行为[13]等方面与疏散效率的关系。这些研究多集中于建立模型等方法分析个别影响因素对疏散效果的影响,而鲜有文献针对地铁火灾疏散系统中的多因素进行深入研究,缺乏地铁火灾疏散影响因素层面和逻辑关系的系统性研究。
系统因素研究的实质就是识别关键因素,揭示因素间的逻辑关系[14],为更清晰地识别地铁火灾人员疏散影响因素指标,需探究地铁火灾疏散事故的原因机制。鉴于此,笔者拟基于近年来国内外地铁火灾事故数据统计和“2-4”模型(24Model)深化得到的地铁站火灾人员疏散致因因素,构建地铁站火灾人员疏散指标体系,在此基础上采用决策试验与评价实验法(Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory,DEMATEL)-解释结构模型(Interpretative Structural Modeling Method,ISM),建立地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素递阶结构模型,揭示在火灾情况下地铁站人员疏散影响因素之间的相互关系,以期为地铁站人员疏散研究提供新的视角。
收集国内外地铁站火灾疏散事故数据,运用第6版24Model分析事故原因,基于原因分析解读地铁火灾疏散过程中的影响因素,结合文献研究、实地调研方法建立地铁站火灾人员疏散影响因素指标体系。通过算子客观赋权法(Combination Ordered Weighted Averaging,C-OWA)改进DEMATEL中的直接影响矩阵,使用DEMATEL-ISM模型分析疏散影响因素,并构建因素层次递阶结构图。
经事故致因链衍生出的24Model在不同领域得到了广泛的应用[15]。根据第6版24Model静态结构[16],该模型将事故发生的原因划分为组织因素和个体因素2大类,其中,组织因素包括组织文化和管理体系,个体因素包括个体能力和个体动作。孙世梅等[17]在建筑施工领域运用24Model研究了高处坠落的事故原因;吴琼等[18]运用24Model构建了煤矿的培训体系;傅贵等[19]将24Model应用在煤矿安全管理上。运用第6版24Model分析地铁火灾类型事故原因的同时,可更全面解读地铁疏散过程中的影响因素,为构建指标体系提供理论基础。
在地铁站火灾事故中影响疏散的条件较多,将影响因素结构化处理,能更有针对性地提出有效的应对措施。DEMATEL是利用图论矩阵工具解释问题的系统分析方法,通过计算影响度及被影响度、原因度及中心度来确定因素之间的逻辑关系和在系统中的地位。ISM由可达矩阵构建递阶结构模型进而分析因素间的逻辑关系。通过改进的DEMATEL计算因素的影响程度,采用ISM划分因素的层级,进一步分析地铁站火灾条件下的疏散影响因素,从而优化疏散措施。
为减少专家对地铁站人员疏散影响因素评估的主观影响,根据专家原始评分的直接影响矩阵,运用C-OWA计算专家对评价指标的评分。
1) 确定原始直接影响矩阵。事故致因因素相互之间影响程度通过邀请n位专家进行评估,根据因素之间的影响分为无、弱、一般、较强、强5个层次,并赋值0、1、2、3、4。第i个致因要素 a i对第j个致因要素 a j的直接影响程度 β i j k由第k位专家给出,由此得到原始直接影响矩阵 L
2) C-OWA改进 L。在原始直接影响矩阵中,定义 L i j ( i j = 1,2 17 )的原始决策矩阵 A = [ a 1 a 2 a m ],其中, m为专家数目。将原始决策矩阵按照降序排列并从0开始编号,降序排列矩阵为 B = [ b 0 b 1 b h b m - 1 ],设降序排列矩阵中的 b h的加权权重向量为 ψ = [ ψ 1 ψ 2 ψ m ],如下式:
ψ h + 1 = C m - 1 h h = 0 m - 1 C m - 1 h = C m - 1 h 2 m - 1
式中: ψ h + 1 b h的加权权重; C m - 1 h为从 m - 1个数据中取出 h个数据的排列组合; h为降序排列矩阵的元素序号。
3) 确立改进直接影响矩阵 O。由原始决策数据和权重所确定的综合权重 O i j ( i j = 1,2 17 )构建 O,如下式:
O i j = h = 0 m - 1 ψ h + 1 b h
4) 直接影响矩阵标准化处理。计算得到标准化直接影响矩阵 N = ( n i j ) m × m
n i j = 1 m a x j = 1 m β i j 1 i m β i j
式中 m a x 1 i m j = 1 m β i j为矩阵O各行之和的最大值。
5) 计算综合影响矩阵T。由式(3)得到综合影响矩阵。
T = N ( 1 - N ) - 1
6) 计算综合影响矩阵T相关指标:影响度 D、被影响度 G、中心度 M i、原因度 R iD是指综合影响矩阵的各行值总和,表示每行对应元素对其他因素有影响。被影响度是其矩阵各列值总和,表示为每列相应因素受到其他因素的影响。两者之和为因素的MiMi是影响因子在评估指标体系中的地位和影响程度。两者之差是因素的Ri,当原因数值>0时,就会产生这些因素对其他因素的影响,那么该要素就会变成原因要素。当原因值<0时,这个要素会受到其他因素的影响成为结果要素。
D i = j = 1 n t i j ( i = 1,2 n )
G i = j = 1 n t j i ( i = 1,2 n )
M i = D i + G i ( i = 1,2 n )
R i = D i - G i ( i = 1,2 n )
7) 计算出整体影响矩阵H,必须考虑因素本身影响。在综合影响矩阵 T基础上,采用下式计算得到整体矩阵。 I为单位矩阵。
H = I + T
8) 确定阈值 λ,计算出可达矩阵 R R = [ r i j ] m × m。根据经验通过下式决定阈值,其中, α为矩阵所有元素的均值, ω为所有元素的标准差。将其引入整体 H可简化因素层次结构,将整体 H进行简化得到 R。其中,0表示因素之间没有直接影响关系,1表示因素之间具有直接影响关系。
λ = α + ω
r i j = 1 h i j λ 0 h i j < λ ( i = 1,2 n ; j = 1,2 n )
9) 层次化处理 R。计算可达集合 R ( A i )、先行集合 Q ( A i )、交集 F。可达集合代表可达矩阵的因素 A i对应行,包括1矩阵元素的对应列因素与相融合,代表因素 A i到达的因素;先行集合 Q ( A i )表示可达矩阵中因素 A i对应的列中包含有1的矩阵元素所对应的行因素的集合;交集 R ( A i ) Q ( A i )表示均能在可达集合与先行集合中找到因素集合。
R ( A i ) = A j A j A r i j = 1 ( i = 1,2 n )
Q ( A i ) = A j A j A r i j = 1 ( i = 1,2 n )
F = A j A j A R ( A i ) Q ( A i ) ( i = 1,2 n )
F = R ( A i ) ( i = 1,2 n )
按照式(12)—式(14)分别计算可达集合、先行集合、交集。通过式(15)的验证,符合则划分出最高层,在 R中划去该层所在的行和列。重复上述步骤直至划出所有元素,即可完成分层。其中,先获取得到的元素为直接影响因素,再获取的元素为根源因素。依据上述划分出的因素集合和层级绘制出致因因素的多层递阶模型。
地铁火灾疏散事故是指在火灾发生时人员疏散过程中的伤亡事故。24Model建立在组织层面,在分析单起事故与同一类型事故时组织层面基本相同,在分析大量同类型事故时的表现也较为出色。通过谷歌、中国知网、万方数据库等网站统计近年来国内外发生的63起地铁火灾疏散事故,选取地下交通系统为事故分析的组织。24Model中的组织文化、管理体系、个体能力、个体动作决定了整个组织的运转,故将从这4个方面分析地铁火灾疏散事故的原因,见表1。原因分析为地铁站人员疏散影响因素指标体系构建提供新的视角。指标体系的各项指标作为24Model分析的输入变量,帮助识别复杂系统的要素,同时,24Model在分析事故原因时也根据指标的分析所得结果反馈和优化指标体系,从而实现指标体系与24Model的相互促进和改进。
基于国内外63起地铁火灾疏散事故案例,运用24Model统计分析事故致因,分析归纳出19个疏散影响因素并构建地铁站火灾人员疏散指标体系,如图1所示。
统计国内外地铁火灾疏散事故,观察到结构相对复杂的地下交通系统往往不易疏散人群,当发生火险时会造成大量的人员伤亡。经实地调研,选取长春市某地铁站为对象,开展地铁站火灾条件下人员疏散影响因素分析,划分影响因素之间的层级联系。为分析该站点人员疏散影响因素,邀请应急管理专家、消防工程师、地铁安全管理人员等评估该站点的19个影响因素。5个原始直接影响矩阵根据较强、强、一般、弱、无5个等级分别赋值4,3,2,1,0来判断相互影响关系的。
为降低专家评估产生的主观影响,将C-OWA引入到DEMATEL中,确保评估结果一定的客观性。经C-OWA改进得到最终直接影响矩阵 O。根据式(3)、式(4)确定综合影响矩阵T;在此基础上利用式(5)—式(8)计算出 R i M i,计算结果见表2
采用DEMATEL-ISM计算出因素的中心度、原因度、影响度和被影响度,绘制地铁火灾人员疏散影响因素属性,如图2所示。因素的中心度越大,表示在系统中的影响重要性程度越大。由表2可知:中心度分值最高的前3个因素分别是K12K3 K 1 7,表明这三者因素是地铁站火灾条件下人员疏散中的关键影响因素。因此,在地铁站日常管理中,应着重注意疏散引导的相关工作,完善引导设施的建设;维护站内人员的秩序,安抚存在恐慌行为的旅客,避免发生人员混乱的情况和损失;应实时监测站内旅客的人员密度,防止人员密集发生踩踏等突发事件。
原因度值>0称为原因因素,表示该因素易影响其他因素;<0称为结果因素,表示易受其他因素影响。由表2可知:地铁站火灾人员疏散体系中有 10个因素原因度值>0,分别是引导标识、应急广播、应急照明、疏散通道、疏散教育与培训、设施维护与检查、疏散预案、有毒气体、能见度、烟气温度、障碍物,这些因素易影响其他因素,在控制系统风险时应切断与其他因素之间的联系;<0的有9个因素,分别是惯性寻路行为、互助行为、恐慌从众行为、应激行为、疏散宣传与演练、疏散引导、人员拥挤、出站口交通堵塞,这些因素易受其他因素的影响,在控制系统风险时应防止其他因素的干扰。
DEMATEL分析出系统中各因素的重要影响程度及因果关系,为探究系统中各影响因素之间更深层次的逻辑关系,需要利用ISM划分层级结构。根据DEMATEL中的整体影响矩阵H,利用式(10)确定阈值 λ=0.11,在阈值 λ基础上,根据式(11)确定可达矩阵R。通过可达矩阵利用式(12)—式(15)划分影响因素的层级,绘制出影响因素的层次结构图。根据ISM划分影响因素层级,通过实例共划分出3个层级,由下至上分别代表着根本因素、间接因素、直接因素含义,如图3所示。
位于层级1的因素属于直接因素,当发生不利于紧急疏散的情景,应有效控制这些影响因素,可产生缓解疏散压力的效果。位于层级2的因素属于间接因素,这些因素会对上一层因素产生影响,间接影响疏散过程。位于层级3的因素属于根本因素。由图3可知:这些根本因素对直接因素和间接因素有着潜移默化的影响,虽然不会有明显反馈,但能够从本质上改善疏散过程及效率。
1) 为全面捕捉地铁火灾疏散影响因素指标,提出基于24Model地铁火灾事故量化的分析方法,实现了获取地铁火灾人员疏散致因较为精准的目的,该指标体系包含4个一级指标及19二级指标。
2) 根据地铁火灾人员疏散影响因素之间错综复杂的关系,结合DEMATEL与ISM,并引进C-OWA改进DEMATEL以达到降低主观评估对结果产生的影响。运用集成模型分别计算各个因素的中心度、原因度、影响度、被影响度。其中,设施维护与检查、有毒气体、能见度、烟气温度为主要原因因素,恐慌从众行为、疏散引导、人群拥挤为重要结果因素,这些因素在影响因素体系中的相对重要度较高,制定火灾疏散防治对策时应着重防控。
3) 构建多级递阶结构模型,分析影响因素之间的层次关系,将各影响因素之间的复杂关系可视化。其中,人员行为及疏散通道能力是影响地铁火灾疏散的最直接因素,疏散设施及管理为最底层因素,对地铁站火灾疏散有着深入的影响。地铁火灾人员疏散体系的复杂特性,反映了地铁火灾疏散的影响因素在互相耦合作用导致事故发生,该分析模型为后续地铁火灾疏散提出安全对策,构建安全的消防管理模式。
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0549
  • 接收时间:2023-11-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-14
  • 修回日期:2024-01-18
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    1 吉林建筑大学 应急科学与工程学院,吉林 长春 130118
    2 吉林建筑大学 事故预防科学研究院,吉林 长春 130118
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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